DOCSLIB.ORG

Äs T Studies Association «Bulletin^ 12 No. 2 (May 1978)

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Äs T Studies Association «Bulletin^ 12 No. 2 (May 1978) .** äs t Studies Association «Bulletin^ 12 no. 2 (May 1978), ISLAMIC NUMISMATICS Sections l and 2 by Michael L. Bates The American Numismatic Society Every Student of pre-raodern Islamic political, social, economic, or cultural history is aware in a general way of the importance of nuraisraatic evidence, but it has to be admitted thst for the roost part this awareness is evidenced raore in lip ser-vice than in practice. Too many historians consider numismatics an arcane and complex study best left to specialists. All too often, histori- ans, if they take coin evidence into account at all, suspend their normal critical judgement to accept without cjuestion the readings and interpretations of the numismatist. Or. the other hand, numismatists, in the past especially but to a large extent still today, are often amateurs, self-taught through practice with little or no formal.historical and linguistic training. This is true even öf museum Professionals in Charge of Islamic collections, ho matter what their previous training: The need tc deal with the coinage of fourteen centuries, from Morocco to the Fr.ilippines, means that the curator spends most of his time workir.g in areas in which he is, by scholarly Standards, a layman. The best qual- ified Student of any coin series is the specialist with an ex- pert knowledge of the historical context from which the coinage coraes. Ideally, any serious research on a particular region and era should rest upon äs intensive a study of the nvunismatic evi- dence äs of the literary sources. In practice, of course, it is not so easy, but it is easier than many scholars believe, and cer- tainly much «asier than for a numismatist to become =. fully quali- fied historian in every field of Islamic civilizaticr.. The ourren-t survey is intended specifically äs a =-aide for the historian, äs an introduction to the literature and some of the Problems of Islamic numismatics. It is divided into four sections: general surveys and reference works; research and study facilities; general problems in Islamic numismatics; and a survey of specia- lized research^ arranged chronologlca l ly and geograpücally. The latter two sections will appear in t3ie next issue of the Bulletin. Published works cited below'by author's name and date can be iden- tified by reference to thfr bibliography at the end, arranged alphabetically by author and then by date. Catalogues of museum collections are cited by coarttry in section two. A survey such äs this necessarily draws upon Information supplied in conversation or correspondence by many friends and colleagues over the years; I hope tihey will forgive me if space does not always permit me to acknowledge their help individually, but I am gratefnl to them all. General works an^ reference tools for Islamic nuntismatics. Just a few months ago one had to say that there was no general handbook covering all or even a large part of Islamic coinage. This has been changed by the very recent publication of two such vorks, both intended for collectors and dealers, but likely to be -1- useful to scholars äs well. Stephen Album's Marsden's Numismatica the like, which appear on coins. Ünfortunately these lists are Orientalia Illustrata (1977) is conceived äs a revision of the not äs useful äs they might be because thelr occurence on coins original publication of 1823 and 1869. The text is completely new. is only vaguely indicated. The book is out of date, but still treating each dynasty and coin series brief ly but with Album's occasionally helpful. characteristic expertise. The work is illustrated with line drawings from the original plates or newly drawn by Irene Fraley Preston. An indispensible tool for numismatic research is Zambaur's Die The potential advantage of line drawings is that they can portray Münzprägungen des Islams (1968). The work is essentially a print- the ideal coin, äs the die Cutter conceived it, rather than the ed conpilation of Zambaur's card files, listing all the mint defective physical erabodiement of the ideal äs manufactured by the cities of the Islamic world west of the Hindu Kush, giving for often careless medieval mints. ünfortunately this potential is each a brief geographical identification, a list of dynasties which not completely realized, because most of the drawings are attempts struck coins there (identified by two-letter abbreviations) with at precise rendering of a sgecJJEic coin. A particularly valuable the recorded years of issue, citations of «edieval and modern geo- part of the work is the annbtated bibliography, listing the impor- graphical references to the place, and a list of citations of pub- tant reference tools for the eoinage of each dynasty. There is lished exaraples of the eoinage. Footnotes to the latter list pro- also a brief introduction to general problems of Islaroic coin de- vide extremely valuable commentary. The ecitor, Peter Jaeckel, has added to Zambaur's text a set of 26 folöout charts showing ciphering. year by year which mints issued coins; these charts include cita- The second new general handbook i* M. Bv Mitchener's Oriental tions not in the text. Text and chart citations are by number, Coins and Their Values: The World of Islam (1977). \e work i s keyed to an