DOCSLIB.ORG

United States Patent (19) 11 Patent Number: 4,794,050 Campbell Et Al

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
United States Patent (19) 11 Patent Number: 4,794,050 Campbell Et Al United States Patent (19) 11 Patent Number: 4,794,050 Campbell et al. (45) Date of Patent: Dec. 27, 1988 (54) RESISTANCE WELDING OF GALVANIZED STEEL OTHER PUBLICATIONS 75 Inventors: Donald H. Campbell, Honjo et al., “International Journal of Materials and Niagara-on-the-Lake, Canada; Product Technology" vol. 1 No. 1 pp. 83-114 1986. Gerald L. Evarts, Tonawanda, N.Y. Primary Examiner-John F. Terapane 73) Assignee: Occidental Chemical Corporation, Assistant Examiner-Eric Jorgensen Niagara Falls, N.Y. Attorney, Agent, or Firm-James F. Tao; William G. (21) Appl. No.: 59,298 Gosz 22 Filed: Jun. 8, 1987 57 ABSTRACT A coating for improved resistance welding of galva 51) Int. Cl." ................................................ B22F7/04 nized steel parts or sheets comprises a binder, and a 52 U.S.C. ........................................ as a to a 428/551 metal phosphide pigment, preferably a ferrophosphorus 58 Field of Search ................ 428/551, 555, 556, 621 pigment, having a particle size of from about 0.1 to 56 References Cited about 30 microns. The pigment can also include up to U.S. PATENT DOCUMENTS about 40% by weight of an additional metal such as tin, 4,337,299 6/1982 Van den Bergh .................. 428/551 aluminum or lead, which can be combined with the 4,350,539 9/1982 Torok et al. ........................ 428/555 metal phosphide in pigment form or deposited onto the 4,497,876 2/1985 Kidon .................................. 428/621 surface of the particles. The coating can be applied to 4,524,111 6/1985 Oka et al. ............................ 428/551 either the faying or non-faying surfaces of the galva 4,601,957 7/1986 Fujimoto et al. ................... 428/621 nized steel, or to the resistance welding electrode, and 4,707,415 11/1987 Ikeda et al. ......................... 428/621 may be removed, if desired, after the welding operation. FOREIGN PATENT DOCUMENTS The advantages of the present invention include a sig 59-111388 3/1984 Japan ................................... 428/556 nificant reduction in welding current and an increase in 59-111389 3/1984 Japan ................................... 428/556 the weldability lobe width, a restoration of the dynamic 59-146844 8/1984 Japan . resistance beta peak, and an increase in electrode life. 61-41540 2/1986 Japan . 61-253397 11/1986 Japan. 11 Claims, No Drawings 4,794,050 1. 2 usually adhere to one of the two sheets as a weld "but RESISTANCE WELDING OF GALVANIZED STEEL ton', and the size of this weld button can be measured with a set of calipers. The weld button size is usually BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION considered a good measure of the nugget size. The The present invention relates to an improvement in 5 limits of the weldability lobe are defined by the welding the resistance welding of galvanized, i.e. zinc or zinc conditions which produce a minimum weld size on one alloy coated, steel parts or sheets which is achieved by side, and expulsion on the other (expulsion occurs when coating either the alvanized surface to be welded or the liquid metal is expelled from the weld during welding). welding electrode with a resin binder containing a metal A line representing a nominal button size (part way phosphide pigment, and preferably a ferrophosphorus O between the minimum and expulsion) is also often in pigment. The welding improvements realized by prac cluded. ticing the present invention are improved weldability The weldability lobes are characterized by lobe posi lobes and dynamic resistance curves for better welding tion, lobe width and the position of the nominal button control for resistance welding systems as well as in line. See, generally, D. W. Dickinson, Welding in the creased electrode life. 15 Automotive Industry, Report SG 8-15 of the Committee The use of galvanized steel sheets in the automotive of Sheet Steel Producers, the American Iron and Steel industry has become increasingly popular in recent Institute. The lobe position is defined as the average years due to the increase in concern for corrosion pro welding current of the lobe. Though lobe position is not tection for automobile body panels. Corrosion problems considered to be a critical weldability parameter, higher are particularly severe in environments where salt is 20 welding currents do result in higher energy costs, as used for preventing the icing