Safety Reports Series This Safety Report is a compilation of detailed information on the processes and materials used in the phosphate industry and on the radiological Safety Reports Series considerations that need to be taken into account by the regulatory body when determining the nature and extent of radiation protection measures. It has No.78 been developed as part of the IAEA’s programme No. on the application of its safety standards in 78 the fields of radiation, transport and waste safety. The information provided will assist in the implementation of a graded approach to regulation. This Safety Report provides information on expected Radiation Protection and Management of NORM Residues in the Phosphate Industry radionuclide concentrations, exposure levels and the most appropriate regulatory approach for the phosphate industry, including mining and beneficiation of phosphate ore, phosphoric acid production, phosphogypsum, and the manufacture and use of phosphate fertilizers. Radiation Protection and Management of NORM Residues in the Phosphate Industry INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY VIENNA ISBN 978–92–0–135810–3 ISSN 1020–6450 RELATED PUBLICATIONS IAEA SAFETY STANDARDS AND RELATED PUBLICATIONS ASSESSING THE NEED FOR RADIATION PROTECTION MEASURES IN WORK INVOLVING MINERALS AND RAW MATERIALS IAEA SAFETY STANDARDS Safety Reports Series No. 49 STI/PUB/1257 (56 pp.; 2007) Under the terms of Article III of its Statute, the IAEA is authorized to establish or adopt ISBN 92–0–107406–9 Price: €32.00 standards of safety for protection of health and minimization of danger to life and property, and to provide for the application of these standards. RADIATION PROTECTION AND THE MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE The publications by means of which the IAEA establishes standards are issued in the WASTE IN THE OIL AND GAS INDUSTRY IAEA Safety Standards Series. This series covers nuclear safety, radiation safety, transport Safety Reports Series No. 34 safety and waste safety. The publication categories in the series are Safety Fundamentals, STI/PUB/1171 (130 pp.; 2004) Safety Requirements and Safety Guides. ISBN 92–0–114003–7 Price: €21.00 Information on the IAEA’s safety standards programme is available at the IAEA Internet site RADIATION PROTECTION AND NORM RESIDUE MANAGEMENT IN THE http://www-ns.iaea.org/standards/ ZIRCON AND ZIRCONIA INDUSTRIES The site provides the texts in English of published and draft safety standards. The texts Safety Reports Series No. 51 of safety standards issued in Arabic, Chinese, French, Russian and Spanish, the IAEA Safety STI/PUB/1289 (149 pp.; 2007) Glossary and a status report for safety standards under development are also available. For ISBN 92–0–100607–1 Price: €36.00 further information, please contact the IAEA at PO Box 100, 1400 Vienna, Austria. All users of IAEA safety standards are invited to inform the IAEA of experience in their RADIATION PROECTION AND NORM RESIDUE MANAGEMENT IN use (e.g. as a basis for national regulations, for safety reviews and for training courses) for the THE PRODUCTION OF RARE EARTHS FROM THORIUM CONTAINING purpose of ensuring that they continue to meet users’ needs. Information may be provided via MINERALS the IAEA Internet site or by post, as above, or by email to [email protected]. Safety Reports Series No. 68 STI/PUB/1512 (259 pp.; 2011) RELATED PUBLICATIONS ISBN 978–92–0–115710–2 Price: €45.00 The IAEA provides for the application of the standards and, under the terms of Articles III and VIII.C of its Statute, makes available and fosters the exchange of information relating RADIATION PROECTION AND NORM RESIDUE MANAGEMENT IN THE to peaceful nuclear activities and serves as an intermediary among its Member States for this TITANIUM DIOXIDE AND RELATED INDUSTRIES purpose. Safety Reports Series No. 76 Reports on safety and protection in nuclear activities are issued as Safety Reports, STI/PUB/1568 (105 pp.; 2012) which provide practical examples and detailed methods that can be used in support of the ISBN 978–92–0–132110–7 Price: €32.00 safety standards. Other safety related IAEA publications are issued as Radiological Assessment Reports, the International Nuclear Safety Group’s INSAG Reports, Technical Reports and TECDOCs. The IAEA also issues reports on radiological accidents, training manuals and practical manuals, and other special safety related publications. Security related publications are issued in the IAEA Nuclear Security Series. The IAEA Nuclear Energy Series consists of reports designed to encourage and assist research on, and development and practical application of, nuclear energy for peaceful uses. The information is presented in guides, reports on the status of technology and advances, and best practices for peaceful uses of nuclear energy. The series complements the IAEA’s safety standards, and provides detailed