Pennsylvania Native Trees and Shrubs A Landscaping Guide

Tsuga canadensis (Canadian Hemlock) Kalmia latifolia (Mountain Laurel)

Lancaster County Planning Commission Lancaster County, Pennsylvania 2011 Pennsylvania Native Trees and Shrubs A Landscaping Guide

Note: There are over 2,100 native plant species known in Pennsylvania. This guide only references trees and shrubs and does not cover ferns, grasses, vines, perennials, annuals, or biennials.

Table of Contents

Introduction...... 1

Pennsylvania’s Native Forest Habitat...... 1

Landscape Applications...... 2

Terms...... 4

References...... 7

Pennsylvania Native Trees...... 8

Pennsylvania Native Shrubs...... 21

Pennsylvania Native Shrubs / Trees...... 38

Pennsylvania Invasive Trees/Shrubs...... 42 Lancaster County Planning Commission Pennsylvania Native Trees and Shrubs | 1

Introduction Greenscapes, an element of the Lancaster County Comprehensive Plan, teaches us that Lancaster County has a rich legacy of natural resources that has allowed its inhabitants to thrive for centuries. The period since European settlement has witnessed an unprecedented alteration of the natural landscape to accommodate a growing population. Growth and development have introduced an increasing number of non- native and invasive plant species into our ecological network.

Lancaster County’s Pennsylvania Native Tree and Shrub guide has been developed to increase the understanding and awareness of residents and officials of the environmental importance of native plant conservation and utilization. This guide can help ensure the long term viability of the County’s historical biological diversity by maintaining, enhancing, and restoring the habitat of native plant species. This landscape guide will not only educate residents, consultants, and local officials as to what trees and shrubs are native, but where they grow best.

Without human support, our natural resources will continue to degrade. This guide will help promote land management practices that can result in the conservation and sustainable use of native plants. Without the use of native plants, we cannot successfully restore the County’s natural environmental and ecological functions. Do you know what trees and shrubs are native to Pennsylvania? Not all plants are created equal. Just because it’s green and healthy, does not mean it should be planted.

Pennsylvania’s Native Forest Habitat There are three geographic regions found in Pennsylvania; Coastal Plain, Piedmont, and Mountain. Lancaster County is found in the Piedmont region.

Pennsylvania’s plant population historically comes from blending of the forest types within the state. An oak/hickory forest cover is mainly found in the central and southern portions of the state. Northern parts of the state include hardwood forests in the higher elevations which include birch, maples, and black cherry. Northwest Pennsylvania historically has a beech-maple forest habitat, and the state’s southern edge includes the northern limits of oak-hickory-pine forest habitat. Pennsylvania is also unique in that we have specialized habitats such as serpentine barrens, shale, limestone, rocky outcrops, wetlands, freshwater tidal marshes, and sand plains.

Lancaster County Piedmont region historically falls within the Oak/Hickory habitat. Due to extensive early forest clearing for agriculture, little remains of Pennsylvania’s original forest cover. Forest composition has also been altered by introduced species of plants, animals, and disease. Native plants of this list represent current or previous tree and shrub populations that were present before settlement by Europeans or those plants that migrated into the state independent of human activity. 2 | Pennsylvania Native Trees and Shrubs Lancaster County Planning Commission

Landscape Applications

General Benefits: Trees and shrubs screen unpleasant views and frame attractive views. They cool the air and provide shade which can reduce the cost of air conditioning and provide wind breaks which can reduce heating costs. In a study completed by Dr. David Laband from Auburn University, 17.5% shade on an average house in Alabama reduced electrical usage by 3.7% and 50% shade reduced the electrical usage by 10.7%. Research by the USDA Forest Service indicates that shaded parking lots can reduce asphalt temperatures by 36° F. Shading parked cars reduces emission and energy used to cool vehicles. It can reduce an internal car temperature by 36-45° F and fuel tank temperatures of shaded cars were 4-8° F cooler than cars in the sun (emissions are created during daytime heating of fuel systems of motor vehicles).

Trees and shrubs help clean pollutants out of air and water naturally, so mankind doesn’t have to pay to do it mechanically. A study by Coder in 1996 indicated that a single Sugar Maple growing along a roadside removed 60mg of cadmium, 140mg of chromium, 820mg of nickel, and 5,200mg of lead in a single growing season. Studies in Maryland showed reductions of up to 88% of nitrate and 76% of phosphorus after agricultural runoff passed through a forest buffer. Trees and shrubs soak up water so the need to manage storm water runoff and erosion is reduced. A 20 year old Red Maple that is 29 feet tall with a 24 foot spread intercepted 1,014 gallons of water/ yr and a 20 year old White Pine that is 32 feet tall with a 20 foot spread intercepted 786 gallons of water/yr (USDA Forest Service “SW-GTR-202 August 2007 & PSW- GTR-199). Native trees and shrubs provide habitat for birds and wildlife while improving the health and wellbeing of people. Vincent Cotrone from the Penn State Cooperative Extension indicates that a 100 foot streamside buffer that is 1 mile long provides 12 acres of habitat that can support over 50 species of wildlife.

The relationship between plants, insects, and animals is crucial in sustaining a healthy biodiversity and healthy ecosystem. Individuals need to come together to help preserve and enlarge our native plant communities. Utilizing this handout should help people find the best native tree and shrub for their environment.

Water: Adequate water is crucial for tree growth. Trees and shrubs use water to maintain living cells and allow the plant to move food, hormones, and other elements around its system. Each tree and shrub needs different amounts of water based on the species, size, soil/site conditions, and weather, but an adequate amount of water must typically penetrate 2 to 3 feet deep into soil to adequately feed the root system of mature plants. Some plant species like “wet feet” and can support their root systems in standing water for long periods of time. Others need to dry out between watering. If trees and shrubs are located in a dryer area, and they sense a water source underground (septic/water pipe) over many years, the roots may crack pipes to reach that water source. Roots may also heave pavement in an attempt to reach water. Care must be taken to place a tree or shrub in the best location for its water needs.

Salt: Plants native to Lancaster Pennsylvania are not typically as salt tolerant as those native to the coast. Plants sensitive to salt and salt spray can still be used near pavement but care should be taken to move them as far as possible from the pavement edge and away from snowmelt drainage. Usually the most plant damage comes from the side down-wind from the source of salt spray and downhill from Lancaster County Planning Commission Pennsylvania Native Trees and Shrubs | 3

snowmelt. Tolerance to salt may exist within plant species and based on the type and amount of salt used on site.

Plant Size Matters: Trees and shrubs should be planted where their natural height and width will not interfere with adjacent infrastructure. Shrubs will continue to widen and should not be placed too close to paving or buildings. The width and ultimate height of a tree canopy should be researched prior to planting. Trees that are too tall for a site can impact overhead wiring but shrubs and trees with low branching patterns can affect sign visibility. Root systems can be as large as the plant crown canopy. Care should be taken to allow enough rooting space for plants. If not, plants will begin to decline after 10 to 20 years or begin to impact adjacent infrastructure, such as cracking pavement or underground pipes. Trees with shallow root systems should not be placed near paving or underground wires and pipes. Care must be taken to place a tree or shrub in the best location for its mature height, width, and root pattern. If trees and shrubs are not planted in the best location for their size, increased maintenance costs may occur. 4 | Pennsylvania Native Trees and Shrubs Lancaster County Planning Commission

Terms Alluvium soil: loose, unconsolidated (not cemented together into a solid rock), or sediments, eroded, deposited, and reshaped by water in some form in a non-marine setting. Alluvium is typically made up of a variety of materials, including fine particles of silt and clay and larger particles of sand and gravel.

Bog: type of wetland fed primarily by rainwater. Bogs are typically acidic and often dominated by sphagnum mosses.

Calcareous soil: soil formed largely by the weathering of calcareous rocks and fossil shell beds. Different varieties usually contain chalk, marble, limestone, and frequently a large amount of phosphates. They often form a large part of the soil of deserts, which may prove very fertile when sufficient moisture for crops is applied. Calcareous: an adjective meaning mostly or partly composed of calcium carbonate, in other words, containing lime or being chalky.

Canopy: the aboveground portion of a tree or shrub extending to the outer layer of leaves.

Fen: a type of wetland fed by surface water, groundwater, or both. Fens are characterized by their water chemistry, which is neutral or alkaline.

Introduced or non-native plants: species that has been brought into the state and then become established. They are species which did not evolve in this area and are also called exotic species. Introduced species can leave behind insects, disease, predators, and other natural controls that would prevent the plants from becoming invasive in Pennsylvania. Introduced plants may not be a viable food or habitat source for local animals and insects and may not be part of a healthy local ecosystem.

Invasive plants: species which grows aggressively, spreads, and displaces other plants. Invasive plants are generally undesirable because they are difficult to control once planted, can escape from cultivation, and can dominate whole areas. Most invasive plants are non-native plants.

Native plants: species which occurred within the state before settlement by Europeans. Native plants feed and shelter native animals and insects and support a healthy ecological web of live.