of snow on highway well as a decrease in electrode life. More significant is roads. Although efforts have been made to enhance the the width of the weldability lobe defined as the differ corrosion-resistance of steel sheets, such as by using ence in welding currents between minimum button and various chemical conversion treatments and paint coat expulsion at a particular welding time. This is a measure ings, the corrosion protection method of choice cur 25 rently is galvanized steel, with the galvanized coating of a materials' "flexibility” during spot welding. The formed by either hotdipping or electrodeposition. position of the nominal button line, although considered For zinc or zinc alloy coated sheet steels to success of lesser importance, is also a measure of a materials' fully substitute for uncoated sheet steels, they must flexibility during spot welding. A central position for exhibit acceptable formability and weldability charac 30 this line indicates a button size with adequate current teristics. As a general rule, coated steels have not dem range to both higher and lower currents. onstrated properties as good as their uncoated counter Dynamic resistance is used as a measure of weld parts. Users of these products are continually looking quality and is defined as the resistance of the weld for new coated sheet steels which provide the advan across the electrodes (as a function of time) during tages of a coated steel, but have weldability and form 35 welding. The dynamic resistance has been correlated to ability characteristics similar to uncoated steels. weld development in uncoated steels, and successfully The most common method of joining steel sheets used as an input signal for feedback control. Unfortu (particularly in the automotive and appliance industries) nately, the results for zinc or zinc alloy coated steels is ressstance spot welding. Resistance spot welding is have not been as good. In particular, feedback systems ideally suited for joining thin sheet materials and is well 40 have been largely unsuccessful in controlling weld de adapted to mass production industries. In addition, op velopment in such coated steels which exhibit a feature erating costs for this process are relatively low. Resis less resistivity trace or curve. The dynamic resistance tance spot welding has been used with uncoated steels trace for uncoated steel, in contrast, exhibits a charac quite successfully since the 1930's. teristic "beta peak', followed by a resistance drop. It is Resistance spot welding is used to form joints be 45 the presence of this "beta peak" which makes resistive tween two materials. The process uses a set of elec feedback control possible. See Dickinson, supra. trodes to apply pressure to the weld area, to maintain When resistance welding uncoated steels, a single set the components in position, and to pass current through of copper welding electrodes can be expected to make the weld. As the current flows, joule heating of the approximately 50,000 welds. When welding galvanized substrate occurs. Due in part to the cooling effects of 50 steels, however, the electrode life is reduced to about the electrodes, a molten nugget eventually develops at 1000-2000 welds or less. Since the production line the weld centerline or faying surface. On cooling, this must be stopped each time an electrode is replaced, at a nugget resolidifies and effects a joining between the two considerable expense to the user, the relatively limited materials. electrode life for galvanized steels represents a signifi As mentioned, resistance spot welding of uncoated 55 cant economic disadvantage. steels has historically been quite successful. However, The use of ferrophosphorus pigment for both im the resistance spot weldability of coated sheet steels has proved corrosion protection and weldability has been not been as successful. The problems can be best seen by suggested in the prior art. For instance, U.S. Pat. No. reference to some typical measures of spot weldability. 