alphabetical bibliography which itself is one of the organized by dynasty, like Album's, and illustrated by about 8,000 best available for important works on Islasic nuraismatics. Two coin photographs. Text is large ly limited to the general intro- caveats: First, the publication date is deoeptive; the book was ductory section and brief remarks on each dynastyr the autJior's actually printed in 1943, and is based only on works published be- ideas on the evolution of the coinages are reflected in his organi- fore 1939. It is therefore out of date in many respects. Secondly, zation of the material. As in Album*s book, estimates of current impressive äs it is, the book is the product of one man's scholar- prices are given. Both books should be useful äs guides to the ship. -It is not necessarily coraplete for ar-.y one mint, nor is it identification of coins äs well äs in providing compact overviews always accurate (the extensive use of numerical citations invited of the developroent of Islamic eoinage; both should be irt any large typographical errors). The Münzprägungen is an invaluable time research library. A more scholarly narrative treatment of Islamic saver, but it cannot replace reference to the original works it eoinage is projected by the present author for the Methuen/Dhiver- cites. sity of California "Library o^ Numismatics" series, but it will not appear for several years at least. Miles (1971) listed 55 roint names recorded after Zambaur's com- pilation. An alphabetical card index of Islaraic mints and their Other general: references include a little book by Plant (1973) known issues, similar to the Münzprägungen. is maintained at the 'intended to enable collectors to read Islamic coins without American Numismatic Society (ANS) . It is arvailable for direct studying Arabic. For the scholar, it may be useful for its illu- consultation, and is used to answer limited incruiries, but i t is strations of the diversity of Arabic epigraphy on coins of the not possible to reproduce large sections of it. entire Muslim world. It is also cheap and portable. Philip Grierson's Numismatics is valuable not only for its very brief Zambaur is also the author of another essential reference for but good survey of Islamic eoinage, but also äs the best general the numismatist, his well known Manuel de eenealogie et de Chrono- introduction to all aspects of numismaticxmethodology by a master logie (1927). Although later dynastic lists by Bosworth (1967) of the discipline. The articles "OSr al-Darb" (Ehrenkreutz), and Bacharach (1974) are more up to date and handier, they are "Dinar," "Dirham" (Miles), and "Fals" (Udovitch) in the second less comprehensive and, in contrast to the Genealogie, neither of edition of the Encyclopedia of Islam are brief but useful; an ar- them provides what the numismatist needs mcst: the extended titu- ticle "Sikka" is projected. Adolf Grohmann surveys Islamic numis- lary of most of the individuals listed, with an analytical index matics in his Einführung (1954), with special relevance for Egypt. to the elements of titulature; for the portion of a ruler's name A chapter by George C. Miles, "Numismatics," in the Cambridge ^.^ legible on a coin is not always that by which he is generally known History of Iran. IV (1975), covers a large part of the Islaroic-^ -- today. The Genealogie is somewhat out of date; a revised edition, world in the first four centuries. Museum catalogues (which are- which should be the product of a co-operative effort by specialists listed in the next section) often are preceded by surveys of the in the history of each dynasty, would be valuable not only to eoinage they describe; Lane-Poole's introductions to the British numismatists. Museum catalogues are still useful. In Arabic there are surveys of the origin and development of Islamic coinayge by Fahml (1965) The bibliography of Islamic nuraismatics is large and scattered. and al-Husant (1969). Finally, a rather different' sort of guide The starting point is L. A. Mayer's Biblioc?ra^v of Moslem Numis- is Codrington's Manual of Musalman Numismatics (1904), which con- matics (2nd ed., 1954), which includes virt^ally everything pub- sists of calendrical tables, tables of Arabic letters and numerals, lished up to about 1950, no matter how trivial. Its arrangement and lists of personal names and titles, religious legends. and is strictly alphabetical by author's name, v-ith a subject index of dynasties, but this latter is impracticai for the more impor- -2- -3- tant dynasties (there are nearly 400 numerical citations under trative worlcs.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Islamic Geometric Patterns Jay Bonner
    Islamic Geometric Patterns Jay Bonner Islamic Geometric Patterns Their Historical Development and Traditional Methods of Construction with a chapter on the use of computer algorithms to generate Islamic geometric patterns by Craig Kaplan Jay Bonner Bonner Design Consultancy Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA With contributions by Craig Kaplan University of Waterloo Waterloo, Ontario, Canada ISBN 978-1-4419-0216-0 ISBN 978-1-4419-0217-7 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-4419-0217-7 Library of Congress Control Number: 2017936979 # Jay Bonner 2017 Chapter 4 is published with kind permission of # Craig Kaplan 2017. All Rights Reserved. This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made.