Serpentine Barrens: thin soil covering light green bedrock which contains high levels of metals (nickel, chromium, iron, and cobalt) that prove toxic to most plants and animals. However, while lacking nutrients, this habitat supports numerous species—many rare or endangered—that have adapted to the harsh environment over thousands of years. When serpentinite rock weathers, most of the rock dissolves, leaving behind a thin, sand- and clay-poor soil which is easily eroded. Therefore the land surface over serpentinites is stony, unfertile and sparsely vegetated - hence the term “serpentine barren.” Typically a serpentine barren contains scrub oak and pine, cedar, grasses and some unique and rare wildflowers. Lancaster County Planning Commission Pennsylvania Native Trees and Shrubs | 5

Soil Nutrients: the three primary nutrients used by plants are nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. Besides the three primary nutrients, there are several trace elements that are necessary for good plant health like: calcium, magnesium, zinc, molybdenum, etc. Nitrogen: largely responsible for healthy leaf and stem growth. Nitrogen does not remain in the soil for long. It gets used up by plants and by decaying matter in the soil. It is also water soluble and can wash out of the soil rather quickly. Even so, an excess of nitrogen will cause a lot of foliage growth at the expense of flowers and fruit. Nitrogen is the first number on a fertilizer label and gives the percentage of Nitrogen in the fertilizer. Phosphorus: very important for root growth and producing flowers. Flowering bulbs and root crops can always use some phosphorous. That’s why bone meal is often recommended for fall bulb planting. It also is crucial for producing flowers and you will sometimes see fertilizers with a high phosphorus content advertised as flower boosters. Phosphorus is the second (middle) number on a fertilizer label and gives the percentage of Phosphorus in the fertilizer. Potassium: needed for overall plant health. It keeps the plants growing and aids their immune systems. Potassium is also water soluble and needs to be replenished from time to time. Potassium is the third and last number of a fertilizer label and gives the percentage of Potassium in the fertilizer.

Soil pH: measures the amount of lime (calcium) contained in the soil.

Soil pH ranges from 1.0 to 14.0, with 7.0 being neutral. Generally speaking, it is easier to make soils more alkaline than it is to make them more acid. The reason soil pH matters is that nutrients in the soil are only available to plants if the soil pH is within a certain range. The only sure fire way to know where your soil’s pH falls is to have it tested. Keep in mind that it takes time to alter soil pH and your soil will tend to revert to its old pH over time, necessitating repeated treatment. Alkaline (basic): pH 7.1 or above; generally soil found in dry climates. Limestone is typically alkaline. You can amend alkaline soil with sulfur (sawdust, composted leaves, wood chips, cottonseed meal, leaf mold, and especially peat moss) to lower the soils pH and make it more acidic. Neutral: pH of 7.0 Acidic: pH less than 7.0; generally soil found in wet climates. Sphagnum/Peat is typically acidic. Correction of an overly acid soil should be considered a long term project, rather than trying to accomplish it in one year. It is better to test your soil each year and make your adjustments gradually. The addition of lime (hardwood ash, bone meal, crushed marble, or crushed oyster shells) will also help to raise the soil pH and make it more alkaline.

Soil type: typically falls into 4 basic categories; sand, clay, loam, and peat. Sandy soils: have very large particles. Water, air and plant roots can move freely in sandy soils, sometimes too much so. Sandy soil typically has a higher (alkaline) pH. Clay: particles are so small they pack together tightly and leave little room for water, air or roots. Clay is typically slightly acidic. 6 | Pennsylvania Native Trees and Shrubs Lancaster County Planning Commission

Sandy loam: ideal soil. It’s light and allows for air and water movement, but has some grip creating a kind of fine bread crumb like texture. Usually occurs when there is plenty of organic matter in the soil. Sandy loam typically has an alkaline pH. Organic matter: dead plant or animal material, also know as humus. There is always some organic matter in your soil, but usually not enough for a plant’s needs. It helps sandy soil by retaining water that would otherwise wash away and it corrects clay soil by making it looser, so that air, water and roots can penetrate. In all soils, it encourages beneficial microbial activity and it provides some nutritional benefits. Humus is nature’s way of feeding the circle of life.

Soil texture: refers to the size of the soil particles. An easy test for soil texture is to make a ball of damp garden soil. If it breaks apart when you tap it, it’s sandy. If you can press it between your thumb and finger and make a ribbon, it’s clay. Most soils are somewhere in-between. Don’t try to change your soil texture by adding sand to clay or vice versa. That is a recipe for cement. Lancaster County Planning Commission Pennsylvania Native Trees and Shrubs | 7

References Audubon Council of Pa, “Native Plants in the Creation of Backyard, Schoolyard, and Park Habitat Areas”, 1996

Audubon Society of Western Pennsylvania, “Local Native Plant Species Allegheny County Area”, 1993

Bowman’s Hill Wildflower Preserve “Native Plants for Dry Soil Conditions”, 2002

Bowman’s Hill Wildflower Preserve “Native Plants for Wet Soil Conditions”

Bowman’s Hill Wildflower Preserve “Native Plant Sale Catalog”, 2005

Dept. of Conservation & Natural Resources, “Common Trees of Pennsylvania”, Bureau of Forestry, Harrisburg PA

Department of Conservation & Natural Resources, “Landscaping with Native Plants in Pennsylvania”

Department of Environmental Protection, “Pennsylvania Stormwater BMP Manual”, December 30 2006

Dirr, Michael A, “Manual of Woody Landscape Plants”, Third Edition, 1983 jenkinsarboretum.org/greenribbon.html viewed January 27, 2010

Penn State University Municipal Tree Restoration Program, “Street Tree Fact Sheets”, 1993

Rhoads, Ann Fowler and Block, Timothy A., “The Plants of Pennsylvania”, 2000

Rhoads, Ann Fowler and Klein, William McKinley Jr.,”The Vascular Flora of Pa”, Am. Philosophical Society, Phila 1993

Twinleaf Bowman’s Hill Wildflower Preserve “Native Plants to Attract Hummingbirds”, Vol. 12, #1, Spring 2003

Whaley, J.T., “Salt and Salt Spray Sensitive of Native Trees and Plants for Use Along Highways and Streets”,

