Introduction: Remembering East Germany: Contested Heritage 1 the Media of Testimony 2 Literary Autobiography and the Stories

Notes

Introduction: Remembering East Germany: Contested heritage

1. It should be noted, however, that archival evidence reveals these occupations to have been more negotiated and ambivalent in their aims and methods than is commonly recognised (see Rudnick, 2011). 2. Cited in Beattie, 2011, p. 26; Bruce, 2009, p. 25; Cooke, 2005, p. 33; Kritz, 1995, xxiv; McAdams, 2001a, p. 7; 2001b, p. 240; Müller, 2001, p. 262. 3. Hubertus Knabe used this term in his introduction to a seminar focusing on the effects of political imprisonment on the second generation, held at the Foundation for the Reappraisal of the SED Dictatorship in Berlin on 14 February 2012. 4. See Sabrow, 2007, p. 8 for a list of members. 5. I take the term ‘state-mandated’ in reference to memory from Beattie, 2011, who attributes the concept to Sabine Moller. 6. Nicht, 2011, investigates both ﬁctional and non-ﬁctional representations.

1 The Media of Testimony

1. For example: van Dijck, 2007; Esposito, 2002; Erll, 2011a, 2011b; Erll and Rigney, 2009; Garde-Hansen, 2011; Hoskins, 2009b; van House and Churchill, 2008; Huyssen, 2003; Landsberg, 2004; Neiger, Meyers and Zandberg, 2011; Olick, 2007; Radstone, 2010; Sick and Ochsner, 2004; Sturken, 2008; Zierold, 2006. 2. Van Dijck (2007, p. 24) herself points towards this research avenue when she notes that ‘beyond immediate family circles, material inscriptions may become part of a more public project – for instance a documentary – and thus add to a shared collective remembrance’ and that there is a ‘a current accen- tuation of personal memories in ofﬁcial “memory institutions”, such as the museum’ (2004, p. 268). 3. As will be discussed, two exceptions are Otto, 2011 (Chapter 3), and Bachelier, 2010 (Chapter 6).

2 Literary Autobiography and the Stories That Can’t Be Told

1. There have been a number of analyses of the relationship between intellec- tuals and political power in the GDR since uniﬁcation. By way of example: Bathrick, 1995; Bialas, 1996; Borgwardt, 2002; Emmerich, 2000; Jones, 2011b; Mittenzwei, 2003; J. Walther, 1996.

196 Notes 197

2. For an overview, see Niggl, 1998b. 3. For a selection of some of the key contributions to these debates see Niggl, 1998b. 4. For a closer analysis of a wide range of forms of life-writing in the German context, see Dahlke, Tate and Woods, 2010. 5. Rachel Halverson (2008, pp. 213–14) argues along similar lines that ‘although there are differing innuendoes in the response to Kant’s Abspann critics and literary scholars across the board read it as an autobiography and as a result expect Kant’s full disclosure of his complicity with the corrupt SED regime’. 6. For example: Tungler (1991) asks if Kant did not notice that ‘justification often spills over into vain linguistic acrobatics’; Grambow (1991) describes the text as, at least in part, an ‘overlong speech for the defence’; Lewin (1991) considers that ‘Kant is justifying himself’; de Bruyn (1991) describes the text as one of the ‘quickly produced books designed to justify behaviour’; Emmerich (2000) considers that Kant is attempting, ‘to justify himself’; Cosentino (2001) describes the work as ‘Hermann Kant’s self-justifying, striving book of memoirs’. 7. Wolf Biermann (1991) notoriously described Anderson as ‘Sascha Arsehole’ (Sascha Arschloch) in his speech at the presentation of the Georg Büchner Prize. Fuchs (1991a, 1991b, 1991c) published details from the Stasi files in a series of articles in Spiegel, some of which offered evidence for Anderson’s involvement with the MfS. For a detailed discussion of the debate surround- ing Anderson’s involvement with the Stasi, see also Szabo, 2002, pp. 65–97. For an analysis of Anderson’s Stasi files and his activities for the MfS see Lewis, 2003a. 8. Indeed, a customer review posted to Amazon.de perceptively notes that other reviewers expected a ‘classical confession of guilt’ and asks why ‘life histories still always have to be written as nineteenth-century novels of development’. See ‘bebequin’ (2002). 9. Several reviewers point towards Anderson’s apparent lack of ‘Reue’ (regret). See Geissler, 2002; Halter, 2002; Wittstock, 2002. 10. The Free German Union of Authors emerged in 1973 as an alternative to the Union of German Writers (Verband Deutscher Schriftsteller) and was considered particularly reactionary by the authorities in the GDR. For an account of the ‘Legende’ used in the attempts to recruit de Bruyn, see J. Walther, 1996, pp. 392–96. 11. The anthology Berliner Geschichten was an experimental anthology edited by Klaus Schlesinger, Ulrich Plenzdorf and Martin Stade, which they intended to produce as a self-publication and thereby bypass the censor. 12. See BStU MfS AIM 822/84; de Bruyn, 1993; 1996, pp. 190–202; Jones, 2010. An ‘Operative Personenkontrolle’ was opened to observe and record information on an individual who was suspected of activities against the state or had contact with individuals already considered hostile by the Stasi. An OPK was generally concluded either with an attempt to recruit the individual as IM and/or conversion to an ‘Operativen Vorgang’ (Operative Procedure), and the ensuing higher level of harassment and observation. See J. Walther, 1996, pp. 383–84. 198 Notes

