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Bibliography
Bibliography Archival Sources Ars¸ivi, Bas¸bakanlık Osmanlı (BOA) FO 195/237; 1841 FO 248/114 India Offi ce G/29/27. In Arabic Afghani, Ahmad al-. Sarab fi Iran: Kalima Sari‘a hawla al-Khumayni wa-Din al-Shi‘a, n.p., 1982. ‘Alawi, Hasan al-. Al-Shi‘a wal-Dawla al-Qawmiyya fi al-‘Iraq 1914–1990, n.p., 1990. Alusi, Shukri al-. al-Misk al-Adhfar, Baghdad: al-Maktaba al-‘Arabiyya, 1930. Alusi, Shihab al-Din Mahmud al-. Al-Tibyan fi Sharh al-Burhan, 1249/1833. Amin, Muhsin al-. A‘yan al-Shi‘a, Sidon, vol. 40, 1957. Bahr al-‘Ulum, Muhammad Sadiq. “Muqaddima,” in Muhammad Mahdi b. Murtada Tabataba’i, Rijal al-Sayyid Bahr al-‘Ulum al-Ma‘ruf bil-Fawa’id al-Rijaliyya, Najaf: n.p, 1967. Din, Muhammad Hirz al-. Ma ‘arif al-Rijal fi Tarajim al-‘Ulama’ wal-Udaba’, Najaf, vol. 1, 1964–1965. Dujayli, Ja‘far (ed.). Mawsu‘at al-Najaf al-Ashraf, Beirut: Dar al-Adwa’, 1993. Fahs, Hani. Al-Shi‘a wal-Dawla fi Lubnan: Malamih fi al-Ru’ya wal-Dhakira, Beirut: Dar al-Andalus, 1996. Hamdani al-. Takmilat Ta’rikh al-Tabari, Beirut: al-Matba‘at al-Kathulikiyya, 1961. Hawwa, Sa‘id. Al-Islam, Beirut: Dar al-Kutub, 1969. ———. Al-Khumayniyya: Shudhudh fi al-‘Aqa’id Shudhudh fi al-Mawaqif, Beirut: Dar ‘Umar, 1987. ———. Hadhihi Tajribati wa-Hadhihi Shahadati, Beirut: Dar ‘Umar, 1988. Husri, Sati‘ al-. Mudhakkirati fi al-‘Iraq, 1921–1941, Beirut: Manshurat dar al- Tali‘a, 1967. Ibn Abi Ya‘la. Tabaqat al-Hanabila, Cairo: Matba‘at al-Sunna al-Muhammadiyya, 1952. -
Forum of Ethnogeopolitics
Forum of EthnoGeoPolitics ! Figure 1: French Map of Iran or Persia in 1749 (drafted by Robert de Vaugoudy) in which Azerbaijan is shown below the Araxes River (Source: Pictures of the Planet). A Case of Historical Misconceptions?—Congressman Rohrabacher’s Letter to Hillary Clinton Regarding Azerbaijan Kaveh Farrokh Abstract United States Congressman Dana Rohrabacher—a former member of the Reagan Administration, who has represented several Californian congressional districts from 1989 till the present-day—dispatched a letter to U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton on July 26, 2012 outlining support for the separation of Iranian Azerbaijan and the joining of this entity to the Republic of Azerbaijan. The letter promotes the notion of the historical existence of a Greater Azerbaijani kingdom that was divided by Iran and Russia during the early 19th century. This paper examines the treaties of Gulistan (1813) and Turkmenchai (1828) between Iran and Russia, historical sources and maps and other academic works to examine the validity of the “Greater Forum of EthnoGeoPolitics Vol.1 No.1 Spring 2013 9 Forum of EthnoGeoPolitics Azerbaijan” thesis. Examination of these sources, however, does not provide evidence for the existence of a “Greater Azerbaijan” in history. Instead these sources reveal the existence of ‘Azerbaijan’ as being a region and province within the Iranian realm since antiquity, located below (or south of ) the Araxes River; in contrast, the modern-day Republic of Azerbaijan is located north (or above) the Araxes River. It never existed under the title “Azerbaijan” until the arrival of the Musavats (1918) and then the Soviets (1920). -
Art. VII.— the Early Years of Shāh Isma'īl, Founder of the Ṣafavī Dynasty