    [Show full text]
  • A Sacred Celestial Motif: an Introduction to Winged Angels Iconography in Iran
    PEOPLE: International Journal of Social Sciences ISSN 2454-5899 Mazloumi & Nasrollahzadeh, 2017 Volume 3 Issue 2, pp. 682 - 699 Date of Publication: 16th September, 2017 DOI-https://dx.doi.org/10.20319/pijss.2017.32.682699 This paper can be cited as: Mazloumi, Y., & Nasrollahzadeh, C. (2017). A Sacred Celestial Motif: An Introduction to Winged Angels Iconography in Iran. PEOPLE: International Journal of Social Sciences, 3(2), 682-699. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Non-commercial 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ or send a letter to Creative Commons, PO Box 1866, Mountain View, CA 94042, USA. A SACRED CELESTIAL MOTIF: AN INTRODUCTION TO WINGED ANGELS ICONOGRAPHY IN IRAN Yasaman Nabati Mazloumi M.A in Iranian Studies, Shahid Beheshti University, Daneshjoo Blvd, Velenjak, Street, Tehran, Iran [email protected] Cyrus Nasrollahzadeh Associate Professor, Department of Ancient Iranian Culture and Languages, Institute for Humanities and Cultural Studies, 64th Street, Kurdestan Expressway, Tehran, Iran [email protected] Abstract Through history many motifs have been created and over the centuries, some of them turned into very well-known symbols. One of these motifs is winged angel. This sacred and divine creature which appears in human-shaped, serves intermediaries between the God and people, and during history, indicates legitimating and bestows God-given glory. This article aims to present the results of exploring the historical background of the winged angels in Iran, in order to understand its precise concept; where it comes from and what it resembles.
    [Show full text]
  • About a Type of Islamic Incense Burner 29
    ABOUT A TYPE OF ISLAMIC INCENSE BURNER MEHMET AGA-OGLU NCENSE burners were no novel vessels produced to usheredinto a chamberand served a meal, after which the meet the specific needs of Islamic social life. The ori- incense burnerswere brought so that the guests could per- gin of thurification with various aromatic substances fume themselves before entering the caliph's presence.5 for magical, religious, or social occasions,and the devising The amount of aromatic substances,particularly aloes and of special vessels for the purpose,go far back to the histori- certain varieties of sandalwoods, used for thurification in cal beginnings of the Near Eastern peoples.1 Islam, al- the households of caliphs and dignitaries, must have been though in principle opposed to luxurious ways of life, did enormous. We are informed by al-Tabari, for example, not prevent the use of incense and perfumes. The popu- that Amr ibn al-Laith, the founder of the Saffarid dynasty larity of perfumes during the first centuries is best illus- of Eastern Iran, sent to Caliphal-Mu'tamid in the year 268 trated by the lengthy legistic opinions expressed in the (881/82) 200 minas of aloes wood which he had confis- Hadith literature,2and, among others, by a chapter in the cated from a grandson of Abu Dulaf.6 Among the proper- manual for elegant manners "of a man of polite education," ties left after his death in 301 (913), by Abu'l-Husayn written by Abu'l-Tayyib Muhammad ibn Ishaq al-Wash- Ali ibn Ahmad al-Rasibi, the 'Abbasid governor of Khu- sha.' zistan and neighboring territories,were great numbers of Historicalsources are extremely generous with accounts gold and silver vessels, perfumes, and other valuables, as on the subject.' A few examples can be cited here, and well as 4,420 mithkals of aloes wood for thurification.7 others will be presentedelsewhere.