13. See, for example: Braun, 1996; Franke, 1996; Hoyer, 1996; Michaelis, 1996; Saab, 1996; Schaber, 1996; Schorn, 1997; Soldat, 1996; Steinfeld, 1996; K. Walther, 1996. Evans (2006, p. 138) also notes that ‘the majority of reviews welcomed de Bruyn’s text enthusiastically praising its self-critical candour’. 14. For example: Braun, 1996; Hinck, 1996; Liersch, 1996; Saab, 1996; Schäuble, 1996; Schorn, 1997; Soldat, 1996; Steinfeld, 1996; Wendland, 1996; Wiedemann, 1996. 15. For example: Hinck, 1996; Krause, 1996; Michaelis, 1996; Saab, 1996; Schaber, 1996; Soldat, 1996; Steinfeld, 1996. 16. Wiedemann’s (1996) account of de Bruyn’s contact with the Stasi is closer to that given in Vierzig Jahre; however, she begins with the statement: ‘again: nothing objectively serious’. Liersch (1996) similarly asserts that de Bruyn’s shame at his actions is unnecessary: ‘what is not understandable is his level of dismay at having been led to provide information as a result of a disgrace- ful intrigue on the part of the Stasi’. Michaelis (1996) describes de Bruyn’s involvement with the Stasi as ‘(harmless, quickly broken off) conversations with the snoopers from the Mielke-Ministry’. 17. Nußbaumer (1999), for example, states that the ‘ “life report” offers little more than the self-justifying prose of a quasi-Party scribe’. Kant (1996, p. 52) describes the text as the ‘self portrait of a hypocrite’ (p. 52). Hirdina (1999, p. 199) argues that in the chapter in which de Bruyn discusses the Stasi revelations, ‘one [ ...] can also find an attempt at self-justification’. 18. In the statement by Oehlen given above, for example, de Bruyn is described as being ‘elected’ as IM without his knowledge and interrogated under false pretences. Wiedemann (1996) states that the Stasi officers, ‘had visited him [de Bruyn] more often, and learned more than his memory had retained’, again implying a lack of active decision-making on de Bruyn’s part. 19. The only detailed accounts of de Bruyn’s file that I am aware of are in Mix, 1998, pp. 191–94; J. Walther, 1996, pp. 392–95.

3 Fragmented Auto/biographies: Testifying with Many Voices

1. This was the term most frequently used by the Stasi for civilian collaborators in the 1950s and early 1960s. The term ‘Inofﬁzieller Mitarbeiter’ (IM) became more widely used after the implementation of ‘Richtlinie 1/68’ in 1968. See J. Walther, 1996, p. 470. 2. See also Evans’s (2006) discussion of this criticism of Kunert’s text. 3. Although we cannot, of course, know to what extent Otto edited the original interview material. She states in her introduction: ‘I did not always write down word-for-word what was said. I reworked repetitions, expressions pecu- liar to spoken language and too excessive leaps in topic and thereby ﬁtted the content of the conversations to the written form (Otto, 2011, p. 11).’ 4. Bickelhaupt (2011) notes that the author leaves the question of Kerstin’s guilt open, ‘as well as other contradictions’. In a customer review under the title ‘Ein Grenzfall’, ‘Falk Müller’ (2011) states that ‘it becomes clear in the book that the truth is considerably more complex, that private decisions are overlaid with political circumstances’. Notes 199

5. John (2011), for example, notes that the Stasi ﬁles do not reveal the methods used by the Stasi to pressurise Kerstin. Schreiber (2011) and Bickelhaupt (2011) also note that Kerstin was threatened with the loss of her son. ‘Hermann Burkhardt’ (2011) states that the reader is inclined ‘to forgive Kerstin for her “betrayal” ’. ‘Falk Müller’ (2011) points towards the violence in Kerstin and Jürgen’s marriage as an explanation.

4 The Importance of ‘Being There’: Memorial Museums and Living the Past in the Present

1. For a detailed overview of the development of the memorial, including the political controversies which accompanied it, see Rudnick, 2011, pp. 227–331. The above description of the history of the memorial also draws on: Deutscher Bundestag, 2013a, pp. 142–50; Kaminsky, 2007, pp. 61–64; König, 2007, pp. 254–78; Stiftung Gedenkstätte Berlin-Hohenschönhausen, 2000–02, pp. 8–9; Verheyen, 2008, pp. 163–73. 2. The analysis is based on fieldwork conducted in Berlin in March 2009, August 2009 and during a longer period of research from June–December 2010. Return visits were made in February 2012 and October 2013. I followed a total of 12 tours at Hohenschönhausen in these periods, with ten different guides, including four with non-eyewitnesses. I also spent several days in December 2010 researching in the Zeitzeugenarchiv, viewing a selection of the eyewitness interviews collected and stored there. 3. Further details on these sites can also be found in Kaminsky, 2007 and Deutscher Bundestag, 2013a. Fieldwork was conducted at Gedenk- und Dokumentationsstätte ‘Opfer politischer Gewaltherrschaft’ in October 2010, BStU Dokumentations – und Gedenkstätte in der ehemaligen Untersuchungshaftanstalt des MfS in Rostock in November 2010, Gedenkstätte Moritzplatz in November 2010 and February 2012, Gedenkstätte Bautzner Straße and Gedenkstätte Roter Ochse in Decem- ber 2010, and Gedenkstätte Lindenstraße in August 2012. Analysis of the exhibitions relates to their format and content at these times. 4. See Rudnick, 2011, pp. 350–88 and pp. 433–81 for a full documentation of the (often ambivalent) role of the citizens’ committees in the early phase of working through the GDR past. 5. This description of Normannenstraße is based on: Deutscher Bundestag, 2013a, pp. 151–52; Kaminsky, 2007,pp. 66–68; König, 2007,pp. 203–50; Leide, Budek, Petkus, and Pryce, n.d, pp. 5–6; Rudnick, 2011,pp. 434–530; Stasimuseum, 2012; Verheyen, 2008, pp. 155–62. Analysis of the exhibition is based on fieldwork conducted in Berlin in August and November 2010, February and August 2012, and February and October 2013. 6. Analysis of the exhibition is based on fieldwork conducted in Leipzig in October 2010. See also Deutscher Bundestag, 2013a, pp. 170–75; Museum in der “Runden Ecke”, 2012. 7. This description of Gedenkstätte Bautzen is based on: Deutscher Bundestag, 2013a, pp. 136–42; Kaminsky, 2007, pp. 323–25; Rudnick, 2011, pp. 132–226. Analysis of the exhibition is based on fieldwork conducted in Bautzen in August 2013. 200 Notes