JOURNAL THE ROYAL ASIATIC SOCIETY. ART. YII.—The Early Years of Shah Isma'll, Founder of the Safavi Dynasty. By E. DENISON BOSS, PH.D., M.R.A.S. THE most exhaustive, if not the best known, source for the history of Shah Isma'll the Safavi, is undoubtedly the Habib-us-Siyar of Khwandamlr. Though this large and important work has been lithographed, both in Tihran and in Bombay, it is but too little known in Europe, where it has generally been regarded as a mere epitome of the Rauzat-us-Safa; whereas, besides being an original source for much valuable biographical and geographical matter, it contains detailed accounts of many little-known dynasties. Khwandamlr's work is thus in many respects more interesting than the ponderous universal history of his grandfather.1 Now, there is a work, of which the British Museum possesses one copy,2 and the Cambridge University Library a second,8 1 Dr. Rieu (see "Catalogue of the Persian MSS. in the British Museum," vol. i, p. 87) was the first to point out that Mlrkhwand was the grandfather of Khwandamlr, and not his father, as hitherto generally supposed. 8 B.M. Oriental, 3248 (see Dr. Bieu's Supplement). 3 Cambridge University Library, Add. 200 (see Mr. Browne's Catalogue, p. 147). J.E.A.S. 1896. 17 Downloaded from https://www.cambridge.org/core. INSEAD, on 09 Feb 2018 at 08:10:52, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0035869X00023698 250 THE EARLY YEARS OF SHAH ISMA'IL. -
The Relationship Between Mozafaria Complex and the Spatial Organization of Tabriz City from the Qara Qoyunlu to the Qajar Period
Bagh- e Nazar, 15 (68): 15-26 /Feb. 2019 DOI: 10.22034/bagh.2019.81651 Persian translation of this paper entitled: ارتباط مجموعۀ مظفریه با سازمان فضایی شهر تبریز از دورۀ قراقویونلوها تا دورۀ قاجار is also published in this issue of journal. The Relationship between Mozafaria Complex and the Spatial Organization of Tabriz City from the Qara Qoyunlu to the Qajar Period Shabnam Mohammadzadeh*1, Seyed Amir Mansouri2 1. Faculty of Fine Arts, University of Tehran 2. Faculty of Fine Arts, University of Tehran Received 2018/03/02 revised 2018/08/23 accepted 2018/08/30 available online 2019/01/21 Abstract Urban spatial organization is a subjective issue, reflecting the order resulted from the relationship between the city’s elements. Understanding the position and role of a city element in the city as a whole requires discovering its relationship with the spatial organization. In other words, the city’s order is like a system and a whole. Based on the theory of city’s spatial organization, the current study is an attempt to investigate the relationship between Mozafaria Complex and the city’s spatial organization indicators in Tabriz City. In other words, this study examined the role of this complex in the whole system of the city from the time of the Qara Qoyunlu to the Qajar. In this study, the systemic role of Mozafaria Complex is not limited to its function and its features. The impetus behind this study is to discover the features defined in relation to other elements of the city. The method of the study is descriptive-analytical and deductive-exploratory; the library-research method was also used for data collection. -