    [Show full text]
  • 70353,16-Utks-Ozetlerpdf.Pdf
    16th INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS OF TURKISH ART: ABSTRACTS 16. ULUSLARARASI TÜRK SANATLARI KONGRESİ: ÖZETLER MINISTRGENERALY OF DIRECTORATECULTURE HACETTEPE KÜLTÜR VE GÜZELTURİZM SANATLAR BAKANLIĞI HACETTEPE AND OFTOURISM FINE ARTS UNIVERSITY GÜZEL SANAGENELTLAR GENEL MÜDÜRLÜĞÜ MÜDÜRLÜĞÜ ÜNİVERSİTESİ GENERAL DIRECTORATE OF FINE ARTS T.C. Kültür ve Turizm Bakanlığı Yayınları, No: 3642 Editor / Editör Serpil Bağcı Translation and proof reading / Çeviri ve Düzelti Serpil Bağcı Lâle Uluç Graphic design and application / Graf ik tasarım ve uygulama Yasin Büyüktaşkapulu Printing / Baskı Önka Matbaa www.onkamatbaa.com +90 312 3842685 © Scientif ic responsibility of the abstracts belongs to the authors © Özetlerin bilimsel sorumluluğu yazarlarına aittir. ISBN 978-975-17-4291-9 Print run / Baskı adedi 300 Ankara, September / Eylül 2019 The Local Organization Committee is grateful to the following for their collaboration and contribution to the16th International Congress of Turkish Arts: Members of the International and National Committees of the International Congress of Turkish Arts; the Turkish Ministry of Culture and Tourism, Directorate General of Fine Arts, Directorate General for Copyright; Hacettepe University, Faculty and Students of the Art History Department, Max van Berchem Foundation; Anatolian Civilizations, Cermodern, Erimtan Archeology and Art, and Rahmi Koç Museums, Vehbi Koç Ankara Studies Research Center; Mehmet Nuri Ersoy, Turkish Minister of Culture and Tourism, Deputy Minister Özgül Özkan Yavuz; Prof. Dr. Haluk Özen, Rector of the Hacettepe University, Deputy Rector Prof. Dr. Rahime Nohutçu, Dean of the Faculty of Letters Prof. Dr. Sibel Bozbeyoğlu; Member of the Presidential Council of Culture and Art Policies Havva Hümeyra Şahin; Turkish Ministry of Culture and Tourism, General Director of Fine Arts Assoc.
    [Show full text]
  • Power, Politics, and Tradition in the Mongol Empire and the Ilkhanate of Iran
    OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 08/08/16, SPi POWER, POLITICS, AND TRADITION IN THE MONGOL EMPIRE AND THE ĪlkhānaTE OF IRAN OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 08/08/16, SPi OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 08/08/16, SPi Power, Politics, and Tradition in the Mongol Empire and the Īlkhānate of Iran MICHAEL HOPE 1 OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 08/08/16, SPi 3 Great Clarendon Street, Oxford, OX2 6D P, United Kingdom Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide. Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University Press in the UK and in certain other countries © Michael Hope 2016 The moral rights of the author have been asserted First Edition published in 2016 Impression: 1 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted by law, by licence or under terms agreed with the appropriate reprographics rights organization. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the address above You must not circulate this work in any other form and you must impose this same condition on any acquirer Published in the United States of America by Oxford University Press 198 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016, United States of America British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Data available Library of Congress Control Number: 2016932271 ISBN 978–0–19–876859–3 Printed in Great Britain by Clays Ltd, St Ives plc Links to third party websites are provided by Oxford in good faith and for information only.