8. This description of Gedenkstätte Roter Ochse is based on: Deutscher Bundestag, 2013a, p. 164–66; Kaminsky, 2007, pp. 400–01; Gedenkstätte Roter Ochse, 2010; Sachsen-Anhalt, 2014. 9. A similar technique is used at Gedenkstätte Lindenstraße in Potsdam. Here, however, the interrogation room is reconstructed to appear ‘as it was’ and, upon opening the door, the visitor is played a recording of an interrogation that took place in the prison in 1989. 10. See, for example, the discussion of the need to renovate the heat- ing system and the concerns about potential loss of ‘historical surfaces such as carpets, ﬁttings and paintwork’ (Stiftung Gedenkstätte Berlin- Hohenschönhausen, 2009–10, pp. 61–62). Similar discussions can be seen in Stiftung Gedenkstätte Berlin-Hohenschönhausen, 2005–06, p. 63 and Stiftung Gedenkstätte Berlin-Hohenschönhausen, 2007–08, p. 66. 11. The authors of the ﬁrst activity report note that in 1990 windows were added to some cells and the walls dividing the tiny exercise areas were removed and this made the ‘original state’ of the prison ‘unrecognisable’. Stiftung Gedenkstätte Berlin-Hohenschönhausen, 2000–02, p. 46. 12. Comments taken from: Stiftung Gedenkstätte Berlin-Hohenschönhausen, 2000–02, pp. 55–60; Stiftung Gedenkstätte Berlin-Hohenschönhausen, 2003–04, pp. 75–79; Stiftung Gedenkstätte Berlin-Hohenschönhausen, 2005–06, p. 79; Stiftung Gedenkstätte Berlin-Hohenschönhausen, 2007–08, pp. 83–84; Stiftung Gedenkstätte Berlin-Hohenschönhausen, 2009–10, pp. 76–77; Stiftung Gedenkstätte Berlin-Hohenschönhausen, 2011–12, p. 107. 13. Stiftung Gedenkstätte Berlin-Hohenschönhausen, 2003–04, p. 75; Stiftung Gedenkstätte Berlin-Hohenschönhausen, 2003–04, pp. 75–76; Stiftung Gedenkstätte Berlin-Hohenschönhausen, 2009–10, pp. 76–77. 14. For example: Stiftung Gedenkstätte Berlin-Hohenschönhausen, 2000–02, pp. 56–58; Stiftung Gedenkstätte Berlin-Hohenschönhausen, 2003–04, pp. 77–80; Stiftung Gedenkstätte Berlin-Hohenschönhausen, 2007–08, pp. 83–84; Stiftung Gedenkstätte Berlin-Hohenschönhausen, 2009–10, pp. 76–78. 15. Comments taken from: Stiftung Gedenkstätte Berlin-Hohenschönhausen, 2000–02, pp. 56–57; Stiftung Gedenkstätte Berlin-Hohenschönhausen, 2003–04, pp. 76–77; Stiftung Gedenkstätte Berlin-Hohenschönhausen, 2005–06, p. 81; Stiftung Gedenkstätte Berlin-Hohenschönhausen, 2007–08, p. 83; Stiftung Gedenkstätte Berlin-Hohenschönhausen, 2009–10, pp. 76 and 78; Stiftung Gedenkstätte Berlin-Hohenschönhausen, 2011–12, p. 107. 16. Olt. Jan H. in Stiftung Gedenkstätte Berlin-Hohenschönhausen, 2000–02, p. 59. 17. For example: Stiftung Gedenkstätte Berlin-Hohenschönhausen, 2000–02, p. 59; Stiftung Gedenkstätte Berlin-Hohenschönhausen, 2003–04, p. 78 and 79; Stiftung Gedenkstätte Berlin-Hohenschönhausen, 2005–06, pp. 78–81; Stiftung Gedenkstätte Berlin-Hohenschönhausen, 2007–08, p. 85. 18. For example: Stiftung Gedenkstätte Berlin-Hohenschönhausen, 2003–04, p. 75. 19. For example, Stiftung Gedenkstätte Berlin-Hohenschönhausen, 2007–08, pp. 83–85; Stiftung Gedenkstätte Berlin-Hohenschönhausen, 2009–10, pp. 77–78. Notes 201

20. For example, Stiftung Gedenkstätte Berlin-Hohenschönhausen, 2005–06, pp. 80–81; Stiftung Gedenkstätte Berlin-Hohenschönhausen, 2007–08, p. 85. 21. I have excluded the comments by prominent visitors in these statistics. Lehrerin des Politische-Weltkunde-Kurses 13 der Leonhard-Bernstein- Oberschule Berlin, Gudrun and Dietmar T. in Stiftung Gedenkstätte Berlin-Hohenschönhausen, 2000–02, p. 58 and p. 60; Mandy W. in Stiftung Gedenkstätte Berlin-Hohenschönhausen, 2005–06, p. 78; Cornelia T., Ehemaliger DDR-Bürger und Ausgereister, S.H. in Stiftung Gedenkstätte Berlin-Hohenschönhausen, 2007–08, p. 85; Eingeschweißtes Papier, gefun- den in der Besuchertoilette am 29. April 2009, R.D. und C.B. in Stiftung Gedenkstätte Berlin-Hohenschönhausen, 2009–10, p. 77 and p. 78. 22. Indeed, the very small number of individuals explicitly identifying them- selves as for GDR citizens in the reports might indicate that other responses were less supportive of the memorial’s self-presentation.

5 Whose Memory Is It Anyway? Memorial Museums and Modes of Authority

1. Thanatourism is tourism to sites linked to the death or suffering of others (dark tourism). 2. The permanent exhibition in Hohenschönhausen provides English translations on all of its information boards. These have been used throughout this chapter. 3. I visited BStU regional ofﬁces in Erfurt (October 2010), Frankfurt (Oder) (October 2010), Leipzig (October 2010), Rostock (November 2010), Dresden (December 2010) and Halle (December 2010). Analysis of the exhibitions relates to their format and content at these times. 4. The testimonies are either read aloud by a third party or are a direct excerpt from interviews conducted by Gabriele Schnell (see Schnell, 2009). 5. See Stiftung Gedenkstätte Berlin-Hohenschönhausen, 2000–02, pp. 55–60; Stiftung Gedenkstätte Berlin-Hohenschönhausen, 2003–04, pp. 78 and 80; Stiftung Gedenkstätte Berlin-Hohenschönhausen, 2005–06, pp. 79 and 80; Stiftung Gedenkstätte Berlin-Hohenschönhausen, 2007–08, pp. 83 and 89; Stiftung Gedenkstätte Berlin-Hohenschönhausen, 2009–10, pp. 76–80; Stiftung Gedenkstätte Berlin-Hohenschönhausen, 2011–12, pp. 105 and 107. 6. See Stiftung Gedenkstätte Berlin-Hohenschönhausen, 2000–02, pp. 55–60; Stiftung Gedenkstätte Berlin-Hohenschönhausen, 2003–04, pp. 75–80; Stiftung Gedenkstätte Berlin-Hohenschönhausen, 2005–06, pp. 79 and 82; Stiftung Gedenkstätte Berlin-Hohenschönhausen, 2009–10, p. 80; Stiftung Gedenkstätte Berlin-Hohenschönhausen, 2011–12, p. 107. 7. See Stiftung Gedenkstätte Berlin-Hohenschönhausen, 2000–02, pp. 57 and 59; Stiftung Gedenkstätte Berlin-Hohenschönhausen, 2003–04, pp. 75–78. 8. See Stiftung Gedenkstätte Berlin-Hohenschönhausen, 2000–02, p. 55; Stiftung Gedenkstätte Berlin-Hohenschönhausen, 2003–04, p. 75. 9. See Stiftung Gedenkstätte Berlin-Hohenschönhausen, 2003–04, p. 75. 10. See Stiftung Gedenkstätte Berlin-Hohenschönhausen, 2000–02, p. 55; Stiftung Gedenkstätte Berlin-Hohenschönhausen, 2003–04, p. 79; Stiftung Gedenkstätte Berlin-Hohenschönhausen, 2005–06, p. 79. 202 Notes