3,884,705, issued May 20, 1975 and U.S. Pat. No. The weldability lobe is defined as the range of weld 60 4,119,763, issued Oct. 10, 1978, both disclose the use of ing conditions (weld current and weld time) over which coatings containing ferrophosphorus and zinc pigments, weld nuggets of an adequate size can be formed. This, in and a non-metallic corrosion inhibitor such as zinc chro effect, defines a "window' of acceptable welding con mate, as a replacement for zinc-rich coatings. These ditions. When practical, weld nugget sizes during lobe coatings also contain a non-metallic corrosion inhibitor testing are estimated with a destructive test known as 65 such as zinc chromate. As contemplated in these pa the peel test. This test consists of welding two 1-inch tents, the ferrophosphorus pigment-containing coating by 4-inch samples at two points, and destructively pull is applied to bare steel panels rather than to galvanized ing apart the second of the welds. The weld nugget will sheets. The ferrophosphorus pigment used in such ap 4,794,050 3 4. plications is commercially available from the Occiden tal Chemical Corporation under the trademark Ferro DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED phos (R) pigment. EMBODIMENTS A ferrophosphorus pigment dispersed in a resin to The steel sheets or formed parts which are used in the bind adjacent steel plates to form a vibration-damping 5 present invention contain a thin layer of zinc metal or a composite suitable for resistance welding is disclosed in zinc alloy which is direct contact with the steel surface.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • US Schedule for Internet V2
    Draft as of March 23, 2007 Subject to legal review for accuracy, clarity and consistency. Annex 3.3 - - Industrial/Textile Schedule for the United States Tariff Elimination US 8 digit Description MFN RATE Schedule 03011000 Live ornamental fish Free I 03019100 Live trout Free I 03019200 Live eels Free I 03019300 Live carp Free I 03019900 Live fish, other than trout, eel, carp or ornamental fish Free I 03021100 Trout, fresh or chilled, excluding fillets, other meat portions, livers and roes Free I Pacific, Atlantic and Danube salmon, fresh or chilled, excluding fillets, other 03021200 meat portions, livers and roes Free I Salmonidae other than trout or Pacific, Atlantic & Danube salmon, fresh or 03021900 chilled, excluding fillets, other meat portions, livers & roes Free I Halibut and Greenland turbot, fresh or chilled, excluding fillets, other meat 03022100 portions, livers and roes Free I 03022200 Plaice, fresh or chilled, excluding fillets, other meat portions, livers and roes Free I 03022300 Sole, fresh or chilled, excluding fillets, other meat portions, livers and roes 1.1 cents/kg A Flat fish, nesi, fresh or chilled, excluding fillets, other meat portions, livers 03022900 and roes Free I Albacore or longfinned tunas, fresh or chilled, excluding fillets, other meat 03023100 portions, livers and roes Free I Yellowfin tunas, fresh or chilled, excluding fillets, other meat portions, livers 03023200 and roes Free I Skipjack or stripe-bellied bonito, fresh or chilled, excluding fillets, other meat 03023300 portions, livers and roes Free
    [Show full text]
  • Study of Phosphorus Behaviour in Levitated Silicon-Iron Droplets
    STUDY OF PHOSPHORUS BEHAVIOUR IN LEVITATED SILICON-IRON DROPLETS by Katherine Le A thesis submitted in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Master of Applied Science Department of Materials Science and Engineering University of Toronto © Copyright by Katherine Le 2016 ii Study of Phosphorus Behaviour in Levitated Si-Fe Droplets Katherine Le Master of Applied Science Department of Materials Science and Engineering University of Toronto 2016 Abstract While the treatment of relatively inexpensive ferrosilicon alloys is a potential refining route in order to generate solar grade silicon, phosphorus is one of the more difficult impurities to remove by conventional processing. In this project, electromagnetic levitation was used to investigate the dephosphorization of ferrosilicon alloy droplets exposed to H2-Ar gas mixtures under various experimental conditions including, refining time, temperature (1450°C-1720°C), H2-Ar gas concentrations and flow rate, iron alloying content, and initial phosphorus concentration. Reaction rates increased with higher refining times, temperatures, and H2 gas concentrations. With unknown parameters associated with the kinetics of gas phase reactions, the approach involved comparison of apparent activation energies derived for the chemical reaction and gas diffusion steps of the dephosphorization process. The phosphorus removal rate is thought to be controlled by the interfacial reaction step; further work is required to confirm this conclusion. iii Acknowledgements I would like to express my gratitude and respect to my supervisor, Prof. Alex McLean for the opportunity to work on this research. I am thankful for his guidance, wisdom and encouragement throughout the course of my studies. He is a truly inspiring person, and a great enabler of new learning opportunities.