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ISSN 1712-8056[Print] Canadian Social Science ISSN 1923-6697[Online] Vol. 8, No. 2, 2012, pp. 132-139 www.cscanada.net DOI:10.3968/j.css.1923669720120802.1985 www.cscanada.org Iranian People and the Origin of the Turkish-speaking Population of the North- western of Iran LE PEUPLE IRANIEN ET L’ORIGINE DE LA POPULATION TURCOPHONE AU NORD- OUEST DE L’IRAN Vahid Rashidvash1,* 1 Department of Iranian Studies, Yerevan State University, Yerevan, exception, car il peut être appelé une communauté multi- Armenia. national ou multi-raciale. Le nom de Azerbaïdjan a été *Corresponding author. l’un des plus grands noms géographiques de l’Iran depuis Received 11 December 2011; accepted 5 April 2012. 2000 ans. Azar est le même que “Ashur”, qui signifi e feu. En Pahlavi inscriptions, Azerbaïdjan a été mentionnée Abstract comme «Oturpatekan’, alors qu’il a été mentionné The world is a place containing various racial and lingual Azarbayegan et Azarpadegan dans les écrits persans. Dans groups. So that as far as this issue is concerned there cet article, la tentative est faite pour étudier la course et is no difference between developed and developing les gens qui y vivent dans la perspective de l’anthropologie countries. Iran is not an exception, because it can be et l’ethnologie. En fait, il est basé sur cette question called a multi-national or multi-racial community. que si oui ou non, les gens ont résidé dans Atropatgan The name of Azarbaijan has been one of the most une race aryenne comme les autres Iraniens? Selon les renowned geographical names of Iran since 2000 years critères anthropologiques et ethniques de personnes dans ago. -
| | | | | | Naslefardanews Naslfarda
واد اتاد ور هان صبا با م ﺟﻨ ﺳﺎ ﺑﺪﺑﯿﻨﻰ ﺮ ﻪ ﺑﺎ و ﺑﺎ ﮔﺖ ﻣﺸ ﻣﯿﺪان اﻣﺎ ﻠ ﻰ ﺗﺎ اواﯾ ﺳﺎل آﯾﻨﺪ ﯿﺰ را ﻧﺎﺑﻮد ﮐﺮد ﺗﺎﺷﺎﮔﺮى ﮐﻪ ﯾﺎر ﻮاﺪ ﺷﺪ دﯾﮕﺮ ﺗﺤﻤﻞ ﺑﺪﮔﻤﺎﻧﻰ ﻫﺎ و ﺳــﻮءﻇﻦ او ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ 3 ﺷــﻬﺮدارى اﺻﻔﻬﺎن ﯾﮑﻰ از را ﻧﺪارم و اﺻﻼ ﻓﮑﺮ ﻣﻰ ﮐﻨﻢ ﺑﺎ ﮐﺴﯽ ﮐﻪ دوازد ﻧﯿﺖ ﺳﻪ ﻣﻨﻄ ﻘﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮﯾﻦ ﺑﺎﻓﺖ ﺗﺎرﯾﺨﻰ، ﺳﻮء ﻇﻦ داﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ، ﻧﻤﻰ ﺷﻮد زﻧﺪﮔﯽ ﺷــﻬﺮآورد ﻓﻮﺗﺒﺎل اﺻﻔﻬﺎن در ﺣﺎﻟﻰ ﺑﺎ رﺳﺎﻧ ﻪﺎ ﻣﺎﺋ ﺗﻰ ﺑﺎﻓﺖ ﻓﺮﺳﻮده، ﮔﻠﻮﮔ ﺎهﻫﺎ و ﭘﺎرﮐﯿﻨﮓ ﻫﺎ ﮐﺮد؛ ﭼﻨﺎن ﻣﻬﺮ او از دﻟﻢ رﻓﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺎد ﻣﺎﻟﻰ ﺮ ﻟﻨﮕﺎن ﺑﺮﺗﺮى ﺳــﭙﺎﻫﺎن ﺑﻪ ﭘﺎﯾﺎن رﺳﯿﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺑﻌﺪ در اﺻﻔﻬﺎن اﺳﺖ و ﻧﯿﺰ ﻣﺤﻞ داد و ﺳﺘﺪ در آﻣﻮزش و ﭘﺮورش را ﺑﻪ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﺗﻨﻔﺮ رﺳﯿﺪه ام ،ﭼﻮن ﻣﻦ ﻫﯿﭻ اﺎد در ﺷﻬﺮ از 11 ﺳﺎل ﺑﺎز ﻫﻢ اﺳﺘﺎدﯾﻮم ﻧﻘ ﺶﺟﻬﺎن ﺗﺠﺎرى ﺑﺮاى 350 اﻟﻰ 400 ﻫﺰار ﻧﻔﺮ در راﺑﻄﻪاى ﺑﺎ ﻣﺮد دﯾﮕﺮى... 14 15 ﻣﯿﺰﺑﺎن رﻗﺎﺑﺖ دو ﺗﯿﻢ اﺻﻔﻬﺎﻧﻰ... 18 ﺮاﻣﻮش ﮐﺮد اﻧﺪ 14 ﻃﻰ روز اﺳﺖ... 16 ﭼﻬﺎرﺷﻨﺒﻪ| 18 اﺳﻔﻨﺪ 1395| 8 ﻣﺎرس 2017 | 9 ﺟﻤﺎدى اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻰ 1438 | ﺳﺎل ﺑﯿﺴﺖ و ﺷﺸﻢ| ﺷﻤﺎره 5356| ﺻﻔﺤﻪ WWW. NASLEFARDA.NET naslefardanews naslfarda 30007232 13 ﯾﺎاﺷﺖ ی ﺮ روزﻣﺎن ﻧﻮروز عی مهی در اصفهان ف ﭘﯿﺸﻨﻬﺎد اﻣﺮوز اﻣﯿﺮﺣﺴﯿﻦ ﭼﯿ ﺖﺳﺎززاده دم دﻣــﺎى ﻋﯿﺪ ﻧﻮروز ﮐﻪ ﻣﯿﺸــﻪ ﻋﺎم و ﺧﺎ ﯾﺎدﺷﻮن ﻣﯿﺎد ﺑﻪ ﺗﯿﯿﺮ و ﺗﺤﻮل دﺳﺖ ﺑﺰﻧﻦ؛ ﺣﺎﻻ از ﻣﺪﯾﺮﯾﺖ ﯾﮏ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﯿﺖ اﻗﺘﺼﺎدى ﺑﺎ اﺷــﮑﺎﻟﻰ ﻫﻤﭽﻮن ﻧﻮ ﻧﻮار ﮐــﺮدن ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻻت و ﺧﺪﻣﺎت اراﺋﻪ ﺷــﺪه و رﺳــﯿﺪﮔﻰ ﺑﻪ اﻣﻮر ﻣﺸﺘﺮﯾﺎن و ﯿﻠﺮ ﯾﻨ ﯾﻨﻰ دﮐﻮرﻫﺎى ﺟﺪﯾﺪﺗــﺮ و... ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺗــﺎ ﻣﺪﯾﺮان و ﺧﺎدﻣﯿﻦ ﻣﺮدم ﮐﻪ ﺑﻪ ﯾﺎد رﺳــﯿﺪﮔﻰ ﺑﻪ ﻇﻮاﻫﺮ ﺷــﻬﺮى و آﻣﺎرى ﻣﻰاﻓﺘﻦ. -
Ramiz Daniz the Scientist Passed Ahead of Centuries – Nasiraddin Tusi