11. See Stiftung Gedenkstätte Berlin-Hohenschönhausen, 2000–02, p. 57; Stiftung Gedenkstätte Berlin-Hohenschönhausen, 2003–04, pp. 75–78. 12. See Stiftung Gedenkstätte Berlin-Hohenschönhausen, 2000–02, p. 56; Stiftung Gedenkstätte Berlin-Hohenschönhausen, 2003–04, pp. 75 and 79; Stiftung Gedenkstätte Berlin-Hohenschönhausen, 2011–12, pp. 105 and 107. 13. See Stiftung Gedenkstätte Berlin-Hohenschönhausen, 2000–02, p. 56; Stiftung Gedenkstätte Berlin-Hohenschönhausen, 2003–04, p. 79. 14. See Stiftung Gedenkstätte Berlin-Hohenschönhausen, 2000–02, p. 60; Stiftung Gedenkstätte Berlin-Hohenschönhausen, 2005–06, p. 80. 15. See Stiftung Gedenkstätte Berlin-Hohenschönhausen, 2005–06, p. 79; Stiftung Gedenkstätte Berlin-Hohenschönhausen, 2007–08, pp. 83 and 84. 16. Christian H. (Stiftung Gedenkstätte Berlin-Hohenschönhausen, 2003–04, p. 75) states that the emotional and moving account of the guide ‘trans- ported us unimaginably close to the time back then’; Jennifer B. asserts that ‘we suffered once again with [the guide] and felt the injustice that happened behind these walls’ (Stiftung Gedenkstätte Berlin-Hohenschönhausen, 2003–04, p. 75). 17. I attended a performance of DieAkteR.at Hohenschönhausen on the 18 November 2010. 18. Even for university-afﬁliated researchers, access is restricted by the set up of the archive, which is not designed for external viewing, notably the absence of a reading room, and ethical considerations relating to the re-use of the interviews for research. In December 2010, I was permitted access to a lim- ited selection of interviews that had been released by the witness concerned for this purpose, on the understanding that anonymity would be main- tained. I was allowed to view ten interviews in total, recorded between 2006 and 2009. 19. I was given access to ﬁve interviews in the latter style (Zeitzeugenarchiv Hohenschönhausen, 2009a, 2009b, 2009c, 2009d and 2009e). 20. This list is based on Knabe, 2007 and 2009a. 21. For example, since 1990: Bäcker, 2008; Bath, 2007; Bohlken, 2006; Fichter, 1996; Jauch, 2007; Lengsfeld, 2011; Neumann, 2007; Richter, 2003; Rieke, 1999; Rosenbaum, 2006; Storck, 2010; Welsch, 2001.

6 Documentary Film: Being Moved by Memory

1. For example: Klemke and Lorenzen, 2002; Sivan and Maurion, 2004; Gierke, 2005; Bauder and Franke, 2006; Weinert, 2009; Bachelier, 2010. 2. Ash (2007), for example, notes the errors of detail in the film, but points out that it is a movie, and, therefore, not bound to historical accuracy. Nonetheless, for Ash, the idea of the Stasi officer as a ‘good man’ comes dan- gerously close to ‘moral relativism’. Berghahn (2009, p. 333) argues that von Donnersmarck, ‘sacrifices historical authenticity for affect’. Similarly, Evans (2010, p. 173) considers that historical accuracy is replaced by an ‘authenticity of affect’, which provokes an ‘emotional response [ ...] by foregrounding the way in which the GDR systematically sought to break those individuals it deemed a menace’. Biermann (2006) argues that, despite the numerous inac- curacies, ‘the political sound is authentic’. In contrast, Eckert (2006) describes Notes 203

the ﬁlm as ‘an artistic masterpiece, but a historical fairytale’. Notably the historian Wilke (2008) spoke out for the authenticity of the ﬁlm and the plausibility of Wiesler’s conversion. For further discussion of the reception of the The Lives of Others see: Cooke, 2011; Hodgin, 2011; Seegers, 2008; Westphal, 2012. 3. See my analysis of the modes of authenticity at work in The Lives of Others in Jones, 2013b. 4. Notably the reviews by Nicola and Scally appear in November 2009. 5. Indeed, Wulkau is listed as a guide. 6. Reference to Feindberührung will use the translations provided in the subtitles of the DVD. Bibliography