Urban Forestry news, Vol. 15, Issue 2, 2006 www.plantnative.com/rpl-nypanj.htm viewed January 20, 2010 www.hort.uconn.edu/plants viewed July 2010 8 | Pennsylvania Native Trees Liabilities / Features Slow growing, Shallow system. root dry and Damaged by heat Dislikes air. deer. growing,Fast especially when young but short a wide Susceptible to living. of diseases pests. and range Early Withstands but not showy. color Fall flooding. Showy yellow Fall foliage. Intolerant Intolerant foliage. Showy Fall yellow of pollution, drought, heat. and Easily damaged bark. Relatively fast growing. Early fall growing. fast Relatively urban striking. often Tolerates color, salt.pollutants except Tolerates flooding. occasional Large tree. Tolerates urban pollutants. Large Tolerates tree. Shallow easily. but growing breaks Fast cause which pavement system root buckling can clog and pipes. Shallow pattern. root Large dense shade. provides which tree of Intolerant foliage. Fall Excellent high salt, heat, pollution, a road and zone. root compacted restricted Location Naturally occurs occurs Naturally or swamps in cool bogs, in peaty soils Naturally occurs in occurs Naturally areas, moist low, banks,stream & floodplains. Naturally occurs in occurs Naturally rich woods, ravines, & river banks. Naturally occurs in occurs Naturally moist,cool, rocky woods as understory tree Naturally occurs in occurs Naturally dry woods, moist to swamps, & bogs. Naturally occurs occurs Naturally in wooded slopes, swamps, bogs, or woods.moist Naturally occurs in occurs Naturally woods,moist stream banks, & alluvium. Naturally occurs occurs Naturally woods,in moist wooded slopes, & alluvial ravines, areas. Naturally occurs in occurs Naturally rich, woods. moist Plant CharacteristicsPlant Slender, conical conical Slender, best shape. Grows and shade in cool perfers alkaline, soil.moist Wide pH tolerance Grows best in Grows Prefers shade, soil.moist Prefers acidic acidic Prefers wide soil. Has soil moisture tolerance. Prefers acidic, Prefers soil.moist Prefers neutral to to neutral Prefers pH, withacidic soil.moist Prefers neutral to to neutral Prefers acidic, soil. moist Prefers neutral to to neutral Prefers acidic, soil. moist L L L L L L in Lancaster Co. Populations found Populations Deciduous Evergreen or Evergreen Evergreen Deciduous Deciduous Deciduous Deciduous Deciduous Deciduous Deciduous Deciduous Latin Name Common Name Common Abies balsamea Balsam Fir Acer negundo Box Elder Acer nigrum Black Maple Acer pensylvanicum Striped / Moosewood Maple Acer rubrum ‘rubrum’ Red Maple Swamp or Acer rubrum ‘trilobum’ RedTrident Maple Acer saccharinum Maple Silver Acer saccharum ‘saccharum’ Sugar Rock or Maple Acer saccharum ‘schneckii’ Sugar Rock or Maple Pennsylvania Native Trees Trees Native Pennsylvania Pennsylvania Native Trees | 9 Liabilities / Features Medium size tree providing dense providing Medium size tree pattern. Seeds Lowshade. branching can be squirrels. by enjoyed Tree messy. considered Multi-stemmed large or small tree sign affect shrub.visibility. May of pollution.showy Flower Tolerant but short Fruit lived. birds. by enjoyed Multi-stemmed. Transplants easily. Multi-stemmed. easily. Transplants sign affect visibility. may Branching Multi-stemmed. White showy flowers but short easily. Transplants lived. Multi-stemmed. Slow but growth rate Urban tolerant. spreads. and suckers easily. Transplants Multi-stemmed. Showy Suckers. purple Fruit flowers. can messy. be from branches odor with broken Fecal bark. Aesthetic insect disease and problems. Tolerates poor soils. Shallow root Tolerates pattern. Better than heat adapted to Easily other transplanted. birches. Location Naturally occurs in occurs Naturally & bluffs upperrocky slopes. Naturally occurs in occurs Naturally woodslow along streams. occurs Naturally woodsin moist & bottomlands. Naturally occurs occurs Naturally in woods & peaty thickets. Naturally occurs occurs Naturally woods,in rocky thickets, & roadside banks. Naturally occurs in occurs Naturally woods,moist river banks, & roadsides. Naturally occurs in occurs Naturally moist,cool, woods. occurs Naturally in woods & stream banks. Naturally occurs occurs Naturally in moist, rich woodlands. Naturally occurs in occurs Naturally floodplains, stream banks, wet woods, & swamps. Plant CharacteristicsPlant Prefers moist soil. moist Prefers Prefers moist soil. moist Prefers Prefers moist, Prefers well-drained, soil. acidic Prefers slightly Prefers soil. acidic Prefers neutral to to neutral Prefers acidic, soil. moist L L L L L L L L in Lancaster Co. Populations found Populations Deciduous Evergreen or Evergreen Deciduous Deciduous Deciduous Deciduous Deciduous Deciduous Deciduous Deciduous Evergreen Deciduous Latin Name Common Name Common Amelanchier arborea Serviceberry/ Shadblow/ Shadbush Amelanchier canadensis Shadbush/ Serviceberry/ Juneberry Aesculus glabra Ohio Buckeye Aesculus flava Sweet or Buckeye Yellow Amelanchier laevis Shadblow/ Shadbush/ Smooth Serviceberry Aralia spinosaAralia Stick / Walking Devil’s ClubHercules’ Asimina triloba Pawpaw Betula alleghaniensis Birch Yellow Betula lenta Sweet Black or Cherry or Birch Betula nigra River Birch Pennsylvania Native Trees Trees Native Pennsylvania 10 | Pennsylvania Native Trees Liabilities / Features Does not tolerate poor soils. Shallow notDoes tolerate when growing pattern. Fast root of pollution or tolerant Non young. birch bronze Affected by difficult sites. borer. Multi-stemmed growing. fast and most soil, especially dry, Tolerates leaf by affected soil. Very gravely snapping bend or by to Prone miner. snow. or ice Multi-stemmed. Slow and growing well. transplant doesn’t Attractive Fall foliage. Large foliage. Fall taproot Attractive stability but tree makes provides difficult.transplanting Fruit messy. is shape. LargeNarrow provides taproot stability buttransplanting tree makes difficult. Fruit messy. is Very attractive Fall color. Large taproot color. Fall attractive Very stability but tree makes provides difficult.transplanting Fruit messy. is by Affected blight. Chestnut Location Naturally occurs occurs Naturally in upland woods & slopes. occurs Naturally fields,in old open woods disturbed and especiallyareas, on sterile soils. dry, Naturally occurs in occurs Naturally rich, woods moist & edges. stream Naturally occurs in occurs Naturally rich, dry woods & bluffs. Naturally occurs occurs Naturally in moist, rich bottomlands & slopes. Naturally occurs in occurs Naturally upland woods, dry ridge & slopes. tops Naturally occurs occurs Naturally woodsin moist & banks. stream Naturally occurs in occurs Naturally woods moist & low, slopes in rich soil. Naturally occurs in occurs Naturally moist, open woods & slopes. in occurs Naturally wooded slopes & acidic ridges in dry, soils. Plant CharacteristicsPlant Prefers neutral to to neutral Prefers acidic, soil. moist Grows better in Grows shade. Grows best in Grows shade. L L L L L L L in Lancaster Co. Populations found Populations Deciduous Evergreen or Evergreen Deciduous Deciduous Deciduous Deciduous Deciduous Deciduous Deciduous Deciduous Deciduous Deciduous Latin Name Common Name Common Betula papyrifera Birch Canoe Paper or Betula populifolia Birch Gray Carpinus caroliniana Blue Hornbeam/ Ironwood/ Beech Carya cordiformis Bitternut Hickory Carya ovata Shagbark / Shellbark Hickory Carya ovalis Sweet Pignut Hickory / Red Hickory Carya glabra (Sweet) Pignut Hickory Carya laciniosa Shellbark Hickory Carya tomentosa Mockernut Hickory Castanea dentata American Chestnut Pennsylvania Native Trees Trees Native Pennsylvania Pennsylvania Native Trees | 11 Liabilities / Features Tolerates urban pollutants, wind, Tolerates Easily growing. poorand soils. Fast Multiple diseases (Asiantransplanted. causes aphid) woolly aesthetic damage. areas. paved for Good tree shade Small round tree with branches with branches tree Small round showy flowers. Very ground. close to poor Shallow pattern. Tolerates root not permanently are soils that wet or very Can be short hot dry. and lived. under tight and locations for Goodtree utility lines. Narrow columnar shape. Retains columnar dead, Narrow needles. brown with a horizontalSmall tree branching showy pattern. Fragrant, moderately flowers. Short by lived. Can be affected twig blight cankers. and Small rounded tree. Does not tolerate not Does tolerate tree. Small rounded heat, salt. drought, pollution, road and Shallow pattern. Showy root flower rot, by crown Affected color. Fall and anthracnose, powderycanker, mildew, dogwoodand borer. Location Naturally occurs in occurs Naturally dry to moist wooded slopes. Naturally occurs occurs Naturally slopes,in rocky rich banks & bottomlands. Naturally occurs in occurs Naturally dry woods. moist to Naturally occurs in occurs Naturally shaly slopes. dry, Naturally occurs in occurs Naturally shale banks, wooded & limestone hillsides cliffs. Naturally occurs occurs Naturally in wooded slopes, in dry& ravines moist,to rich soils or limestone on diabase. Naturally occurs in occurs Naturally woods moist & low, shaded ravines. Naturally occurs in occurs Naturally sphagnum bogs. Naturally occurs in occurs Naturally rich, woods, moist & woods edges as an understory tree. Plant CharacteristicsPlant Wide soil moisture tolerance Wide pH tolerance Wide pH and tolerance wide soil moisture tolerance. Prefers alkaline Prefers soil. Prefers alkaline Prefers soil with a wide soil moisture tolerance. Prefers acidic, Prefers soil.moist Prefers acidic, Prefers moist, organic soil. L L L L L L L L in Lancaster Co. Populations found Populations Deciduous Evergreen or Evergreen Deciduous Deciduous Deciduous Deciduous Deciduous Deciduous Evergreen Deciduous Deciduous Latin Name Common Name Common Castanea