    [Show full text]
  • Binary and Ternary Transition-Metal Phosphides As Hydrodenitrogenation Catalysts
    Research Collection Doctoral Thesis Binary and ternary transition-metal phosphides as hydrodenitrogenation catalysts Author(s): Stinner, Christoph Publication Date: 2001 Permanent Link: https://doi.org/10.3929/ethz-a-004378279 Rights / License: In Copyright - Non-Commercial Use Permitted This page was generated automatically upon download from the ETH Zurich Research Collection. For more information please consult the Terms of use. ETH Library Diss. ETH No. 14422 Binary and Ternary Transition-Metal Phosphides as Hydrodenitrogenation Catalysts A dissertation submitted to the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich for the degree of Doctor of Natural Sciences Presented by Christoph Stinner Dipl.-Chem. University of Bonn born February 27, 1969 in Troisdorf (NRW), Germany Accepted on the recommendation of Prof. Dr. Roel Prins, examiner Prof. Dr. Reinhard Nesper, co-examiner Dr. Thomas Weber, co-examiner Zurich 2001 I Contents Zusammenfassung V Abstract IX 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Motivation 1 1.2 Phosphides 4 1.2.1 General 4 1.2.2 Classification 4 1.2.3 Preparation 5 1.2.4 Properties 12 1.2.5 Applications and Uses 13 1.3 Scope of the Thesis 14 1.4 References 16 2 Characterization Methods 1 2.1 FT Raman Spectroscopy 21 2.2 Thermogravimetric Analysis 24 2.3 Temperature-Programmed Reduction 25 2.4 X-Ray Powder Diffractometry 26 2.5 Nitrogen Adsorption 28 2.6 Solid State Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy 28 2.7 Catalytic Test 33 2.8 References 36 3 Formation, Structure, and HDN Activity of Unsupported Molybdenum Phosphide 37 3.1 Introduction
    [Show full text]
  • Download SCOPE Newsletter
    With participation of the European Commission: DG GROW and Joint Research Centre Summary of joint European Commission – ESPP webinar th on P4 (phosphorus) Critical Raw Material, 9 July 2020 This ESPP SCOPE Newsletter summarises discussions at the expert webinar jointly organised by ESPP and the European Commission on 9th July, with participation of Contents the leading companies using phosphorus (P4) or its derivatives in Europe, with additional input from the The EU Critical Raw Materials: “Phosphate Rock” and “Phosphorus”........................................................................... 2 independent industry expert Willem Schipper. The content (Fig. i) Overview numbers: from phosphate rock to P4 / P4-derivatives below has been seen by the participants but does not and applications .................................................................................. 3 represent their position, it represents ESPP’s own How is P4 produced? the phosphorus furnace .............. 4 assessment. Photo: P4 furnace ................................................................................ 4 Schematic: P4 manufacture process (simplified) ................................. 4 This webinar aimed to provide expert input to the European Which chemicals critically depend on P4 / P4 derivatives? . 5 Commission’s MSA (Material System Analysis) of the EU dependency on P4 concerns many industry sectors . 5 specific industrial form of “Phosphorus”, P4, as a Critical (Fig. ii) Production via wet-acid or via P4 / P4 derivatives / ‘thermal’ Raw
    [Show full text]
  • Catalog of Standard Reference Materials
    NATL INST. OF STAND & TECH Bureau of Standards £-01 Admin. Bldg. AUG 1 8 1970 NBS SPECIAL PUBLICATION 260 NBS JULY 1970 EDITION PUBLICATIONS Catalog of 9TAMDARD "REFERENCE MATERIALS U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE National Bureau of Standards - NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS The National Bureau of Standards 1 was established by an act of Congress March 3, 1901. Today, in addition to serving as the Nation's central measurement laboratory, the Bureau is a principal focal point in the Federal Government for assuring maximum application of the physical and engineering sciences to the advancement of technology in industry and commerce. To this end the Bureau conducts research and provides central national services in four broad program areas. These are: (1) basic measurements and standards, (2) materials measurements and standards, (3) technological measurements and standards, and (4) transfer of technology. The Bureau comprises the Institute for Basic Standards, the Institute for Materials Research, the Institute for Applied Technology, the Center for Radiation Research, the Center for Computer Sciences and Technology, and the Office for Information Programs. THE INSTITUTE FOR BASIC STANDARDS provides the central basis within the United States of a complete and consistent system of physical measurement; coordinates that system with measurement systems of other nations; and furnishes essential services leading to accurate and uniform physical measurements throughout the Nation's scientific community, industry, and com- merce. The Institute consists of an Office of Measurement Services and the following technical divisions: Applied Mathematics—Electricity—Metrology—Mechanics—Heat—Atomic and Molec- ular Physics—Radio Physics - —Radio Engineering -—Time and Frequency -—Astro- physics - —Cryogenics.