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Abspann (book, Kant), 21, 44, 48, and dominant narrative schemata, 52–5, 62, 65, 67–9, 87, 90 31–3, 44, 54–5, 62, 66–8, 70, 87, reception of, 52–3 90, 188, 193, 195 Adenauer, Konrad, 12 experiential, 41–3, 45, 111, 114–25, Die Akte R. (play, Jugendtheater 126–7, 140–1, 162, 163, 165–75, Strahl), 141, 149 179–83, 185–6, 187–9, 191 Albrecht, Hans, 8 fictions of, 68, 74 Alltag einer Behörde (film, Klemke and and immediacy, 40, 42, 109, 127, Lorenzen), 21, 45–6, 176–86, 192 166, 167–8, 177, 182, 185 reception of, 176 of places and objects, 110–24 anamnesis, 72, 76, 77, 80–1, 86 between production and reception, Anderson, Sascha, 21, 44, 48, 52, 44, 48, 52–68, 75, 97, 108, 110, 55–69, 87, 90 163, 188 anthologies, 38, 40, 44–5, 70, 90–8, and remediation, 40, 42–3, 44, 74, 99, 135–6, 141, 145, 146, 148–50, 93–4, 96–8, 135–6, 141–2, 175, 187 148–51, 159, 175, 188 antifascism, 4, 75 as social construct, 109–10, 111–13, anti-totalitarian consensus, 2, 106, 118–19, 124, 126–7, 163, 188 122, 152, 195 and tourism, 109, 117 archives, 1, 30, 38, 55, 71–2, 95, 146 witness, 41–3, 44–5, 111, 119, see also Stasi files; 124–5, 127–41, 151–2, 159–60, Hohenschönhausen, eyewitness 163, 165–83, 185–6, 187–9, 191, archive at 192, 193 Arendt, Erich, 82–3 autobiographical pact, see under Arendt, Hannah, 2 autobiographical writing Association Anti-Stalinist Action autobiographical writing, 20–1, 44–5, Normannenstraße (ASTAK), 47–98, 187–8 103, 110 autobiographical fiction, 70 auratic spaces, 103, 110–24, 126, 139, autobiographical pact, 49–50, 68, 92 140–1, 169–70, 171, 179–80, autobiography, 37, 44, 47–69, 70–7, 183, 189 84, 89, 102 authenticity biography, 49, 50, 87, 95 of affect, 41–3, 45, 114, 116–25, collaborative autobiography, see 140–1, 162, 167–71, 181, 182, relational autobiography 188–9, 191 diaries, 32, 49, 50–1, 151 and authority, 36–7, 109–10, 124, ego-documents, 51, 127–8 126–7, 151–2, 188, 193 and feminism, 50–1 complementary authenticities, 23, letters, 32, 50–1, 82, 85–6, 91, 97, 37, 41–3, 45, 188–90, 193, 195; 147, 151 see also under documentary film; life-writing, 50, 51 memorial museums memoirs, 21, 49, 50–1, 57, 70, 172–3

225 226 Index autobiographical writing – continued in Rostock (documentation centre relational autobiography, 50, and memorial), 102, 137–8, 139 86–7, 89 Bürgerbüro Berlin, 18 and Stasi files, 44, 60–2, 65–7, 68–9, 71–6, 87–90, 96 Central Committee of the SED, 52, 55 autobiography, see under Central Round Table, 103 autobiographical writing Checkpoint Charlie, Haus am (museum, Berlin), 17 Bachelier, Heike, 21, 46, 162, Christian Democratic Union of 182–5, 194 Germany (CDU), 18, 193 Bahro, Rudolf, 148 Barsch, Peter, 139 Citizens’ Committee Leipzig, 104 Barsch, Petra, 139 Citizens’ Committee Bartsch, Dietmar, 19 Normannenstraße, 103 Basic Law (Grundgesetz), 9, 106, 154 citizens’ rights movement, 4–5, 10, 17, Bath, Matthias, 21, 140 100, 103–4 Bauder, Marc, 21, 45–6, 162, 164–75, closed or narrow histories, 41, 43, 176, 177, 179, 181–6 97–8, 124–5, 154–7, 159–60, Bautzen Committee, 105 161–2, 186, 191–5 Bautzen, Gedenkstätte (memorial), 99, Cold War, 2, 59, 156 104–5, 137–8, 157–8 commemoration, 4, 30, 99, 100, 101, Bautzner Straße, Gedenkstätte 107, 192 (memorial, Dresden), 102, 118, commitment to socialism, 55, 59, 139–40 65–6, 75 Bechtel, Clemens, 149 communication Becker, Hermann, 95 testimony as, 24–5, 189–90 Becker, Jurek, 83 Communist Party of Germany, 91 Becker, Wolfgang, 15, 161 contested testimony, 25–6, 27–8, 47–8 Beim Leben meiner Enkel (book, Otto), 70–1, 87–90, 91, 93, 96, 194 DDR-Museum (Berlin), 163 reception of, 90 de-legitimisation, 2, 10, 15, 122 Berger, Gabriel, 140 Derrida, Jacques, 72 Berlin Citizens’ Committee, 103 Berliner Mauer, Gedenkstätte (Berlin diaries, see under autobiographical Wall Memorial), 17, 18, 21 writing Berlin Parliament, 101 disinheritance, 43, 45, 154–7, 160 Berlin Senate, 100 dissidents (in the GDR), 5, 7, 9, 77, 80, Berlin Wall, 12, 20, 130, 174 178, 180 Biermann, Wolf, 56, 77, 82 documentary film, 21, 45–6, 161–86 biography, see under autobiographical artefacts in, 170, 171–2, 178–9 writing complementary authenticities in, Bohley, Bärbel, 7 42–3, 168, 171, 185–6, 189 Bradler, Michael, 149 definition, 162–4 de Bruyn, Günter, 21, 44, 48, 52, 53, embodiment in, 168–9, 177, 182, 62–9, 87, 90 185–6 Brzezinski, Zbigniew K., 2 found footage in, 178–9, 183 BStU Dokumentations- und and immediacy, 42, 166, 167–8, Gedenkstätte in der ehemaligen 170–1, 177, 182, 185 Untersuchungshaftanstalt des MfS location in, 169–72, 183 Index 227