pumila Chinquapin Celtis occidentalis ‘canina’ Dogberry Celtis occidentalis ‘occidentalis’ HackberryCommon / Sugarberry Celtis tenuifolia ‘georgianna’Celtis tenuifolia Dwarf Georgia or Hackberry Cercis canadensisCercis Eastern Redbud/ Redbud/ Judas Tree ‘tennuifolia’ Celtis tenuifolia Dwarf Georgia or Hackberry Chamaecyparis thyoides Atlantic White Cedar Cornus alternifolia Pagoda or Alternative-leaved Dogwood Cornus florida Flowering Dogwood Pennsylvania Native Trees Trees Native Pennsylvania 12 | Pennsylvania Native Trees Liabilities / Features Slow medium growing height. Fruit Easy branches. Thorny birds. by eaten of pruning. Affected Tolerant grow. to pests. many by Fast growing medium growing height. Fast and Male fruiting. for species required female to Difficult Fruit wildlife. attracts transplant. Short trunk with hanging low Attractive Slow growing. branches. system. wide root Shallow, color. fall Fruit salt saltSensitive and spray. to messy. Shallow pattern. Easily root established. and Male transplanted fruit. needed trees for female and Seeds Severely can be numerous. by Emerald Ash affected Borer. Severely affected by Emerald by Emerald Ash affected Severely Borer. by Emerald Ash affected Severely Borer. Location Naturally occurs in occurs Naturally thickets,pastures, & hillsides. in occurs Naturally abandoned fields. Naturally occurs in occurs Naturally woods, & pastures, alluvial banks. occurs Naturally in woods, thickets, & banks, fencerows, meadows. Naturally occurs in occurs Naturally thin woods, edges, floodplains, old & fields. Naturally occurs in occurs Naturally of tree dominant on forests mature moist, rich soils. Naturally occurs in occurs Naturally & woods, fencerows, fields.old Naturally occurs in occurs Naturally swamps, wet woods, & bottomlands. Naturally occurs occurs Naturally in rich, wooded slopes, river banks, & fencerows, roadsides. Plant CharacteristicsPlant Has wide soil pH Has tolerance. Has wide soil pH Has Prefers tolerance. moist, well- soil. drained Prefers well well Prefers acidic drained soils. Prefers neutral to to neutral Prefers soil pH. acidic Prefers neutral to to neutral Prefers soil pH. acidic L L L L L in Lancaster Co. Populations found Populations Deciduous Evergreen or Evergreen Deciduous Deciduous Deciduous Deciduous Deciduous Deciduous Deciduous Deciduous Deciduous Latin Name Common Name Common Crataegus punctata White or Dotted Hawthorn Crataegus mollis Hawthorn Downy Crataegus dilatata Hawthorn Crataegus succulenta Long-spined Fleshy or Hawthorn Diospyros virginiana Persimmon Fagus grandifolia American Beech Fraxinus americana ‘americana’ White Ash Fraxinus americana ‘biltmoreana’ AshBiltmore Fraxinus nigra Black Ash Pennsylvania Native Trees Trees Native Pennsylvania Pennsylvania Native Trees | 13 Liabilities / Features Fast growing. Shallow pattern. root growing. Fast Easily transplanted Showy color. Fall established.and plants Male preferred seeds landscaping can asbe female for by ash Affected borers. numerous. Casts light shade. Flowers are fragrant. Casts are light Flowers shade. of pollution Tolerant Fruit is messy. salt.and Thorns main and on stems trunk.variousby Affected pests. Leaves and fruit and Leaves messy in Fall. of Adaptable soils. Tolerant many to pollution.drought and Male and female plants needed for plants needed for female and Male of air showy berries. red Tolerant pollution salt. and leaves. Spiny Slow Fruit growth can be rate. messy. emit odor when crushed.Leaves plants needed for female and Male to Difficult nuts. Nuts can be messy. transplant. Easily transplanted. Tolerant of Easily Tolerant transplanted. Susceptible conditions. most site bagwormsto cedar-apple and rust. allergy of many Source due problems pollen. to Grows best in cool summers. Not best summers. in cool Not Grows heat, air or ofshade, any tolerant case- by pollution. Affected larch pests. sawfly and aphid, woolly bearer, Location Naturally occurs in occurs Naturally woodlandshallow ponds & wet, wooded flats. Naturally occurs occurs Naturally in alluvial woods, banks,stream & fields.moist Naturally occurs occurs Naturally in wooded slopes, river banks, & floodplains. Naturally occurs in occurs Naturally rich, woods, moist & bottomlands. Naturally occurs occurs Naturally in lowland woods & rich wooded hillsides. occurs Naturally in open woods & in moist,meadows rich, alluvial soils. Naturally occurs occurs Naturally in moist, alluvial woods & wooded slopes. Naturally occurs occurs Naturally fields,in old Serpentine barrens, dry to moist sterile soils. Naturally occurs occurs Naturally in margins of sphagnum bogs and peatlands. Plant CharacteristicsPlant Has wide soil Has drainage pH and tolerance. Has wide soil pH Has tolerance. Has wide soil pH Has tolerance. Prefers moist, Prefers acidic, well- soil. drained Wide soil soil and moisture pH tolerance. full sun. Prefers Prefers acidic soil. acidic Prefers L L L L L L in Lancaster Co. Populations found Populations Deciduous Evergreen or Evergreen Deciduous Deciduous Deciduous Deciduous Evergreen Deciduous Deciduous Evergreen Deciduous Latin Name Common Name Common Fraxinus pennsylvanica Red or AshGreen Gleditsia triacanthos Honeylocust (Common) Fraxinus profunda Pumpkin Ash Gymnocladus dioicus Kentucky Coffeetree Ilex opaca American Holly Juglans cinerea Butternut Juglans nigra Black Walnut Juniperus virginiana Eastern Redcedar Red or Cedar Larix laricina American Eastern or Larch / Tamarack Pennsylvania Native Trees Trees Native Pennsylvania 14 | Pennsylvania Native Trees Liabilities / Features Large Lacks form. mature cold Shallow root when young. hardiness typically color showy. Fall system. fruitMessy balls. shape in the of spiny Needs adequate space to grow very grow to space adequate Needs Avoid large. color. Showy Fall yellow very salt hot Sensitive sites. to dry, but still good tree shade saltand spray paving. for Fast growth rate. Showy growth fruit. rate. Fast red Thin bark emits spicy odor when bruised. transplant.Affected to by Difficult scale. Small to medium height. Small to Flower is unpleasant. Spreads fragrance in Southeast PA. rapidly Multi-stemmed. Tolerant of wet soil. Multi-stemmed. Tolerant of alkaline soil winter and Intolerant winds. Low branching pattern may affect sign affect pattern may Low branching visibility. Low branching pattern may affect sign affect pattern may Low branching visibility. Low branching pattern may affect sign affect pattern may Low branching visibility. Location Naturally occurs in occurs Naturally wet, coastal, low, plain woods. Naturally occurs in occurs Naturally of rich tree forest woods. Naturally occurs in occurs Naturally rich upland woods & slopes. Naturally occurs in occurs Naturally rich wooded slopes & floodplains. Naturally occurs occurs Naturally woodsin moist & in sandy, swamps peaty soils. Naturally occurs in occurs Naturally woods, fields, old & thickets. Naturally occurs occurs Naturally in open woods, & wooded slopes. Naturally occurs in occurs Naturally rich, moist, alluvial soils & wooded slopes. Naturally occurs in occurs Naturally open woods, dry, old fields, & pastures, edges. Plant CharacteristicsPlant Prefers acidic, Prefers soil.moist Prefers neutral neutral Prefers soil pH. acidic to best in Grows shade. Has a wide soil pH Has Prefers tolerance. withshade moist soil. Prefers shade shade Prefers with moist, rich, soil.organic Prefers acidic, Prefers soil.moist Has a wide soil pH Has tolerance. Has a wide soil pH Has tolerance. Has a wide soil pH Has tolerance. L L L L L L L in Lancaster Co. Populations found Populations Deciduous Evergreen or Evergreen Deciduous Deciduous Deciduous Deciduous Deciduous / Semiever- green Deciduous Deciduous Deciduous Deciduous Latin Name Common Name Common Liquidambar styraciflua Sweetgum Liriodendron tulipifera or Poplar / Tulip Tree Tulip Magnolia Magnolia acuminata Cucumbertree Magnolia Magnolia tripetala MagnoliaUmbrella Magnolia virginiana MagnoliaSweetbay Malus coronaria American / Sweet Crabapple Crab Malus glaucescens American Wild or Crabapple Malus lancifolia Lanceleaf Crabapple Morus rubra Red Mulberry Pennsylvania Native Trees Trees Native Pennsylvania Pennsylvania Native Trees | 15 Liabilities / Features Slow growth rate. Showy fall color. Slow Showy growth color. rate. fall plants needed for female and Male fruiting. Large tree provides taproot stability buttransplanting makes urbanpollutants & Tolerates difficult. poor soil. Slow growing and slow to establish. Slow to slow and growing partialdryin soils gravelly tolerate Can of established. Intolerant once shade sites. roadside salt so avoid Slow growing. Good Fall color. color. GoodSlow Fall growing. of Intolerant flowers. Fragrant polluted, urban locations. Tall height. Brittle sharp and Tall needles. of heat, wind, salt. or Intolerant Grows on poor, sandy soil in full sun. poor, on Grows Open,Salt tolerant. unusual growth habit with age. well not Does compete with other plants. Location Naturally occurs in occurs Naturally dry woods, moist to slopes,rocky & ridge tops. Naturally occurs occurs Naturally wooded in dry, slopes, on often soils as calcareous an understory tree. Naturally occurs occurs Naturally wooded in rocky, slopes. Naturally occurs in occurs Naturally sphagnum bogs. Naturally occurs in occurs Naturally slopes ridges, and in dry sterile soils. in occurs Naturally gravelly rocky, dry, slopes & ridge tops. Naturally occurs occurs Naturally in woodlands or margins of bogs and swamps. Naturally occurs occurs Naturally dryon slopes in northern counties. Naturally occurs occurs Naturally in sterile soils serpentineincluding barrens. Plant CharacteristicsPlant Prefers acidic acidic Prefers soil with a wide soil moisture tolerance. Prefers alkaline, Prefers