    [Show full text]
  • Other Than Radioactive Ores) Answering to a Description in Heading 2844 Or 2845 Are to Be Classified in Those Headings and in No Other Heading of the Tariff Schedule
    )&f1y3X SECTION VI PRODUCTS OF THE CHEMICAL OR ALLIED INDUSTRIES VI-1 Notes 1. (a) Goods (other than radioactive ores) answering to a description in heading 2844 or 2845 are to be classified in those headings and in no other heading of the tariff schedule. (b) Subject to paragraph (a) above, goods answering to a description in heading 2843 or 2846 are to be classified in those headings and in no other heading of this section. 2. Subject to note 1 above, goods classifiable in heading 3004, 3005, 3006, 3212, 3303, 3304, 3305, 3306, 3307, 3506, 3707 or 3808 by reason of being put up in measured doses or for retail sale are to be classified in those headings and in no other heading of the tariff schedule. 3. Goods put up in sets consisting of two or more separate constituents, some or all of which fall in this section and are intended to be mixed together to obtain a product of section VI or VII, are to be classified in the heading appropriate to that product, provided that the constituents are: (a) Having regard to the manner in which they are put up, clearly identifiable as being intended to be used together without first being repacked; (b) Entered together; and (c) Identifiable, whether by their nature or by the relative proportions in which they are present, as being complementary one to another. Additional U.S. Notes 1. In determining the amount of duty applicable to a solution of a single compound in water subject to duty in this section at a specific rate, an allowance in weight or volume, as the case may be, shall be made for the water in excess of any water of crystallization which may be present in the undissolved compound.
    [Show full text]
  • Minerals, Critical Minerals
    MINERALS, CRITICAL MINERALS, AND THE U.S. ECONOMY Prepublication Version THIS PREPUBLICATION VERSION OF MINERALS, CRITICAL MINERALS, AND THE U.S. ECONOMY has been provided to the public to facilitate timely access to the committee’s findings. Although the substance of the report is final, editorial changes may be made throughout the text, and citations will be checked prior to publication. The final report will be available through the National Academies Press in the December/January timeframe. MINERALS, CRITICAL MINERALS, AND THE U.S. ECONOMY Committee on Critical Mineral Impacts on the U.S. Economy Committee on Earth Resources Board on Earth Sciences and Resources Division on Earth and Life Studies THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS Washington, D.C. www.nap.edu Prepublication Version – Subject to Further Editorial Revision THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS • 500 Fifth Street, N.W. • Washington, DC 20001 NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the report were chosen for their special competences and with regard for appropriate balance. This study was supported by the Department of the Interior / U.S. Geological Survey, under Award No. 06HQGR0204, and by the National Mining Association. The opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations contained in this document are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the organizations or agencies that provided support for the project.