guidance, experience, good practices and examples in the areas of nuclear power, the nuclear fuel cycle, radioactive waste management and decommissioning. www.iaea.org/books RADIATION PROTECTION AND MANAGEMENT OF NORM RESIDUES IN THE PHOSPHATE INDUSTRY The following States are Members of the International Atomic Energy Agency: AFGHANISTAN GREECE PAKISTAN ALBANIA GUATEMALA PALAU ALGERIA HAITI PANAMA ANGOLA HOLY SEE PAPUA NEW GUINEA ARGENTINA HONDURAS PARAGUAY ARMENIA HUNGARY PERU AUSTRALIA ICELAND PHILIPPINES AUSTRIA INDIA POLAND AZERBAIJAN INDONESIA PORTUGAL BAHRAIN IRAN, ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF QATAR IRAQ BANGLADESH REPUBLIC OF MOLDOVA BELARUS IRELAND ROMANIA BELGIUM ISRAEL RUSSIAN FEDERATION BELIZE ITALY RWANDA BENIN JAMAICA SAUDI ARABIA BOLIVIA JAPAN BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA JORDAN SENEGAL BOTSWANA KAZAKHSTAN SERBIA BRAZIL KENYA SEYCHELLES BULGARIA KOREA, REPUBLIC OF SIERRA LEONE BURKINA FASO KUWAIT SINGAPORE BURUNDI KYRGYZSTAN SLOVAKIA CAMBODIA LAO PEOPLE’S DEMOCRATIC SLOVENIA CAMEROON REPUBLIC SOUTH AFRICA CANADA LATVIA SPAIN CENTRAL AFRICAN LEBANON SRI LANKA REPUBLIC LESOTHO SUDAN CHAD LIBERIA SWEDEN CHILE LIBYA SWAZILAND CHINA LIECHTENSTEIN SWITZERLAND COLOMBIA LITHUANIA SYRIAN ARAB REPUBLIC CONGO LUXEMBOURG TAJIKISTAN COSTA RICA MADAGASCAR THAILAND CÔTE D’IVOIRE MALAWI THE FORMER YUGOSLAV CROATIA MALAYSIA REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA CUBA MALI TOGO CYPRUS MALTA TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO CZECH REPUBLIC MARSHALL ISLANDS TUNISIA DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC MAURITANIA TURKEY OF THE CONGO MAURITIUS UGANDA DENMARK MEXICO UKRAINE DOMINICA MONACO DOMINICAN REPUBLIC MONGOLIA UNITED ARAB EMIRATES ECUADOR MONTENEGRO UNITED KINGDOM OF EGYPT MOROCCO GREAT BRITAIN AND EL SALVADOR MOZAMBIQUE NORTHERN IRELAND ERITREA MYANMAR UNITED REPUBLIC ESTONIA NAMIBIA OF TANZANIA ETHIOPIA NEPAL UNITED STATES OF AMERICA FIJI NETHERLANDS URUGUAY FINLAND NEW ZEALAND UZBEKISTAN FRANCE NICARAGUA VENEZUELA GABON NIGER VIETNAM GEORGIA NIGERIA YEMEN GERMANY NORWAY ZAMBIA GHANA OMAN ZIMBABWE The Agency’s Statute was approved on 23 October 1956 by the Conference on the Statute of the IAEA held at United Nations Headquarters, New York; it entered into force on 29 July 1957. The Headquarters of the Agency are situated in Vienna. Its principal objective is “to accelerate and enlarge the contribution of atomic energy to peace, health and prosperity throughout the world’’. SAFETY REPORTS SERIES No. 78 RADIATION PROTECTION AND MANAGEMENT OF NORM RESIDUES IN THE PHOSPHATE INDUSTRY INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY VIENNA, 2013 COPYRIGHT NOTICE All IAEA scientific and technical publications are protected by the terms of the Universal Copyright Convention as adopted in 1952 (Berne) and as revised in 1972 (Paris). The copyright has since been extended by the World Intellectual Property Organization (Geneva) to include electronic and virtual intellectual property. Permission to use whole or parts of texts contained in IAEA publications in printed or electronic form must be obtained and is usually subject to royalty agreements. Proposals for non-commercial reproductions and translations are welcomed and considered on a case-by-case basis. Enquiries should be addressed to the IAEA Publishing Section at: Marketing and Sales Unit, Publishing Section International Atomic Energy Agency Vienna International Centre PO Box 100 1400 Vienna, Austria fax: +43 1 2600 29302 tel.: +43 1 2600 22417 email: [email protected] http://www.iaea.org/books © IAEA, 2013 Printed by the IAEA in Austria March 2013 STI/PUB/1582 IAEA Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Radiation protection and management of norm residues in the phosphate industry. — Vienna : International Atomic Energy Agency, 2013. p. ; 24 cm. — (Safety reports series, ISSN 1020–6450 ; no. 78) STI/PUB/1582 ISBN 978–92–0–135810–3 Includes bibliographical references. 1. Phosphate industry — Waste disposal. 2. Radiation — Safety measures. I. International Atomic Energy Agency. II. Series. IAEAL 13–00798 FOREWORD The Fundamental Safety Principles (IAEA Safety Standards Series No. SF-1), together with Radiation Protection and Safety of Radiation Sources: International Basic Safety Standards (IAEA Safety Standards Series No. GSR Part 3 (Interim)), set out the principles and basic requirements for radiation protection and safety applicable to all activities involving radiation exposure, including exposure to natural sources of radiation. The Safety Guides on Occupational Radiation Protection in the Mining and Processing of Raw Materials (IAEA Safety Standards Series No. RS-G-1.6) and Management of Radioactive Waste from the Mining and Milling of Ores (IAEA Safety Standards Series No. WS-G-1.2) provide guidance on the control of exposure of workers and