    [Show full text]
  • Jnasci-2015-1195-1202
    Journal of Novel Applied Sciences Available online at www.jnasci.org ©2015 JNAS Journal-2015-4-11/1195-1202 ISSN 2322-5149 ©2015 JNAS Relationships between Timurid Empire and Qara Qoyunlu & Aq Qoyunlu Turkmens Jamshid Norouzi1 and Wirya Azizi2* 1- Assistant Professor of History Department of Payame Noor University 2- M.A of Iran’s Islamic Era History of Payame Noor University Corresponding author: Wirya Azizi ABSTRACT: Following Abu Saeed Ilkhan’s death (from Mongol Empire), for half a century, Iranian lands were reigned by local rules. Finally, lately in the 8th century, Amir Timur thrived from Transoxiana in northeastern Iran, and gradually made obedient Iran and surrounding countries. However, in the Northwest of Iran, Turkmen tribes reigned but during the Timurid raids they had returned to obedience, and just as withdrawal of the Timurid troops, they were quickly back their former power. These clans and tribes sometimes were troublesome to the Ottoman Empires and Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt. Due to the remoteness of these regions of Timurid Capital and, more importantly, lack of permanent government administrations and organizations of the Timurid capital, following Amir Timur’s death, because of dynastic struggles among his Sons and Grandsons, the Turkmens under these conditions were increasing their power and then they had challenged the Timurid princes. The most important goals of this study has focused on investigation of their relationships and struggles. How and why Timurid Empire has begun to combat against Qara Qoyunlu and Aq Qoyunlu Turkmens; what were the reasons for the failure of the Timurid deal with them, these are the questions that we try to find the answers in our study.
    [Show full text]
  • Theocracy Metin M. Coşgel Thomas J. Miceli
    Theocracy Metin M. Coşgel University of Connecticut Thomas J. Miceli University of Connecticut Working Paper 2013-29 November 2013 365 Fairfield Way, Unit 1063 Storrs, CT 06269-1063 Phone: (860) 486-3022 Fax: (860) 486-4463 http://www.econ.uconn.edu/ This working paper is indexed on RePEc, http://repec.org THEOCRACY by Metin Coşgel* and Thomas J. Miceli** Abstract: Throughout history, religious and political authorities have had a mysterious attraction to each other. Rulers have established state religions and adopted laws with religious origins, sometimes even claiming to have divine powers. We propose a political economy approach to theocracy, centered on the legitimizing relationship between religious and political authorities. Making standard assumptions about the motivations of these authorities, we identify the factors favoring the emergence of theocracy, such as the organization of the religion market, monotheism vs. polytheism, and strength of the ruler. We use two sets of data to test the implications of the model. We first use a unique data set that includes information on over three hundred polities that have been observed throughout history. We also use recently available cross-country data on the relationship between religious and political authorities to examine these issues in current societies. The results provide strong empirical support for our arguments about why in some states religious and political authorities have maintained independence, while in others they have integrated into a single entity. JEL codes: H10,
    [Show full text]
  • Year 7 Issue 7 October 2016 a Monthly National
    A Monthly National Review October 2016 “Let us all work for the Greatness of India.” – The Mother Year 7 Issue 7 The Resurgent India 1 October 2016 The Resurgent India English monthly published and printed by Smt. Suman Sharma on behalf of The Resurgent India Trust Published at C/o J.N. Socketed Cement Pipes Pvt. Ltd., Village Bhamraula Post Bagwara, Kichha Road, Rudrapur (U.S Nagar) email: [email protected], [email protected], URL : www.resurgentindia.org Printed at : Priyanka Printing Press, Hotel Krish Building, Janta Inter College Road, Udham Nagar, Rudrapur, Uttarakhand Editor : Ms. Garima Sharma, B-45, Batra Colony, Village Bharatpur, P.O. Kaushal Ganj, Bilaspur Distt. Rampur (U.P) The Resurgent India 2 October 2016 THE RESURGENT INDIA A Monthly National Review October 2016 SUCCESSFUL FUTURE (Full of Promise and Joyful Surprises) Botanical name: Gaillardia Pulchella Common name: Indian blanket, Blanket flower, Fire-wheels Year 7 Issue 7 The Resurgent India 3 October 2016 CONTENTS Surgical Strikes Reveal the Reality of Our Politicians ...................................................... 6 Straight from the Horse’s Mouth ...........................................7 An End to Politics ................................................................... 8 The Overwhelming Evidence in Favour of the Traditional Indian Date for the Beginning of the Kaliyuga and the Mahabharata War .........10 1. The Aihole Inscription of King Pulakesin II and Its Implications for the Modern Historical Dating of the Mahabharata War ........ 10 2. The Superfluity of the Arguments Against the Historicity of the Kaliyuga Era and Their Repudiation ..................... 13 3. The Brihatsamhita of Varahamihira .................................. 18 4. Alberuni’s Indica and the Rajatarangini of Kalhana .......... 23 5. The Records in the Annual Indian Calendars – The Panchangas ....