    [Show full text]
  • (CDR) by CASRN Or Accession Number
    List of Chemicals Reported for the 2012 Chemical Data Reporting (CDR) by CASRN or Accession Number For the 2012 CDR, 7,674 unique chemicals were reported by manufacturers (including importers). Chemicals are listed by CAS Registry Number (for non-confidential chemicals) or by TSCA Accession Number (for chemicals listed on the confidential portion of the TSCA Inventory). CASRN or CASRN or ACCESSION ACCESSION NUMBER CA INDEX NAME or GENERIC NAME NUMBER CA INDEX NAME or GENERIC NAME 100016 Benzenamine, 4-nitro- 10042769 Nitric acid, strontium salt (2:1) 10006287 Silicic acid (H2SiO3), potassium salt (1:2) 10043013 Sulfuric acid, aluminum salt (3:2) 1000824 Urea, N-(hydroxymethyl)- 10043115 Boron nitride (BN) 100107 Benzaldehyde, 4-(dimethylamino)- 10043353 Boric acid (H3BO3) 1001354728 4-Octanol, 3-amino- 10043524 Calcium chloride (CaCl2) 100174 Benzene, 1-methoxy-4-nitro- 100436 Pyridine, 4-ethenyl- 10017568 Ethanol, 2,2',2''-nitrilotris-, phosphate (1:?) 10043842 Phosphinic acid, manganese(2+) salt (2:1) 2,7-Anthracenedisulfonic acid, 9,10-dihydro- 100447 Benzene, (chloromethyl)- 10017591 9,10-dioxo-, sodium salt (1:?) 10045951 Nitric acid, neodymium(3+) salt (3:1) 100185 Benzene, 1,4-bis(1-methylethyl)- 100469 Benzenemethanamine 100209 1,4-Benzenedicarbonyl dichloride 100470 Benzonitrile 100210 1,4-Benzenedicarboxylic acid 100481 4-Pyridinecarbonitrile 10022318 Nitric acid, barium salt (2:1) 10048983 Phosphoric acid, barium salt (1:1) 9-Octadecenoic acid (9Z)-, 2-methylpropyl 10049044 Chlorine oxide (ClO2) 10024472 ester Phosphoric acid,
    [Show full text]
  • Theory and Technology of the Phosphorus Extraction from Ferrophosphorus
    Modern Applied Science; Vol. 9, No. 6; 2015 ISSN 1913-1844 E-ISSN 1913-1852 Published by Canadian Center of Science and Education Theory and Technology of the Phosphorus Extraction from Ferrophosphorus Serzhanov Galimzhan Mendikarayevich1, Shevko Viktor Mikhaylovich1 &Yeskendirova Marina Mikhaylovna1 1 M. Auezov South Kazakhstan State University, Republic of Kazakhstan Correspondence: Serzhanov Galimzhan Mendikarayevich, M. Auezov South Kazakhstan State University, Republic of Kazakhstan. Received: December 3, 2014 Accepted: December 9, 2014 Online Published: May 30, 2015 doi:10.5539/mas.v9n6p160 URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/mas.v9n6p160 Abstract This article contains the research results of thermodynamic modelling of the chemical interaction of iron phosphides (Fe3P, Fe 2P, FeP and FeP2) with ferrosilicon FeSi2. The results were received by a method of the full thermodynamic analysis using the program HSC-5.1 of the Finnish metallurgical company Outokumpu, which was developed on a principle of the Gibbs energy minimization. The article considers the experimental results concerning to kinetics of the phosphorus extraction from electrothermal ferrophosphorus using ferrosilicon of a grade FS65. In addition, optimum technological parameters of the phosphorus extraction from the industrial ferrophosphorus, containing 26,4 % of phosphorus, and manufacture of a ferroalloy were determined. Keywords: iron phosphides, ferrophosphorus, iron silicides, thermodynamic modelling, kinetics, ferrosilicon, phosphorus 1. Introduction At the electrothermal production of yellow phosphorus from a phosphorite, quartzite and coke mixture, 1 ton of the phosphorus produced gives to 300 kg of a by-product – ferrophosphorus (1). The basic consumer of ferrophosphorus is the ferrous metallurgy, in which ferrophosphorus is used for melting of alloyed phosphorus-containing steels (for example, automatic steels), and iron casting.
    [Show full text]
  • Phosphorus Recovery and Recycling – Closing the Loop
    Chem Soc Rev View Article Online TUTORIAL REVIEW View Journal | View Issue Phosphorus recovery and recycling – closing the loop† Cite this: Chem. Soc. Rev.,2021, 50,87 Andrew R. Jupp, ‡*ab Steven Beijer,‡a Ganesha C. Narain,a Willem Schipperc and J. Chris Slootweg *a There is a clear and pressing need to better manage our planet’s resources. Phosphorus is a crucial element for life, but the natural phosphorus cycle has been perturbed to such an extent that humanity faces two dovetailing problems: the dwindling supply of phosphate rock as a resource, and the overabundance of phosphate in water systems leading to eutrophication. This Tutorial Review will explore the current routes to industrial phosphorus compounds, and innovative academic routes towards accessing these same products in a more sustainable manner. It will then describe the many Received 4th September 2020 ways that useful phosphate can be recovered from waste streams, and how it can be recycled and used DOI: 10.1039/d0cs01150a as a resource for new products. Finally, we will briefly discuss the barriers that have thus far prevented Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 3.0 Unported Licence. the widespread adoption of these technologies, and how we can close the loop to establish a modern rsc.li/chem-soc-rev phosphorus cycle. Key learning points (1) Why is phosphorus important and how has the natural phosphorus cycle been disrupted? (2) How are phosphorus-containing compounds currently synthesized? (3) Can these same products be accessed in more environmentally friendly and sustainable ways? (4) How can phosphorus be recovered and recycled? This article is licensed under a (5) What barriers need to be overcome to re-establish the phosphorus cycle? Open Access Article.