mediated remembering Erwachsenenspiele (book, Kunert), 20, communities in, 38, 174–5, 70, 71, 72, 73–7, 78–9, 87, 90, 181, 185, 187, 190 96–7 political mimesis in, 168–9 reception of, 74–5 and prosthetic memory, 167, everyday life, 2, 3, 4, 10–11, 16, 169, 185 17–19, 106, 125, 153, 160, 194–5 reconstruction in, 179–81 Expert Commission for the Creation Stasi files in, 172, 175, 178–80, of a Historical Network 183–4 “Reappraisal of the virtual performance in, 165–9, SED Dictatorship”, see Sabrow 177, 182 Commission voice of God in, 177–8, 183 Domaschk, Matthias, 78 feature film, 32, 42, 120, 128, 161–2, von Donnersmarck, Florian Henckel, 164–5, 167, 173, 177 22, 32, 41, 94, 161, 164–5, 177 Federal Commissioner for the Files of Downfall (film, Hirschbiegel), see the State Security Service of the Untergang, Der Former GDR (BStU), 5, 16–18, 19, Drewitz, Dieter, 149 52, 66, 77–81, 87, 88, 103, 115, 139, 180 Federal Constitutional Court, 9 eastern German identity, 11, Federal Memorial Concept, 12, 18–19, 12–15, 154 103, 104, 106–7, 110, 111, 132, and consumer culture, 15 154, 193, 194 as defiance, 11, 14 Feindberührung (film, Bachelier), 21, as multi-dimensional, 14–15 46, 162, 182–5, 194 origins of, 12–15 reception of, 182, 183 situational, 13 Fichter, Horst, 91 socialisation, 13 field of witnessing, 27–8, 36–7, 39, 46, as threat, 13–15 48, 70, 74, 165, 181, 192 see also Ostalgie Forschungs- und Gedenkstätte editors, 36, 38, 87, 92–4, 96–8, 99, Normannenstraße, see 187, 193 Normannenstraße ego-documents, see under Fortunoff Video Archive (Yale), 27, 28, autobiographical writing 39, 190 Eichmann, Adolf (trial), 27 Foundation for the Reappraisal of the Elm, Ludwig, 10 SED Dictatorship, 11, 17, embodiment, see under documentary 18, 21 film found footage, see documentary film empathy, 41–3, 188–92 Franke, Dörte, 21, 45–6, 162, 164–75, in documentary films, 166–9, 172, 176, 177, 179, 181–6 177, 180–1, 184–6 Frauendorfer, Helmuth, 95, 130, 136 in memorial museums, 113–17, Free Democratic Party (FDP), 19 119–21, 124–5, 131, 138–41 Free German Union of Authors, 63 opposed to sympathy, 120 Free German Youth (FDJ), 153 problems with, 120–1, 125, 169, 192 Fricke, Karl Wilhelm, 91, 95, 148 encoding/decoding, 34, 51–2, 54–5, Friedrich, Carl J., 2 64, 67, 72 Fuchs, Jürgen, 20, 56, 70, 72, 77–81, Endler, Adolf, 59 84, 90, 91–2, 95, 97, 148, 187 Ernst, Ewald, 95, 148 Führungsoffizier, see handler 228 Index

Funder, Anna, 22 eyewitness archive at, 21, 38, 95, Furian, Gilbert, 149 128, 135, 141–8 guides at, 21, 45, 95, 101–2, 113, Gartenschläger, Michael, 140 114, 117, 128–41, 148–9, 152, Gauck, Joachim, 5–6, 9, 161 156, 169–70, 183, 189 Gefangen in Hohenschönhausen (book, history and development of, 17–18, Knabe), 21, 44–5, 70, 71, 90–8, 99, 99–102 135–6, 141, 145, 148–9, 187 mediated remembering reception of, 93, 95 communities in, 149–51, Geheimer Informant, 73 187–9 genres of testimony permanent exhibition at, 101, 118, atrocity, 23–4 125, 128, 130, 137, 138, 141–2, law, 23–4 146–50, 152, 153 theology, 23–4 political narrative in, 102, 122, George, Heinrich, 91, 95, 148 129–31, 147–8, 152–3 Gesicht zur Wand (film, Weinert), 21, Stasi officer interventions at, 15–16, 45–6, 149, 162, 164–75, 176, 177, 131, 132 179–81, 182, 185–6 visitor response to, 121–3, 131–2, reception of, 164–5, 166, 174 141, 154–7 Gollin, Anne, 164, 171–2 Hohlweg, Der (book, de Bruyn), 63 Good Bye, Lenin! (film, Becker), Holocaust Education and Memorial 15, 161 Centre (Toronto), 27 Grass, Günter, 85 Holocaust Memorial Museum Grotewohl, Otto, 91 (Washington), 125 Gueffroy, Chris, 7 Holocaust memory, 19, 23, 26–8, 36, 190 Hager, Kurt, 74 Honecker, Erich, 8, 12 Halbwachs, Maurice, 29, 31, 194 House of Terror, The (Budapest), handler (Führungsoffizier), 56, 59, 75 26, 39 Hartman, Geoffrey, 39, 190 hypermediacy, see under remediation Haußmann, Leander, 161 hypomnesis, 71–2, 76–7, 79, 80, 86 Havemann, Robert, 78 headquarters (Stasi), see immediacy, see under authenticity Normannenstraße; Runde Ecke Immer wieder Dezember (book, S. Hensel, Jana, 15 Schädlich), 21, 70–1, 72, 82–7, heritage 88–90, 96–7, 187 contested, 1–22, 109–10, 126 reception of, 84, 87 and ideology, 123–4, 126–7, 151–2 informants (Stasi), see Geheimer as media, 107–8 Informant; Inoffizielle Mitarbeiter tourism, 109–10, 113–14 Inoffizielle Mitarbeiter see also disinheritance (informants, IMs) Hesse, Egmont, 59 GDR elites as, 5, 47–69, 73–4, 75–6, Hirschbiegel, Oliver, 41, 125 82–6, 89–90 Hoheneck (GDR women’s prison), motivations of, 59–60, 65–7, 145 144, 169, 171 representation in documentary film, Hohenschönhausen, Gedenkstätte 182–5 Berlin-(memorial) representation in memorial as authentic site, 112–14, 117–21 museums, 122, 137–8 director of, see Knabe, Hubertus and Stasi files, 60–2, 64–7, 71, 89 Index 229

Insider Committee/ life writing, see under autobiographical Insiderkomitee, 122 writing intermediality, 35, 68 Lindenstraße, Gedenkstätte (memorial, Potsdam), 102, Jäninchen, Horst, 149 137, 140 Janka, Walter, 95, 148 LINKE, DIE, 19–20 Jeder Satellit hat einen Killersatelliten Lives of Others, The (ﬁlm, von (book, Anderson), 56 Donnersmarck), see Leben der Jeder schweigt von etwas anderem (ﬁlm, Anderen, Das Bauder and Franke), 21, 45, 162, Lorenzen, Jan N., 21, 45–6, 162, 164–75, 176, 177, 179, 181–6 176–86, 192 reception of, 164–5, 166, 173, 174 Lotsch, Michael, 149