    [Show full text]
  • Notes and References
    Notes and References 2 The Rise of the Levant: The Cuneiscript and Pharaonic Civilizations 1. K.A. Wittfogel, Oriental Despotism, A Comparative Study of Total Power (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1976), p.193. 2. Actually Wittfogel himself qualified his system to this effect in 'Ideas and Power Structure' in Approaches to Asian Civilizations, eds. W.M. Theodore deBary and A.T. Embree (New York and London: Columbia University Press, 1964). 3. F. Lexa, Vybor ze starsi literatury egyptske [Anthology of ancient Egyptian literature] (Prague, 1947), pp.2~2. 4. H. Frankfort, Ancient Egyptian Religion (New York: Harper and Row 1962), p.18. 5. Ibid., pp.91 and 96--102. 6. Quotations from the translation by John A. Wilson in J.B. Pritchard (ed.) Ancient Near Eastern Texts, 3rd. ed., (New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1969), pp.412-14. 7. Ibid. pp.422-3. 8. Frankfort, Ancient Egyptian Religion, p.65. 9. G. Roux, Ancient Iraq (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1980), p.93. 10. S.N. Kramer, The Sumerians (University of Chicago Press, 1963), p.123. 11. Ibid. 12. Ibid., p.125. 13. There exists a simplified, cursive version of the Egyptian hieroglyphs, but this is believed to be a much later invention. 14. H. Frankfort, The Birth of Civilization in the Near East (London: Benn; and New York: Barnes and Noble, 1968), p.77. 15. Translation by Robert H. Pfeiffer in J.B. Pritchard (ed.) Ancient Near Eastern Texts, p.424. 16. The Babylonian celebration of the New Year, lasting 12 days, is vividly described by J. Hawkes, The First Great Civilizations: Life in Mesopotamia, The Indus Valley and Egypt (New York: Knopf, 1977), pp.197-200.
    [Show full text]
  • Syrian Orthodox from the Mosul Area Snelders, B
    Identity and Christian-Muslim interaction : medieval art of the Syrian Orthodox from the Mosul area Snelders, B. Citation Snelders, B. (2010, September 1). Identity and Christian-Muslim interaction : medieval art of the Syrian Orthodox from the Mosul area. Peeters, Leuven. Retrieved from https://hdl.handle.net/1887/15917 Version: Not Applicable (or Unknown) Licence agreement concerning inclusion of doctoral thesis in the License: Institutional Repository of the University of Leiden Downloaded from: https://hdl.handle.net/1887/15917 Note: To cite this publication please use the final published version (if applicable). 2. The Syrian Orthodox in their Historical and Artistic Settings 2.1 Northern Mesopotamia and Mosul The blossoming of ‘Syrian Orthodox art’ during the twelfth and thirteenth centuries is mainly attested for Northern Mesopotamia. At the time, Northern Mesopotamia was commonly known as the Jazira (Arabic for ‘island’), a geographic entity encompassing roughly the territory which is located between the Euphrates and Tigris rivers, and lies north of Baghdad and south of Lake Van. 1 In ecclesiastical terms, this region is called Athur (Assyria). 2 Early Islamic historians and geographers distinguished three different districts: Diyar Mudar, Diyar Bakr, and Diyar Rabi cah. Today, these districts correspond more or less to eastern Syria, south-eastern Turkey, and northern Iraq, respectively. Mosul was the capital of the Diyar Rabi cah district, which ‘extended north from Takrit along both banks of the Tigris to the tributary Ba caynatha river a few kilometres north of Jazirat ibn cUmar (modern Cizre) and westwards along the southern slopes of the Tur cAbdin as far as the western limits of the Khabur Basin’.