    [Show full text]
  • United States Patent (19) 11 Patent Number: 4,906,522 Miller (45) Date of Patent: Mar
    United States Patent (19) 11 Patent Number: 4,906,522 Miller (45) Date of Patent: Mar. 6, 1990 (54) COMPOUNDS OF NICKEL, IRON AND 4,690,863 9/1987 Miyoshi et al. ..................... 428/328 PHOSPHORUS 4,728,462 3/1988 Miller et al. ........ ... 252/S19 4,735,864 4/1988 Masumoto et al. ................. 428/606 (75) Inventor: George T. Miller, Lewiston, N.Y. 4,748,080 5/1988 Itozawa ............................... 428/329 73) Assignee: Occidental Chemical Corporation, 4,774,270 9/1988 Sullivan et al. ..................... 252/519 Niagara Falls, N.Y. Primary Examiner-George F. Lesmes Assistant Examiner-Elizabeth M. Cole 21) Appl. No.: 42,195 Attorney, Agent, or Firm-James F. Tao; Richard D. (22 Filed: Apr. 24, 1987 Fuerle 51 Int. Cl." ........................ B32B 27/20; C22B 4/06; (57) ABSTRACT C22C 38/08 52 U.S.C. ................................... 428/323; 7.5/10.63; Compositions of nickel, iron and phosphorus, are pre 75/10.66; 106/456; 106/480; 252/513; 420/94; pared by fusing nickel and ferrophosphorus in an inert 420/119; 428/457; 428/704 atmosphere, with the nickel preferably comprising from 58) Field of Search ................. 420/94, 119, 75/10.63, about 5% to about 70% by weight of the composition. 75/10.66, 113; 252/513, 62.55; 106/456, 480; The fused composition is ground or atomized to form a 428/323 conductive, corrosion resistant pigment, preferably having a particle size of from about 0.1 to about 15 (56) References Cited microns. This pigment can then be incorporated into a U.S. PATENT DOCUMENTS suitable resin binder, optionally with one or more other 2,757,083 7/1956 Story ....................................
    [Show full text]
  • F1y3x SECTION VI PRODUCTS of the CHEMICAL OR
    )&f1y3X SECTION VI PRODUCTS OF THE CHEMICAL OR ALLIED INDUSTRIES VI-1 Notes 1. (a) Goods (other than radioactive ores) answering to a description in heading 2844 or 2845 are to be classified in those headings and in no other heading of the tariff schedule. (b) Subject to paragraph (a) above, goods answering to a description in heading 2843 or 2846 are to be classified in those headings and in no other heading of this section. 2. Subject to note 1 above, goods classifiable in heading 3004, 3005, 3006, 3212, 3303, 3304, 3305, 3306, 3307, 3506, 3707 or 3808 by reason of being put up in measured doses or for retail sale are to be classified in those headings and in no other heading of the tariff schedule. 3. Goods put up in sets consisting of two or more separate constituents, some or all of which fall in this section and are intended to be mixed together to obtain a product of section VI or VII, are to be classified in the heading appropriate to that product, provided that the constituents are: (a) Having regard to the manner in which they are put up, clearly identifiable as being intended to be used together without first being repacked; (b) Entered together; and (c) Identifiable, whether by their nature or by the relative proportions in which they are present, as being complementary one to another. Additional U.S. Notes 1. In determining the amount of duty applicable to a solution of a single compound in water subject to duty in this section at a specific rate, an allowance in weight or volume, as the case may be, shall be made for the water in excess of any water of crystallization which may be present in the undissolved compound.
    [Show full text]