Kant, Hermann, 21, 44, 48, 52–5, 62, Magdalena (book, Fuchs), 20, 70, 72, 65–6, 67–9, 75, 87, 90 77–81, 84, 90, 91–2, 97, 187 Keßler, Heinz, 8 reception of, 79 Ketzler, Klaus, 139 de Man, Paul, 50 Klemke, Christian, 21, 45–6, 162, Männchen, Horst, 179 176–86, 192 Marcuse, Herbert, 76 Klier, Freya, 17, 95, 148 Marienfelde, Erinnerungsstätte Knabe, Hubertus, 6–7, 12, 16, 18, 21, Notaufnahmelager (Refugee 44–5, 70, 90–8, 99, 101–2, 129, Center Museum), 17 130–1, 135–6, 141, 145, Mauer durchs Herz (book, Paul), 135 148–9, 187 de Mazière, Lothar, 5 Kohl, Helmut, 7 Meckel, Markus, 10 Köhler, Armin, 140 media witnessing, 28–9, 34, 140 Koordinierendes Zeitzeugenbüro mediated remembering communities, (Coordinating Eyewitness 37–40, 45–6, 96–8, 187–93 Office), 21 see also under memorial museums; Kordon, Klaus, 91–2, 148 documentary film; Krawczyk, Stephan, 148–9 Hohenschönhausen Kreibich-Fischer, Renate, 149 mediators, 36–7, 38, 46, 98, 99, 181, Krokodil im Nacken (book, Kordon), 186, 188, 192, 193, 195 91–2 Mehlstäubl, Andreas, 149 Kulturbrauerei, Museum in der Melster, Matthias, 92, 95, 148–9 (Berlin), 19, 153, 194 memorial museums Kunert, Günter, 20, 70, 72, 73–7, 78–9, complementary authenticities in, 87, 90, 96–7 42–3, 116–21, 123–5, 140–1 Kunze, Reiner, 20, 70, 178 conveying political messages in, Kurth, Patrick, 19 106–8, 115–16, 123–4, 126–7, 129–31, 152–9 Leben der Anderen, Das/The Lives of definition, 99, 106–7 Others, 22, 32, 41, 94, 161, expert voice in, 151–9 164–5, 177 identification in, 116, 117, 120–1, Legal University of the MfS, 81 124, 136–41, 151–2 Lejeune, Philippe, 49–50, 51, 53, 86–7 immersive experiences in, 113–15, Lengsfeld, Vera, 21, 95, 148–9 116, 120, 121, 124, 127 letters, see under autobiographical mediated remembering writing communities in, 149–51 230 Index memorial museums – continued Mielke, Erich, 8, 74, 87, 91, 103, 147, moral purpose of, 99, 106–7 171, 179 as multi-authored texts, 107–8 Möbius, Sascha, 138, 157, 158 as multi-media, 108, 114–15 Moldenhauer, Bernd, 140 and prosthetic memory, 116–17, Modrow, Hans, 4–5 119, 120, 124–5, 188–9 moral witness, 24, 25, 28, 68, 129, reconstruction in, 42, 102, 104, 105, 131, 151, 165, 168, 188, 191, 108, 111, 113, 114, 115, 192–3 117–19, 124, 158 Moritzplatz, Gedenkstätte (memorial, Stasi files in, 104, 131, 137, 138, 147 Magdeburg), 102, 118, 137, 138, see also auratic spaces and under 157, 180 named sites Müller, Heiner, 63, 65–6 memory Müller, Kurt, 91, 95, 148 affiliative postmemory, 190–1 museums and archive, 60–2, 65–7, 68–9, of everyday life, 18, 194 71–86, 95–6, 141–7, 184 historic house, 113–14, 129–30 collective, 23, 29, 30, 31, 34, 35, 38, interactivity in, 140–1, 151, 158–60 54, 62, 150, 194–5 legislating, 114 communicative, 4, 13, 20, 29–30, living history, 113 32, 37–8, 131, 134, 136, 143–6, performing, 114 150, 153, 154, 157, 159, 194–5 see also heritage; memorial communities, 37–8, 87, 96–7, museums and under named sites 134–6, 143–4, 174–5, 189–95 contests, 1–22, 116, 122, 181 National Defence Council, 8, 9 cultural, 4, 20, 29–30, 38, 40, 95–6, National People’s Army (NVA), 16 141–2, 144, 146, 150, 154, 159, National Socialism, 7, 8, 9, 16, 19, 160, 161, 177, 192, 194–5 73, 102, 105, 106, 114–15, deep collective, 31 154, 157 and genre, 48–9 Neubert, Erhard, 18 individual, 30, 35, 159, 194–5 lieux de mémoire, 30 Neumann, Bernd, 19 and media, 30–5, 38, 54 Nevermann, Knut, 17 and narrative, 31–3, 62 new media, 14–15, 21, 144–5 opposed to remembering, 38 9/11 Tribute Center (New York), personal cultural, 32–3, 172 26, 39 political, see state-mandated Nora, Pierre, 30 prosthetic, 42, 116–17, 119, 120, Normannenstraße, Forschungs- und 124–5, 167, 169, 185, Gedenkstätte (research and 188–9, 191 memorial centre, Berlin), 17, 103, social, 30, 37–40, 145–6, 154, 194–5 110, 171–2 social frames of, 29 Nuremberg Trials, 7, 27 state-mandated, 9–12, 15–20, 30, 105–6, 154, 192–5 Office for National Security of the storage and functional cultural, GDR (AfNS), 4 95–6, 141–2, 144, 146–8, 192 Operative Personenkontrolle transgenerational, 39, 172–3, (Operative Monitoring of an 190–1 Individual), 63, 65 triggers, 31, 34, 35, 51, 67, 150 Operativer Vorgang (Operative MfS Work Camp, 92 Procedure), 74, 76, 79 Index 231