Ramiz Daniz Ramiz Daniz The scientist passed ahead of centuries – Nasiraddin Tusi Baku -2013 Scientific editor – the Associate Member of ANAS, Professor 1 Ramiz Daniz Eybali Mehraliyev Preface – the Associate Member of ANAS, Professor Ramiz Mammadov Scientific editor – the Associate Member of ANAS, Doctor of physics and mathematics, Academician Eyyub Guliyev Reviewers – the Associate Member of ANAS, Professor Rehim Husseinov, Associate Member of ANAS, Professor Rafig Aliyev, Professor Ajdar Agayev, senior lecturer Vidadi Bashirov Literary editor – the philologist Ganira Amirjanova Computer design – Sevinj Computer operator – Sinay Translator - Hokume Hebibova Ramiz Daniz “The scientist passed ahead of centuries – Nasiraddin Tusi”. “MM-S”, 2013, 297 p İSBN 978-9952-8230-3-5 Writing about the remarkable Azerbaijani scientist Nasiraddin Tusi, who has a great scientific heritage, is very responsible and honorable. Nasiraddin Tusi, who has a very significant place in the world encyclopedia together with well-known phenomenal scientists, is one of the most honorary personalities of our nation. It may be named precious stone of the Academy of Sciences in the East. Nasiraddin Tusi has masterpieces about mathematics, geometry, astronomy, geography and ethics and he is an inventor of a lot of unique inventions and discoveries. According to the scientist, America had been discovered hundreds of years ago. Unfortunately, most peoples don’t know this fact. I want to inform readers about Tusi’s achievements by means of this work. D 4702060103 © R.Daniz 2013 M 087-2013 2 Ramiz Daniz I’m grateful to leaders of the State Oil Company of Azerbaijan Republic for their material and moral supports for publication of the work The book has been published in accordance with the order of the “Partner” Science Development Support Social Union with the grant of the State Oil Company of Azerbaijan Republic Courageous step towards the great purpose 3 Ramiz Daniz I’m editing new work of the young writer. -
The Seljuks of Anatolia: an Epigraphic Study
American University in Cairo AUC Knowledge Fountain Theses and Dissertations 2-1-2017 The Seljuks of Anatolia: An epigraphic study Salma Moustafa Azzam Follow this and additional works at: https://fount.aucegypt.edu/etds Recommended Citation APA Citation Azzam, S. (2017).The Seljuks of Anatolia: An epigraphic study [Master’s thesis, the American University in Cairo]. AUC Knowledge Fountain. https://fount.aucegypt.edu/etds/656 MLA Citation Azzam, Salma Moustafa. The Seljuks of Anatolia: An epigraphic study. 2017. American University in Cairo, Master's thesis. AUC Knowledge Fountain. https://fount.aucegypt.edu/etds/656 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by AUC Knowledge Fountain. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of AUC Knowledge Fountain. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The Seljuks of Anatolia: An Epigraphic Study Abstract This is a study of the monumental epigraphy of the Anatolian Seljuk Sultanate, also known as the Sultanate of Rum, which emerged in Anatolia following the Great Seljuk victory in Manzikert against the Byzantine Empire in the year 1071.It was heavily weakened in the Battle of Köse Dağ in 1243 against the Mongols but lasted until the end of the thirteenth century. The history of this sultanate which survived many wars, the Crusades and the Mongol invasion is analyzed through their epigraphy with regard to the influence of political and cultural shifts. The identity of the sultanate and its sultans is examined with the use of their titles in their monumental inscriptions with an emphasis on the use of the language and vocabulary, and with the purpose of assessing their strength during different periods of their realm. -
Notes and References