dry soil. Prefers moist, Prefers well- acidic, peaty, soil. drained Prefers acidic, Prefers soil.moist Prefers acidic, Prefers soil.moist Prefers dry, loose, dry, Prefers sandy soil. Has wide Has soil moisture Prefers tolerance. well-drained, soil. acidic L L L L L L in Lancaster Co. Populations found Populations Deciduous Evergreen or Evergreen Deciduous Deciduous Deciduous Evergreen Evergreen Evergreen Evergreen Evergreen Evergreen Latin Name Common Name Common Nyssa sylvatica Black Sour or Gum / Black Tupelo Ostrya virginiana Hornbeam / Ironwood Hop Oxydendrum arboreum Sourwood / Sorrel Tree Picea marianaPicea Black / Bog Spruce Picea rubensPicea Red Spruce Pinus pungens Pine Mountain Table Pinus resinosa Red Norway or Pine Pinus echinata Pine Short Leaf Yellow or Pinus rigida Pitch Pine Pennsylvania Native Trees Trees Native Pennsylvania 16 | Pennsylvania Native Trees Liabilities / Features Fast growing. Easily transplanted and Easilyand transplanted growing. Fast wood. Weak tolerant. Cold grown. winds, and ofice, strong Intolerant salt,heavy snows. Susceptible to air rust, blister pine pollution, white and weevil. pine white Slow growing. AdaptableSlow growing. poor to Sharpsoils. Low salt tolerance. cones. Thin bark. Easily damagedby soil bark damage. and compaction Affected variousby pests. Fast growing with growing root a shallow Fast pattern. Showy ‘fuzzy’ fruit and bark.exfoliating Somesalt what and variousby Affected drought tolerant. diseases pests. and urban Shallow Tolerates system. root pollutants & poor soils. Fast growing, form. Fast wide spreading Showy brittle. bark butand weak Salt Shallow droughtroot tolerant. and buckling cause which pavement system can clogand pipes septic and tanks. Short lived. Fast growing. Transplants easily. easily. Transplants growing. Fast causeShallow which system root buckling can clog and pipes pavement septicand tanks. Short lived. Fast growing. Shallow system root growing. Fast buckling and causewhich pavement can clog pipes septic and tanks. Short lived. Location Naturally occurs in occurs Naturally dry to moist wood- lands forested and slopes. Naturally occurs in occurs Naturally barrens, ridge tops, in dry sandy or soils.rocky Naturally occurs in occurs Naturally swamps, thickets, & alluvial gravel river banks. Naturally occurs in occurs Naturally banks,stream low woods, floodplains, alluvial soils. Naturally occurs in occurs Naturally river banks & rich alluvial soils. Naturally occurs in occurs Naturally early successional floodplains.& woods Naturally occurs occurs Naturally fields,in old open woods barrens, or usually sandy or on soils. gravelly Plant CharacteristicsPlant Has wide Has soil moisture Prefers tolerance. well-drained, slightly soil. acidic Prefers dry, deep, dry, Prefers soil.loam Prefers shade shade Prefers with moist, deep, rich, well-drained soil. Wide soil pH Prefers tolerance. wet soil in full sun. Prefers wet soil Prefers full sun.and Prefers wet soil Prefers full sun.and L L L L L L in Lancaster Co. Populations found Populations Deciduous Evergreen or Evergreen Evergreen Evergreen Deciduous Deciduous Deciduous Deciduous Deciduous Latin Name Common Name Common Pinus strobus Eastern White Pine Pinus virginiana Virginia (Scrub) Pine / Jersey Pine Platanus occidentalis / / Buttonwood Sycamore American Planetree balsamifera Populus / Hackmatack Balsam Poplar deltoides Populus Eastern / Eastern Cottonwood Poplar Populus grandidentata Populus Bigtooth / Large Toothed Aspen tremuloides Populus AspenQuaking Trembling or Pennsylvania Native Trees Trees Native Pennsylvania Pennsylvania Native Trees | 17 Liabilities / Features Slow growing. ShowySlow growing. flowers white plant leafs out. Fruitbefore showy Thorns birds. on stems. attracts and tent caterpillars.by Affected Fast growing with growing ‘weeping’Fast pendulous fragrant, white Showy, branches. but sensitive tolerant Drought flowers. salt. is poisonous.to Foliage Affected caterpillars tent webworm.by fall and Slow growing. Frequently multi- Frequently Slow growing. suckering. Fragrant and stemmed flowers. Slow growing. Large,Slow growing. wider than tall Messy Lateform. color. showy Fall acorns. and being Dislikes flowers disturbedmove canto be and difficult establish. Longand Aesthetically lived. insects diseases.by and many affected Location Naturally occurs occurs Naturally in dry woods & openings. Naturally occurs in occurs Naturally thicket. roadside in occurs Naturally wooded slopes. Naturally occurs in occurs Naturally wooded slopes, river banks, hedgerows, & thickets. roadside Naturally occurs in occurs Naturally bluffs,rocky shale barrens, roadsides, & floodplains. Naturally occurs in occurs Naturally woods & fencerows. Naturally occurs in occurs Naturally woods.upland rocky, Naturally occurs in occurs Naturally woods.upland rocky, occurs Naturally banks & in stream thickets. roadside Dominant forest forest Dominant dry on tree moist to sites. Plant CharacteristicsPlant Prefers deep, Prefers moist, fertile soil. Prefers neutral to to neutral Prefers soil pH. acidic Wide soil moisture Prefers tolerance. soil. acidic L L L L L L in Lancaster Co. Populations found Populations Deciduous Evergreen or Evergreen Deciduous Deciduous Deciduous Deciduous Deciduous Deciduous Deciduous Deciduous Deciduous Deciduous Latin Name Common Name Common Prunus serotina Black Cherry Prunus nigra Canada Plum Prunus pensylvanica Pin or CherryFire Prunus angustifolia Chickasaw Plum Prunus alleghaniensis Allegheny Plum Prunus americana Wild Plum Prunus virginiana Choke Cherry Quercus Alba ‘montana’ Saul Oak Quercus alba White Oak trifoliata Ptelea Ash / Wafer Tree Hop Pennsylvania Native Trees Trees Native Pennsylvania 18 | Pennsylvania Native Trees Liabilities / Features Shallow root pattern. Broad, open, Shallow pattern. Broad, root short and crown trunk.round Messy wildlife. flowers. Acornsattract by many Affected Drought tolerant. pests diseases. and Tolerates poor soils. Showy Fall color. poor soils. Showy color. Fall Tolerates transplant. to Difficult Holds it leaves late into the season. the into late it leaves Holds Messy summer foliage. Attractive winter. into persist leaves and flowers urban pollutants & poor Tolerates soils. Slow growing. ShallowSlow pattern. root growing. Location Naturally occurs in occurs Naturally & forests moist low, wooded swamps. Naturally occurs occurs Naturally in dry moist to woodlands or on Coastal the near Plain. in occurs Naturally woods rocky dry, in occurs Naturally valleys & stream roadsides. in occurs Naturally and woods borders rich bottomlands. Naturally occurs in occurs Naturally dry upper slopes & ridges in poor soil. Naturally occurs occurs Naturally in moist, rich bottomlands. Naturally occurs occurs Naturally sterile soils, in dry, serpentine barrens. Naturally occurs occurs Naturally in dry moist to or in neutral forests soils.calcareous Plant CharacteristicsPlant Prefers acidic, Prefers soil.moist Prefers acidic, Prefers sandy soil. Has wide soil pH Has tolerance. Has wide soil pH Has tolerance. L L L in Lancaster Co. Populations found Populations Deciduous Evergreen or Evergreen Deciduous Deciduous Deciduous Deciduous Deciduous Deciduous Deciduous Deciduous Deciduous Latin Name Common Name Common Quercus bicolor WhiteSwamp Oak Quercus coccinea Scarlet Oak Quercus ilicifolia ‘velutina’Quercus ilicifolia Redher Oak Quercus imbricaria ‘ rubra’ Oak Toothed Saw Quercus imbricaria ‘ velutina’ Lea Oak Quercus imbricaria Shingle Laurel or Oak Quercus falcata Southern Red Spanish or Oak Quercus macrocarpa Burr Cup Mossy or Oak Quercus marilandica Blackjack Oak Pennsylvania Native Trees Trees Native Pennsylvania Pennsylvania Native Trees | 19 Liabilities / Features Show yellow Fall color late in the in the late color Show Fall yellow season. acorns and messy. Flowers beingDislikes disturbed can be and transplantand establish. to difficult by disease Aesthetically and affected pests. 100 Long can reach and lived paving. for tall. Good tree feet shade Unique branching pattern. Tolerates pattern. Tolerates branching Unique salt salt and urban pollutants except Shallow pattern. Easily root spray. transplanted. Fast growing which can reach 70 can which reach growing Fast urban Tolerates maturity. at feet in pollutants. late Showy color Fall acorns. and season. flowers Messy squirrels.variousby Attracts Affected paving. pests. for Good tree shade Long with lived large growth pattern high 70 feet at can reach that urban Tolerates Deep rooted. maturity. for pollutants good and tree shade Acorns can be messy. paving. Fast growing, Fast can reach and lived, long Showy Fall high70 feet maturity. at acorns. and Good flowers Messy color. urban Tolerates paving. for tree shade pollutants poor and soils.by Affected oak wilt various and pests. Location Naturally occurs occurs Naturally forest in dominant dry on tree slopes & ridge in acidic tops soils. in occurs Naturally wooded slopes on limestone. Naturally occurs occurs Naturally or moist in low, seasonally wet woods swamps. or Naturally occurs in occurs Naturally woods moist on low, Coastal the near or Plain. Naturally occurs occurs Naturally or moist in low, seasonally wet woods. Dominant forest forest Dominant dry to moist on tree sites. Naturally occurs in occurs Naturally banks. stream Plant CharacteristicsPlant Prefers acidic, Prefers soil.moist Prefers acidic, Prefers soil.moist Prefers neutral neutral Prefers soil acidic to pH with a wide soil moisture tolerance. Wide soil pH tolerance. L L L L L in Lancaster Co. Populations found Populations Deciduous Evergreen or Evergreen Deciduous Deciduous Deciduous Deciduous Deciduous Deciduous Deciduous Latin Name Common Name Common Quercus muehlenbergii Chestnut Chinkapin or Yellow