‘Opfer politischer Gewaltherrschaft’, Rathenow, Lutz, 78, 85 Gedenk- und Raufeisen, Thomas, 149 Dokumentationsstätte (memorial (media) reception, 34–5, 48, 51–2 and documentation centre, see also under named texts and films Frankfurt (Oder)), 102, 137, Rechtsstaat, 6–7 139, 140 reconciliation, 9, 182–5 Opitz, Willi, 178 reconstruction, see under documentary Ostalgie, 12, 14–15, 18, 20, 75, 106, film; memorial museums 122, 130, 132, 152–3, 160, 161, remand prisons (Stasi), 99–102, 182–4 168, 171 see also memorial museums and Otto, Heike, 70–1, 87–90, 91, 93, under named sites 96, 194 remediation double logic of, 40, 136, 147 Pannach, Gerulf, 148 and hypermediacy, 40 Parliamentary Commissions of as repurposing, 40, 92 Enquiry, 9–12, 20, 100, 101, see also under authenticity 104, 105 remembering, see memory participatory dictatorship, 3–4, 8–9 Report of the Federal Government on Party of Democratic Socialism the Status of Working Through (PDS), 10 the SED Dictatorship, 19–20, 193 Paul, Sigrid, 95, 134–5, 148 Reuter, Karl-Heinz, 134–5 perpetrator testimony, 25, 28, 55, Richter, Hans-Werner, 74 45–6, 47–69, 75, 125, 138, 157, Richter, Hartmut, 149 176–85 Röllig, Mario, 141, 148–9, 169–71, PhotoVoice, 26 173–4, 175 plural or open histories, 43, 90, 97–8, Rosh, Lea, 149 156–60, 183–5, 194–5 Rosinger, Hartmut, 182–5 Politbüro, 8 Roter Ochse, Gedenkstätte (memorial, political education, 21, 99–100, 101, Halle), 102, 114–15, 137–8 106–7, 121–2, 132, 173, 191, 193 Runde Ecke, (Gedenkstätte Museum in political prisoners (in the GDR), der “Runden Ecke”, memorial 16, 190 museum in Leipzig), 103, 104, in autobiographical writing, 77–81, 112–13, 117–18, 137, 138, 152–4 87–97 in documentary film, 164–75, 182–5 Sabrow Commission, 15–20, 105, 194 in memorial museums, see under Sabrow, Martin, 4, 12, 15–20, 27, Bautzen; Hohenschönhausen, 55, 187 eyewitness archive, guides, Santos, Harry, 149 permanent exhibition; remand Sascha Anderson (book, Anderson), 21, prisons 44, 48, 52–69, 87, 90 polyvocality, 44–5, 73–96, 187 reception of, 56–8, 61 premediation, 33 Schädlich, Hans Joachim, 82–7 Prenzlauer Berg, 19, 56 Schädlich, Karlheinz, 82–6 public history, 15–20, 45, 99–160, 161, Schädlich, Susanne, 21, 70–1, 72, 172, 191, 193, 194–5 82–7, 88–90, 96–7, 187 Scheidler, Hans-Jochen, 149 Rachowski, Utz, 164, 168–9, 172, 173 Schlesinger, Klaus, 63, 83 Radbruch formula, 7, 9 Schmidtchen, Heinz-Joachim, 95 Rataizick, Siegfried, 125, 138, 178 Schönherz, Edda, 149 232 Index

Schorlemmer, Friedrich, 9 Survivors of the Shoah Visual History Schubert, Achim, 140 Foundation, 27 Schulz-Ladegast, Klaus, 95 Schwanitz, Wolfgang, 180 Die Täter sind unter uns (book, Knabe), secondary witnessing, 24 6–7 Social Democratic Party of Germany Terror HQ (film, Knabe and (SPD), 10, 11, 16, 18–19 Frauendorfer), see Zentrale des Socialist Unity Party (SED), 3, 6, 8, 10, Terrors 19, 25, 52, 55, 59, 74, 104, 148, thanatourism, see tourism, dark 153, 176 Thierse, Wolfgang, 9 Sonnenallee (film, Haußmann), 161 totalitarianism, 2–3, 10, 11, 93, 102, Soviet Military Tribunal, 115 106, 122, 130, 152, 154, 158, 177, Soviet Ministry for Internal Affairs 192–5 (MVD), 100 tourism Soviet People’s Commissariat for alternative, 109, 117 Internal Affairs (NKVD), 100 Soviet special camp, 91, 92, 100, and authenticity, see under 105, 158 authenticity Soviet Union, 16, 102, 130, 157 dark, 45, 106, 109, 117, 126 Soviet War Memorial, 16 see also heritage Spielberg, Steven, 27, 41 Tränenpalast (museum in Berlin), 19, Spörer, Annett, 88 21, 153, 194 Staats-Sicherheiten (film, Bechtel, transitional justice (post-socialist) Kreibich-Fischer and Rosh), 149 criticisms of, 94, 115–16, 122, 132, Stalinism, 102 169, 173, 174 de-Stalinisation, 100 lustration, 5–6, 20 Stasi files, 55, 56 non-retroactivity, 7, 27 as hostile biography, 61, 66–7, 68, trials, 6–9, 20 71, 72, 73, 75–7, 79, 81 truth commissions, 9–12 and language, 79–81 transmediality, 35, 150, 192–3 opening of, 4–6, 20, 22, 47, 52, 56, trauma, 26, 27, 33, 37, 39, 81, 128, 103–4 164, 168, 169, 174, 189, 190 see also archives; Federal trust in testimony, 28, 36–7, 39, 43, Commissioner for the Files of 47–8, 52, 53, 54, 66, 68, 71, 74, the State Security Service of the 75, 93, 94, 162, 167, 186 Former GDR (BStU); Inoffizielle Mitarbeiter, and under unification (German), 1–2, 13–14, 154 autobiographical writing; treaty, 5, 7 documentary film; memorial Unrechtsstaat, 10 museums Untergang, Der/Downfall (film, state socialism, 12, 13, 14, 28, 43, Hirschbiegel), 41, 125 145, 174 Stasiland (book, Funder), 22 Stasi records law, 5–6, 71 veracity gap, 28, 34–5, 36, 48, 141, Stellung, Helmut, 139–40 193–4 Stoph, Willi, 8 Verflucht sei die Menschenwürde (book, Storck, Matthias, 164, 172, 173 Fichter), 91 Storck, Tine, 164, 173 Vernehmungsprotokolle (book, Fuchs), Streletz, Fritz, 8 78, 92 Index 233 victim testimony, 20–1, 25, 26–8, 36, Wiens, Paul, 74 39, 44–6, 70–98, 128–51, 159, Wolf, Christa, 5, 63, 65–6, 70 164–75, 182–8 World War II, 7, 18, 27, 52, 63, 73 video testimony, 26, 27, 29, writers (in the GDR), 47–87, 91, 178 143–8, 190 Writers’ Union (GDR), 52, 55, 59 Vierzig Jahre (book, de Bruyn), 21, 44, Wulkau, Peter, 149, 182–5 48, 52, 62–9, 87, 90 reception of, 63–7 Zeiseweiss, Kurt, 178 Wagner, Bernd, 76 Zeitgeschichtliches Forum (museum, Warnke, Wolfgang, 149 Leipzig), 153 von Weizäcker, Richard, 9 Zeitzeugen - Inhaftiert in Weinert, Stefan, 21, 45–6, 149, 162, Berlin-Hohenschönhausen 164–75, 176, 177, 179–81, 182, (anthology), 95 185–6 Zentrale des Terrors/Terror HQ (film, Weiss, Christina, 16–17 Knabe and Frauendorfer), 95, Wend, Arno, 95 130, 136 von Wichmann, Dieter, 149 Zonenkinder (book, Hensel), 15