Notes and References 2 The Rise of the Levant: The Cuneiscript and Pharaonic Civilizations 1. K.A. Wittfogel, Oriental Despotism, A Comparative Study of Total Power (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1976), p.193. 2. Actually Wittfogel himself qualified his system to this effect in 'Ideas and Power Structure' in Approaches to Asian Civilizations, eds. W.M. Theodore deBary and A.T. Embree (New York and London: Columbia University Press, 1964). 3. F. Lexa, Vybor ze starsi literatury egyptske [Anthology of ancient Egyptian literature] (Prague, 1947), pp.2~2. 4. H. Frankfort, Ancient Egyptian Religion (New York: Harper and Row 1962), p.18. 5. Ibid., pp.91 and 96--102. 6. Quotations from the translation by John A. Wilson in J.B. Pritchard (ed.) Ancient Near Eastern Texts, 3rd. ed., (New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1969), pp.412-14. 7. Ibid. pp.422-3. 8. Frankfort, Ancient Egyptian Religion, p.65. 9. G. Roux, Ancient Iraq (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1980), p.93. 10. S.N. Kramer, The Sumerians (University of Chicago Press, 1963), p.123. 11. Ibid. 12. Ibid., p.125. 13. There exists a simplified, cursive version of the Egyptian hieroglyphs, but this is believed to be a much later invention. 14. H. Frankfort, The Birth of Civilization in the Near East (London: Benn; and New York: Barnes and Noble, 1968), p.77. 15. Translation by Robert H. Pfeiffer in J.B. Pritchard (ed.) Ancient Near Eastern Texts, p.424. 16. The Babylonian celebration of the New Year, lasting 12 days, is vividly described by J. Hawkes, The First Great Civilizations: Life in Mesopotamia, The Indus Valley and Egypt (New York: Knopf, 1977), pp.197-200. -
History of Azerbaijan (Textbook)
DILGAM ISMAILOV HISTORY OF AZERBAIJAN (TEXTBOOK) Azerbaijan Architecture and Construction University Methodological Council of the meeting dated July 7, 2017, was published at the direction of № 6 BAKU - 2017 Dilgam Yunis Ismailov. History of Azerbaijan, AzMİU NPM, Baku, 2017, p.p.352 Referents: Anar Jamal Iskenderov Konul Ramiq Aliyeva All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form by any means. Electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the copyright owner. In Azerbaijan University of Architecture and Construction, the book “History of Azerbaijan” is written on the basis of a syllabus covering all topics of the subject. Author paid special attention to the current events when analyzing the different periods of Azerbaijan. This book can be used by other high schools that also teach “History of Azerbaijan” in English to bachelor students, master students, teachers, as well as to the independent learners of our country’s history. 2 © Dilgam Ismailov, 2017 TABLE OF CONTENTS Foreword…………………………………….……… 9 I Theme. Introduction to the history of Azerbaijan 10 II Theme: The Primitive Society in Azerbaijan…. 18 1.The Initial Residential Dwellings……….............… 18 2.The Stone Age in Azerbaijan……………………… 19 3.The Copper, Bronze and Iron Ages in Azerbaijan… 23 4.The Collapse of the Primitive Communal System in Azerbaijan………………………………………….... 28 III Theme: The Ancient and Early States in Azer- baijan. The Atropatena and Albanian Kingdoms.. 30 1.The First Tribal Alliances and Initial Public Institutions in Azerbaijan……………………………. 30 2.The Kingdom of Manna…………………………… 34 3.The Atropatena and Albanian Kingdoms…………. -
De Nicola, Bruno. 2018. Letters from Mongol Anatolia: Professional, Political and Intellectual Connections Among Members of a Persianised Elite