Oak Quercus palustris Pin Oak Swamp or Quercus montana Chestnut Rock or Basket or Oak Quercus ‘rubra’ phellos Bartram Oak Quercus phellos Willow Oak Quercus rubra Northern Red Oak Quercus shumardii oak Shumard Pennsylvania Native Trees Trees Native Pennsylvania 20 | Pennsylvania Native Trees Liabilities / Features Slow growing. Messy flowers. Dislikes Dislikes flowers. Messy Slow growing. being disturbed can be and difficult establish. Aesthetically and move to variousby affected pests diseases. and Long lived. Showy in colonies. color. Grows Fall Easily transplanted. Showy in colonies. color. Grows Fall bark.Aromatic Easily transplanted. Showy, very Fixes flowers. Showy, fragrant nitrogen. Easilyand transplanted sterile, sandy of dry, Tolerant grown. soils salt, and heat, pollution. and leaf and locustby Affected borer miner. Location Naturally occurs occurs Naturally in dry woods & hillsides, Serpentine barrens. Naturally occurs occurs Naturally forest in dominant dry to moist on tree soils. Naturally occurs in occurs Naturally shale barrens, old open fields, & dry, slopes. in occurs Naturally open soil of old dry, roadsides, & fields, wood edges. Naturally occurs occurs Naturally in open woods, floodplains, thickets, & fencerows. Naturally occurs occurs Naturally in swamps, wet meadows, & rich alluvial soils. Naturally occurs in occurs Naturally swamps, bogs, & wet shores. occurs Naturally riveralong banks, woods. low & shores, Plant CharacteristicsPlant Wide soil moisture Prefers tolerance. rich, drained, well soil. acidic Tolerates most Tolerates soils. Prefers acidic, Prefers soil.moist L L L L L L in Lancaster Co. Populations found Populations Deciduous Evergreen or Evergreen Deciduous Deciduous Deciduous Deciduous Deciduous Deciduous Deciduous Deciduous Latin Name Common Name Common Quercus velutina Quercus stellata Oak Post Rhus glabra Smooth Sumac Rhus typhina Staghorn Sumac Robinia pseudoacacia Black Oak Salix amygdaloides Willow Peachleaved Salix caroliniana Willow Carolina Salix nigra Black Willow Pennsylvania Native Trees Trees Native Pennsylvania Pennsylvania Native Trees | 21 Liabilities / Features Shallow pattern. Basal root suckers white Fragrant beshould removed. of Tolerant bees. attracts flowers or heavydifficult,soils. Easily dry, by aphids and Affected transplanted. beetles.Japanese salt. Sensitive to of dry Intolerant of PA. tree soil, State hot windyIntolerant sites. and/or Tolerant of pollution salt and spray. pruningof and heavy shade in the woolySpring.by mites, spider Affected adelgid, deer. and Severely affected by Dutch by Dutch Elm affected Severely disease. Location Naturally occurs in occurs Naturally slopes,rocky bogs, & swamps. in occurs Naturally slopes.rocky Naturally occurs occurs Naturally & in swamps, fens, marshes. in occurs Naturally woods moist cool, & shaded northern easternand slopes. Naturally occurs in occurs Naturally rich woods. Naturally occurs occurs Naturally banks stream along & floodplains in rich, alluvial soil. Naturally occurs in occurs Naturally woods,moist stream banks & floodplains soils. in neutral Plant CharacteristicsPlant Prefers acidic soil. acidic Prefers Has wide soil pH Has Prefers tolerance. moist, fertile, deep soil. Has wide soil pH Has tolerance. Prefers neutral neutral Prefers soil pH. L L L L in Lancaster Co. Populations found Populations Deciduous Evergreen or Evergreen Deciduous Deciduous Deciduous Deciduous Evergreen Deciduous Deciduous Latin Name Common Name Common Sorbus americana American Ash Mountain Sorbus decora Showy Ash Mountain Tilia americana American Linden/Basswood/ Whitewood Toxicodendron vernix Toxicodendron Sumac Poison Tsuga canadensis Eastern Canadian or Hemlock Ulmus americana American White or Elm Ulmus rubra Slippery Red or Elm Pennsylvania Native Trees Trees Native Pennsylvania 22 | Pennsylvania Native Shrubs Liabilities / Features Dislikes heat, humidity, and drought. and heat,Dislikes humidity, high. 2 foot under stays Typically Location Naturally occurs in occurs Naturally wooded rocky, cool, slopes. Naturally occurs in occurs Naturally wet woods & low, swamps. Naturally occurs in occurs Naturally swamps, sphagnum bogs, & peaty thickets. occurs Naturally open, high in dry, & bluffs. ground in occurs Naturally wet woods, swamps, bogs, & river banks. occurs Naturally in peaty barrens, thickets, & roadsides. in occurs Naturally open woods, rocky slopes, & barrens. Naturally occurs in occurs Naturally sphagnumfloating bog with mats moist constantly soil. Naturally occurs in occurs Naturally bogs & swamps. Naturally occurs in occurs Naturally moist, woods. rocky Plant CharacteristicsPlant Prefers acidic, Prefers soil.moist acidic, Prefers soil.moist soil. acidic Prefers Prefers acidic, wet Prefers soil. L L L in Lancaster Co. Populations found found Populations Deciduous Evergreen or Evergreen Evergreen Deciduous Deciduous Deciduous Deciduous Deciduous Deciduous Deciduous Deciduous Deciduous Latin Name Common Name Common Andromeda polifolia Andromeda polifolia ‘glaucophylla’ Bog-rosemary Alnus veridis ‘crispa’ AlderMountain Amelanchier humilis Low Juneberry / Serviceberry Amelanchier intermedia Shadbush / Serviceberry Amelanchier obovalis Coastal Juneberry / Coastal Shadbush Amelanchier sanguinea Roundleaf Serviceberry / Shadbush Amelanchier bartramiana Juneberry, Mountain Oblong fruited serviceberry Alnus serrulata Smooth Alder Alnus incana ‘rugosa’ Speckled Alder Acer spicatum Maple Mountain Pennsylvania Native Shrubs Shrubs Native Pennsylvania Pennsylvania Native Shrubs | 23 Liabilities / Features Low tall. 12 inches up to growing to Hard SaltSlow tolerant. growing. establish. Shouldfrom be protected excessive and sun wind and when cold summer heat. suckers underground by Spreads is usefulbank stabilizationand for Brilliant color. colonization. and Fall dry soil. Easily transplanted. Tolerates Multi-stemmed. by Spreads suckering underground forms and Easily Showylarge colonies. color. Fall transplanted. drought. or heat adapted Short to Not Showylived. bark. Location Naturally occurs in occurs Naturally alluvial soils along rivers streams, & moist other low, areas. Naturally occurs occurs Naturally in bogs. Parasitic of branches the on Black Spruce. Naturally occurs in occurs Naturally woods, fields, old roadside fencerows, banks, & Serpentine barrens. Naturally occurs in occurs Naturally open woods dry, & sand barrens. Believed be to extirpated. in occurs Naturally swamps, bogs, & woods.moist in occurs Naturally swamps, bogs, & wet dry or woods or barrens. occurs Naturally woods,in swampy bogs, ledges rocky mountaintop & dry, thickets. occurs Naturally in open woods, marshes, & roadside de- where ditches used.icing salts are Plant CharacteristicsPlant Prefers acidic soil. acidic Prefers Prefers acidic, Prefers drained, well sandy soils. acidic, Prefers soil.moist acidic Prefers soil with a wide soil moisture tolerance. acidic Prefers soil. Wide soil moisture tolerance. cooler, Prefers north facing slopes L L L L L L in Lancaster Co. Populations found found Populations Deciduous Evergreen or Evergreen Evergreen Evergreen Deciduous Deciduous Deciduous Deciduous Deciduous Deciduous Latin Name Common Name Common Arceuthobium pusillum Arceuthobium Dwarf Mistletoe uva-ursi Arctostaphylos Bearberry Amorpha fruticosa / Indigobush Indigo False Amorpha Baccharis halimifolia Sea Myrtle / Groundseltree arbutifolia Aronia Red Chokeberry melanocarpaAronia Black Chokeberry prunifolia Aronia Purple Chokeberry Amelanchier stolonifera Low Juneberry / Shadbush Pennsylvania Native Shrubs Shrubs Native Pennsylvania 24 | Pennsylvania Native Shrubs Liabilities / Features Multi-stemmed underground suckering Fruit form. by eaten very Easilyand birds. transplanted adaptable. Multi-stemmed rounded shape. Fast Multi-stemmed shape. Fast rounded Fruit Easily birds. growing. by eaten transplanted. Multi-stemmed and rounded periodic Requires spreading. pruning maintain rejuvenation to Can form. be short lived. plant twice the height.Spreads Does with well othernot compete plants. transplant to nitrogen. Difficult Fixes establish. and Spicy fragrant flowers in evening. Spicy in evening. flowers fragrant pruningNeeds when leggy. by Eaten rabbits. Multi-stemmed Showy suckers. and to flowers. white Slow fragrant and Easy grow planting. establish after to by established. Can beonce affected spider mites. Location Naturally occurs in occurs Naturally meadows, swampy wet woods, & thickets. Naturally occurs occurs Naturally woods,in moist meadows, fields, old & swamps. occurs Naturally in vernal ponds, swamps, & moist thickets. Naturally occurs occurs Naturally in wooded bluffs, banks, & roadside shaly slopes. in occurs Naturally wet ground, low, swamps, bogs, & lake edges. occurs Naturally sterile soils in dry, of open woods and barrens. Naturally occurs in occurs Naturally northernfar edge of range. native in occurs Naturally sphagnum bogs. occurs Naturally wooded in rocky, slopes. in occurs Naturally wet woods & low, swamps. Plant CharacteristicsPlant Prefers acidic, Prefers soil.moist Wide soil pH tolerance. acidic, wet Prefers soil. acidic, Prefers moist, organic soil. L L L L L in Lancaster Co. Populations found found Populations Deciduous Evergreen or Evergreen Evergreen Deciduous Deciduous Deciduous Deciduous Deciduous Deciduous Deciduous Deciduous Deciduous Latin Name Common Name Common Cornus racemosa Dogwood Swamp or Gray Cornus ‘obliqua’ amomum Kinnikinik / Red Willow Cephalanthus occidentalis Buttonbush / Buttonwood Chamaedaphne calyculata Leatherleaf Cornus ‘amomum’ amomum Silky Dogwood / Kinnikinik / Red Willow Clethra acuminataClethra / Pepperbush Mountain Cinnamon Cethra alnifolia Clethra Summersweet/ Sweet Pepperbush Calycanthus floridus ‘laevigatus’ Allspice / SweetshrubCarolina Ceanothus americanus Tea Jersey New peregrinaComptonia Sweetfern Pennsylvania Native Shrubs Shrubs Native Pennsylvania Pennsylvania Native Shrubs | 25 Liabilities / Features Slow medium growing height. Thorny by fireblight, Affected stems. aphids, scales, powdery and mildew. Multi-stemmed form. rounded and showy color Reddish stem in Fall grown. Easilyand transplanted winter. periodicNeeds pruning.by Affected cankers, leaf spot,stem scale. and growing,Fast multi-stemmed wide Showy form. spreading flowers. blight,by Affected leaf spot, and caterpillars. Location Naturally occurs in occurs Naturally woods, pastures, thickets, & barrens. Naturally occurs occurs Naturally in open woods, fencerows, abandoned fields, & roadsides. Naturally occurs in occurs Naturally open woods, fields, & stream roadsides, banks. in occurs Naturally woods, meadows, & roadsides, thickets. Naturally occurs in occurs Naturally woods, thickets, & meadows. low Naturally occurs in occurs Naturally woods rocky & dry, thickets. in occurs Naturally bottomland. moist Naturally occurs in occurs Naturally woods, rocky & dry, cliffs. occurs Naturally in swamps, moist fields, & thickets. in occurs Naturally rich woods & edges. Plant CharacteristicsPlant Has wide soil pH Has Prefers tolerance. soil. drained well Prefers well well Prefers loamy drained, soil. L L L L L L L in Lancaster Co. Populations found found Populations Deciduous Evergreen or Evergreen Deciduous Deciduous Deciduous Deciduous Deciduous Deciduous Deciduous Deciduous Deciduous Deciduous Latin Name Common Name Common Crataegus intricata Hawthorn Crataegus flabellata Hawthorn Crataegus crus-galli Cockspur Hawthorn Crataegus coccinea Red-fruited Hawthorn Crataegus brainerdii Crataegus calpodendron Hawthorn Brainerd’s Cornus sericea Red Red-osier or Twig Dogwood Corylus americana American Filbert or (American) Hazelnut Corylus cornuta Beaked hazelnut Cornus rugosa DogwoodRound-leaved Pennsylvania Native Shrubs Shrubs Native Pennsylvania 26 | Pennsylvania Native Shrubs Liabilities / Features Slow growing, multi-stemmed dense when crushed. Stems aromatic form. Location Naturally occurs in occurs Naturally wooded limestone slopes, rocky bluffs,floodplain & thickets. occurs Naturally in wet deciduous woods & wooded hillsides. Naturally occurs occurs Naturally woods,in moist swamps, floodplains, & wet thickets. Naturally occurs occurs Naturally in rich, deciduous woods, banks, rocky & thickets. Naturally occurs in occurs Naturally dry acidic moist to woods & edges. Naturally occurs in occurs Naturally dry woods, & rocky slopes. Naturally occurs occurs Naturally in open woods & thickets. in occurs Naturally open pastures, rocky woods, & roadsides. in occurs Naturally open woods & dry slopes. Plant CharacteristicsPlant Prefers alkaline Prefers soil. Prefers acidic acidic Prefers soil with a wide soil moisture tolerance. L L L L L L in Lancaster Co. Populations found found Populations Deciduous Evergreen or Evergreen Evergreen Deciduous Deciduous Deciduous Deciduous Deciduous Deciduous Deciduous Deciduous Latin Name Common Name Common Euonymus obovatus Running Strawberry Bush Euonymus atropurpureus Burning Bush / Wahoo Epigaea repens arbutus / Mayflower Trailing Euonymus americanus American / Euonymous Hearts-a-bursting Dirca palustrisDirca Leatherwood Crataegus rotundifolia Hawthorn Crataegus uniflora One-fruited Hawthorn Diervilla lonicera BushHoneysuckle / Bush Honeysuckle Crataegus pruinosa Hawthorn Frosted Pennsylvania Native Shrubs Shrubs Native Pennsylvania Pennsylvania Native Shrubs | 27 Liabilities / Features Slow growing. ShowySlow growing. flowers. yellow Formed by numerous suckers. suckers. numerous by Formed wider than tall. ShowyGenerally flowers. EasilyAdaptable transplanted. most conditions. to Low high. 6 inches up to growing Hard Crushed minty. smell leaves good establish under growing to conditions. Location Naturally occurs in occurs Naturally fields,low swamps, & thickets. Naturally occurs occurs Naturally in open woods, banks, thickets, & Serpentine barrens in dry sandy soil. Naturally occurs in occurs Naturally rich woods, slopes, banks. & stream in occurs Naturally riverrocky banks, meadows, & swampy Sphagnum bogs. Naturally occurs in occurs Naturally moist, woods, acidic swamps, & bogs. Naturally occurs in occurs Naturally moist, woods acidic swamps.and Naturally occurs in occurs Naturally small knoll & tree stumps in Northern bogs and PA swamps. Naturally occurs in occurs Naturally wooded slopes. dry, Naturally occurs in occurs Naturally dry acidic moist to woods. in occurs Naturally dry acidic moist to woods bogs. and Plant CharacteristicsPlant Has wide soil pH Has tolerance. Has wide soil pH Has tolerance. acidic, Prefers soil.moist Prefers acidic soil. acidic Prefers Prefers acidic acidic Prefers soil with a wide soil moisture tolerance. acidic Prefers soil with a wide soil moisture tolerance. L L L L L L L in Lancaster Co. Populations found found Populations Deciduous Evergreen or Evergreen Evergreen Evergreen Evergreen Deciduous Deciduous Deciduous Deciduous Deciduous Deciduous Deciduous Latin Name Common Name Common Hypericum prolificum Shrubby St. Johnswort Hypericum hypericoides Cross St. Andrew’s Hydrangea arborescens / Wild Smooth or Hydrangea Seven Bark Hypericum densiflorum Wort St.Bushy John’s Gaultheria hispidula SnowberryCreeping / Moxie plum Gaylussacia frondosa Dangleberry Gaultheria procumbens Teaberry / Wintergreen Gaylussacia dumosa Dwarf Huckleberry Gaylussacia brachycera Box Huckleberry Gaylussacia baccata Black Huckleberry Pennsylvania Native Shrubs Shrubs Native Pennsylvania 28 | Pennsylvania Native Shrubs Liabilities / Features Tolerant of salt. Tolerant of salt. Tolerant Multi-stemmed form. large rounded plants needed for female and Male of fruit. EasilyTolerant transplanted. soil salt.poorly and drained Multi-stemmed, suckering, colonizing plant. Showycolor. fall and flower slightlyFlowers fragrant. Stems can be purple/red when exposed sun. the to Tolerant of salt. Tolerant Forms suckering Male Forms colonies. fruit. plants needed for female and exposure. of winter harsh Intolerant Slow Easily form. growing poor on sites. Grows transplanted. juniper Susceptible to Wind tolerant. blight. widerSmall than form tall. Slow poisonous. Foliage growth rate. of windy sites. Intolerant State shrubState Showy of PA. flowers. of windy sites. Intolerant Location Naturally occurs in occurs Naturally wooded swamps, wet thickets, & shores. in occurs Naturally woods, acidic rocky, & slopes. occurs Naturally in swamps, bogs, woods,moist & wet shores. in occurs Naturally river bank. Believed be extinctto locally. Naturally occurs in occurs Naturally wooded slopes. Naturally occurs in occurs Naturally dry slopes, pastures. in occurs Naturally moist, woods acidic & bogs. Naturally occurs in occurs Naturally coastal moist, sandy, plain soil. Naturally occurs occurs Naturally woodsin acidic & slopes. Naturally occurs in occurs Naturally sphagnumfloating bog mats. Plant CharacteristicsPlant Prefers acidic, Prefers soil.moist wide soil pH Has Prefers tolerance. soil.moist Wide soil pH tolerance. Prefers acidic, Prefers soil.moist Wide soil moisture Prefers tolerance. partial shade. Prefers acidic, wet Prefers soil. L L L L L in Lancaster Co. Populations found found Populations green Deciduous Evergreen or Evergreen Evergreen Evergreen Evergreen Evergreen Evergreen Deciduous Deciduous Deciduous Deciduous Deciduous / Semiever- Latin Name Common Name Common Ilex montana Holly Mountain Ilex verticillata Winterberry / Black Alder virginicaItea Virginia Sweetspire Juniperus communis JuniperCommon Ilex glabra Inkberry Ilex beadlei Holly Mountain Ilex laevigata Smooth Winterberry Kalmia angustifolia Sheep Laurel / Lambkill Kalmia latifolia LaurelMountain Kalmia polifolia Bog Laurel Pennsylvania Native Shrubs Shrubs Native Pennsylvania Pennsylvania Native Shrubs | 29 Liabilities / Features Colonizes by suckers. Can rejuvenate CanColonizes suckers. rejuvenate by plantsold pruning by in ground to wind. winter from spring.the Protect leaf by wetAffected sites. Tolerates spot with little air circulation. in areas Slow growth rate. Showy Fall color. Slow Showy color. growth rate. Fall Somewhat showy flowers. Bark yellow when broken. aromatic Location Naturally occurs occurs Naturally woodsin moist & swamps. Naturally occurs in occurs Naturally woods, bogs, mossy cliffs,wooded & valleys. in occurs Naturally banks. rocky clayey, occurs Naturally woods,in moist swamps, & rocky thickets. in occurs Naturally bogs & swamps. in occurs Naturally bogs, swamps, & wet thickets. Naturally occurs in occurs Naturally rocky cliffs,moist wooded banks, & thickets. Naturally occurs in occurs Naturally woods.acidic Naturally occurs in occurs Naturally bogs & swamps. in occurs Naturally moist, rich woods. in occurs Naturally woods,cool ravines, slopes.