    [Show full text]
  • Fall of Constantinople] Pmunc 2018 ​ ​ Contents
    [FALL OF CONSTANTINOPLE] PMUNC 2018 ​ ​ CONTENTS Letter from the Chair and CD………....…………………………………………....[3] Committee Description…………………………………………………………….[4] The Siege of Constantinople: Introduction………………………………………………………….……. [5] Sailing to Byzantium: A Brief History……...………....……………………...[6] Current Status………………………………………………………………[9] Keywords………………………………………………………………….[12] Questions for Consideration……………………………………………….[14] Character List…………………...………………………………………….[15] Citations……..…………………...………………………………………...[23] 2 [FALL OF CONSTANTINOPLE] PMUNC 2018 ​ ​ LETTER FROM THE CHAIR Dear delegates, Welcome to PMUNC! My name is Atakan Baltaci, and I’m super excited to conquer a city! I will be your chair for the Fall of Constantinople Committee at PMUNC 2018. We have gathered the mightiest commanders, the most cunning statesmen and the most renowned scholars the Ottoman Empire has ever seen to achieve the toughest of goals: conquering Constantinople. This Sultan is clever and more than eager, but he is also young and wants your advice. Let’s see what comes of this! Sincerely, Atakan Baltaci Dear delegates, Hello and welcome to PMUNC! I am Kris Hristov and I will be your crisis director for the siege of Constantinople. I am pleased to say this will not be your typical committee as we will focus more on enacting more small directives, building up to the siege of Constantinople, which will require military mobilization, finding the funds for an invasion and the political will on the part of all delegates.. Sincerely, Kris Hristov 3 [FALL OF CONSTANTINOPLE] PMUNC 2018 ​ ​ COMMITTEE DESCRIPTION The year is 1451, and a 19 year old has re-ascended to the throne of the Ottoman Empire. Mehmed II is now assembling his Imperial Court for the grandest city of all: Constantinople! The Fall of Constantinople (affectionately called the Conquest of Istanbul by the Turks) was the capture of the Byzantine Empire's capital by the Ottoman Empire.
    [Show full text]
  • Trajectories of State Formation Across Fifteenth-Century Islamic West-Asia
    Trajectories of State Formation across Fifteenth-Century Islamic West-Asia Jo Van Steenbergen - 978-90-04-43131-7 Downloaded from Brill.com06/19/2020 10:35:29AM via free access <UN> Rulers & Elites Comparative Studies in Governance Series Editor Jeroen Duindam (Leiden University) Editorial Board Maaike van Berkel (Radboud University Nijmegen) Yingcong Dai (William Paterson University, NJ) Jean-Pascal Daloz (University of Strasbourg) Jos Gommans (Leiden University) Jérôme Kerlouégan (University of Oxford) Dariusz Kołodziejczyk (Warsaw University) Metin Kunt (Sabancı University) volume 18 The titles published in this series are listed at brill.com/rule Jo Van Steenbergen - 978-90-04-43131-7 Downloaded from Brill.com06/19/2020 10:35:29AM via free access <UN> Trajectories of State Formation across Fifteenth-Century Islamic West-Asia Eurasian Parallels, Connections and Divergences Edited by Jo Van Steenbergen leiden | boston Jo Van Steenbergen - 978-90-04-43131-7 Downloaded from Brill.com06/19/2020 10:35:29AM via free access <UN> This is an open access title distributed under the terms of the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 license, which permits any non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided no alterations are made and the original author(s) and source are credited. Further information and the complete license text can be found at https://creativecom- mons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ The terms of the CC license apply only to the original material. The use of material from other sources (indicated by a reference) such as diagrams, illustrations, photos and text samples may require further permission from the respective copyright holder.
    [Show full text]