De Nicola, Bruno. 2018. Letters from Mongol Anatolia: Professional, Political and Intellectual Connections among Members of a Persianised Elite. Iran: Journal of the British Institute of Persian Studies, 56(1), pp. 77-90. ISSN 0578-6967 [Article] https://research.gold.ac.uk/id/eprint/22864/ The version presented here may differ from the published, performed or presented work. Please go to the persistent GRO record above for more information. If you believe that any material held in the repository infringes copyright law, please contact the Repository Team at Goldsmiths, University of London via the following email address: [email protected]. The item will be removed from the repository while any claim is being investigated. For more information, please contact the GRO team: [email protected] Letters from Mongol Anatolia: professional, political and intellectual connections among members of a Persianised elite1 Bruno De Nicola Goldsmiths, University of London / Austrian Academy of Sciences 1. Introduction Since the defeat of the Byzantine troops at the hands of the Seljuq Turks at the Battle of Manzikert in 1071, the Anatolian peninsula underwent a slow but steady process of Islamisation and cultural transformation.2 By the time the Mongols entered the peninsula in the 1240s, the local Seljuq dynasty of Rum was ruling over a multifaith, multiethnic and multicultural society where different conceptions of Islam (Hanafi, Shafiʿi and Sufi) and Christianity (mainly Greek Orthodox and Armenian but also inivisual Catholics) cohabited with the semi-nomadic -
Fall of Constantinople] Pmunc 2018 Contents
[FALL OF CONSTANTINOPLE] PMUNC 2018 CONTENTS Letter from the Chair and CD………....…………………………………………....[3] Committee Description…………………………………………………………….[4] The Siege of Constantinople: Introduction………………………………………………………….……. [5] Sailing to Byzantium: A Brief History……...………....……………………...[6] Current Status………………………………………………………………[9] Keywords………………………………………………………………….[12] Questions for Consideration……………………………………………….[14] Character List…………………...………………………………………….[15] Citations……..…………………...………………………………………...[23] 2 [FALL OF CONSTANTINOPLE] PMUNC 2018 LETTER FROM THE CHAIR Dear delegates, Welcome to PMUNC! My name is Atakan Baltaci, and I’m super excited to conquer a city! I will be your chair for the Fall of Constantinople Committee at PMUNC 2018. We have gathered the mightiest commanders, the most cunning statesmen and the most renowned scholars the Ottoman Empire has ever seen to achieve the toughest of goals: conquering Constantinople. This Sultan is clever and more than eager, but he is also young and wants your advice. Let’s see what comes of this! Sincerely, Atakan Baltaci Dear delegates, Hello and welcome to PMUNC! I am Kris Hristov and I will be your crisis director for the siege of Constantinople. I am pleased to say this will not be your typical committee as we will focus more on enacting more small directives, building up to the siege of Constantinople, which will require military mobilization, finding the funds for an invasion and the political will on the part of all delegates.. Sincerely, Kris Hristov 3 [FALL OF CONSTANTINOPLE] PMUNC 2018 COMMITTEE DESCRIPTION The year is 1451, and a 19 year old has re-ascended to the throne of the Ottoman Empire. Mehmed II is now assembling his Imperial Court for the grandest city of all: Constantinople! The Fall of Constantinople (affectionately called the Conquest of Istanbul by the Turks) was the capture of the Byzantine Empire's capital by the Ottoman Empire.