& rocky Plant CharacteristicsPlant Prefers acidic, Prefers soil.moist acidic, Prefers soil.moist acidic, Prefers soil.moist Prefers acidic, Prefers moist, soil. cool Prefers acidic, wet Prefers soil. shade, Prefers drained, well soil.moist best in Grows shade. L L L L in Lancaster Co. Populations found found Populations Deciduous Evergreen or Evergreen Evergreen Deciduous Deciduous Deciduous Deciduous Deciduous Deciduous Deciduous Deciduous Deciduous Deciduous Latin Name Common Name Common Lonicera dioca ‘orientalis’ dioca Lonicera Wild Honeysuckle hirsuta Lonicera Hairy Honeysuckle oblongifolia Lonicera FlySwamp Honeysuckle villosaLonicera Waterberry Fly / Mountain Honeysuckle ligustrinaLyonia Maleberry Lonicera dioica ‘glaucescens’ dioica Lonicera Honeysuckle Mountain Ledum groenlandicum Labrador Tea Leucothoe racemosa / Swamp Fetterbush Doghobble Lindera benzoin Lindera Spicebush ‘diocia’ dioica Lonicera Honeysuckle Mountain Lonicera canadensisLonicera Fly Honeysuckle Pennsylvania Native Shrubs Shrubs Native Pennsylvania 30 | Pennsylvania Native Shrubs Liabilities / Features Multi-stemmed, suckering, colonizing plants neededplant. female and Male and fruiting. foliage Aromatic for and of salt spray Tolerant stems. infertile soils. Multi-stemmed, excessive peelingMulti-stemmed, excessive bark. grow. and Easy transplant to Adaptable conditions. many to Low, spreading slow growing form. growing slow spreading Low, Location Naturally occurs occurs Naturally woods,in moist slopes & lower rocky banks. stream occurs Naturally in bogs & shallow of lake, ponds,water edges. & stream in occurs Naturally or open fields old woods in dry to sterilemoist sandy soils. Naturally occurs occurs Naturally in dry slopes & barrens. Naturally occurs occurs Naturally cliffs,in moist wet woods, sandy banks rocky or & shores. Naturally occurs in occurs Naturally dry woods moist to thickets.or Believed be locallyto extinct. in occurs Naturally swamps, bogs, moist woods, & rocky slopes. Naturally occurs in occurs Naturally cliffs & calcareous slopes. occurs Naturally in woods. Parasitic of branches the on other and Black-gum deciduous trees. Plant CharacteristicsPlant Prefers acidic, wet Prefers soil. a wide Has soil moisture Prefers tolerance. soil. acidic Prefers shade shade Prefers has and a wide soil moisture tolerance. acidic, Prefers soil.moist Prefers alkaline, Prefers soil.organic L L L L in Lancaster Co. Populations found found Populations green Deciduous Evergreen or Evergreen Evergreen Evergreen Evergreen Deciduous Deciduous Deciduous Deciduous Deciduous Deciduous / Semiever- Latin Name Common Name Common Myrica gale Sweet gale Myrica pensylvanica Bayberry Northern or Bayberry Menziesia pilosa Minnie bush Myrica heterophylla BayberryEvergreen mucronatus Nemopanthus Holly Mountain Paxistima canbyi Lover Mountain / Cliff Canby’s green Lyonia marianaLyonia Stagger bush Physocarpus opulifolius / EasternNinebark Ninebark Phoradendron leucarpum Phoradendron Christmas Mistletoe Pennsylvania Native Shrubs Shrubs Native Pennsylvania Pennsylvania Native Shrubs | 31 Liabilities / Features Fast growing. Suckers. Showy Suckers. growing. Fall Fast EasilySalt tolerant. transplanted color. Short disease by many Affected lived. pests.and Slow growing, untidy, rounded form. form. rounded Slow growing, untidy, Grows grown. Easily and transplanted temperatures in extremely cold well without warm night temperatures. Location Naturally occurs occurs Naturally ridge rocky in dry, tops, slopes, & serpentine barrens. occurs Naturally calcareous in fens, & wet marshes thickets. Naturally occurs in occurs Naturally dry ridge and tops barrens in sterile, sandy soil. Naturally occurs in occurs Naturally woods & thickets. the on Parasitic of roots deciduous shrubs. and trees Naturally occurs in occurs Naturally dry banks, roadside & hedgerows. Naturally occurs occurs Naturally exposedin dry, & outcrops, rock tops. mountain Naturally occurs occurs Naturally in alluvial islands gravelly & sandy or shores. occurs Naturally & sandy in dunes woods. Naturally occurs in occurs Naturally swamps. calcareous Plant CharacteristicsPlant Prefers neutral to to neutral Prefers alkaline soil pH. Prefers alkaline, Prefers wet soil. L L L L L in Lancaster Co. Populations found found Populations Deciduous Evergreen or Evergreen Deciduous Deciduous Deciduous Deciduous Deciduous Deciduous Deciduous Deciduous Deciduous Latin Name Common Name Common Rhamnus alnifolia Alder Buckthorn Leaved Quercus prinoides Chinquapin / Dwarf Chestnut Oak Quercus ilicifolia Bear Scrub or Oak Pyrularia pubera Buffaloor Oil Nut Prunus maritima Beach Plum Prunus pumila ‘pumila’ Sand Cherry Prunus pumila ‘susquehanae’ Appalachian Sand Cherry Prunus pumila ‘depressa’ Sand CherryProstrate Potentilla fruticosa Potentilla Shrubby Cinquefoil Pennsylvania Native Shrubs Shrubs Native Pennsylvania 32 | Pennsylvania Native Shrubs Liabilities / Features Sensitive to salt.Sensitive to Multi-stemmed large Often form. trucks contorted twisted. and are of wind hot or sites. Intolerant of dry, Multi-stemmed Tolerant form. of harsh, soil. Intolerant thin rocky and saltdifficultspray. sites salt.Sensitive to salt.Sensitive to Slow Showy suckers. and growing Fall plants to female male and Need color. fruit.provide pests by many Affected diseases.and Showy fruit. red color. Showy Fall red Affected areas. rocky of dry, Tolerant pests diseases. and many by Sensitive to salt.Sensitive to salt.Sensitive to Location Naturally occurs in occurs Naturally rich, dry woods & ravines. Naturally occurs in occurs Naturally dry moist, to acidic woods. in occurs Naturally open woods, bogs, & swamps. in occurs Naturally swamps, bogs, & wet woods. in occurs Naturally open woods & dry, shale barrens. in occurs Naturally open woods, dry, thickets, & old fields. Naturally occurs occurs Naturally woods,in moist swamps, & ravines. Naturally occurs in occurs Naturally open woods. sandy, occurs Naturally bogsin acidic & barrens. Naturally occurs in occurs Naturally moist, woods rocky & swamps. Naturally occurs in occurs Naturally boggy fields, stream banks, & calcareous woods. Plant CharacteristicsPlant Prefers acidic acidic Prefers soil with a wide soil moisture tolerance. acidic, Prefers soil.moist acidic, Prefers soil.moist acidic, Prefers soil. well-drained acidic, Prefers soil. well-drained Prefers cool, cool, Prefers acidic, organic soil. Prefers neutral to to neutral Prefers alkaline soil pH. L L L L L L in Lancaster Co. Populations found found Populations Deciduous Evergreen or Evergreen Evergreen Deciduous Deciduous Deciduous Deciduous Deciduous Deciduous Deciduous Deciduous Deciduous Deciduous Latin Name Common Name Common Rhododendron maximum Rhododendron Rosebay Rhododendron periclymenoides Pinxterflower/Election Pink/ Pinxterbloom Azalea Rhododendron prinophyllum Roseshell or AzaleaMountain Rhododendron viscosum (honeysuckle)Swamp Azalea Rhus ‘aromatica’ aromatica Sumac Fragrant Rhus ‘copallina’ copallina Shining Dwarf or Sumac Rhododendron canescens Hoary Azalea Mountain or Rhododendron atlanticum Dwarf Azalea Rhododendron canadense Rhodora Rhododendron arborescens Smooth Sweet or Azalea Rhamnus lanceolata Lanceolate Buckthorn Pennsylvania Native Shrubs Shrubs Native Pennsylvania Pennsylvania Native Shrubs | 33 Liabilities / Features Liabilities / Features Sensitive to salt.Sensitive to Multi-stemmed large Often form. trucks contorted twisted. and are of wind hot or sites. Intolerant of dry, Multi-stemmed Tolerant form. of harsh, soil. Intolerant thin rocky and saltdifficultspray. sites salt.Sensitive to salt.Sensitive to Slow Showy suckers. and growing Fall plants to female male and Need color. fruit.provide pests by many Affected diseases.and Showy fruit. red color. Showy Fall red Affected areas. rocky of dry, Tolerant pests diseases. and many by Sensitive to salt.Sensitive to salt.Sensitive to Location Location Naturally occurs in occurs Naturally rich, dry woods & ravines. Naturally occurs in occurs Naturally dry moist, to acidic woods. in occurs Naturally open woods, bogs, & swamps. in occurs Naturally swamps, bogs, & wet woods. in occurs Naturally open woods & dry, shale barrens. in occurs Naturally open woods, dry, thickets, & old fields. Naturally occurs occurs Naturally woods,in moist swamps, & ravines. Naturally occurs in occurs Naturally open woods. sandy, occurs Naturally bogsin acidic & barrens. Naturally occurs in occurs Naturally moist, woods rocky & swamps. Naturally occurs in occurs Naturally boggy fields, stream banks, & calcareous woods. Naturally occurs in occurs Naturally rockyfields, banks, shale barrens, & open other dry, ground. Naturally occurs occurs Naturally in swamps, bogs, wet woods & moist, slopes.rocky in occurs Naturally marshes, calcareous swamps, rocky woods & cliffs. in occurs Naturally wet & cold, swamps woods. in occurs Naturally rich woods. in occurs Naturally upland woods rocky, & slopes. in occurs Naturally wet, woods, rocky swamps, & cliffs. Naturally occurs in occurs Naturally thin, moist, often woods.rocky Naturally occurs occurs Naturally in moist, woods, swamps, & thickets. Naturally occurs in occurs Naturally serpentine barrens, shale barrens, old rockyfields, & slopes. Plant CharacteristicsPlant Plant CharacteristicsPlant Prefers acidic acidic Prefers soil with a wide soil moisture tolerance. acidic, Prefers soil.moist acidic, Prefers soil.moist acidic, Prefers soil. well-drained acidic, Prefers soil. well-drained Prefers cool, cool, Prefers acidic, organic soil. Prefers neutral to to neutral Prefers alkaline soil pH. Prefers acidic, Prefers soil.moist alkaline, Prefers soil.moist L L L L L L L L L L L in Lancaster Co. in Lancaster Co. Populations found found Populations Populations found found Populations Deciduous Deciduous Evergreen or Evergreen Evergreen or Evergreen Evergreen Deciduous Deciduous Deciduous Deciduous Deciduous Deciduous Deciduous Deciduous Deciduous Deciduous Deciduous Deciduous Deciduous Deciduous Deciduous Deciduous Deciduous Deciduous Deciduous Deciduous Latin Name Latin Name Common Name Common Common Name Common Rhododendron maximum Rhododendron Rosebay Rhododendron periclymenoides Pinxterflower/Election Pink/ Pinxterbloom Azalea Rhododendron prinophyllum Roseshell or AzaleaMountain Rhododendron viscosum (honeysuckle)Swamp Azalea Rhus ‘aromatica’ aromatica Sumac Fragrant Rhus ‘copallina’ copallina Shining Dwarf or Sumac Rhododendron canescens Hoary Azalea Mountain or Rhododendron atlanticum Dwarf Azalea Rhododendron canadense Rhodora Rhododendron arborescens Smooth Sweet or Azalea Rhamnus lanceolata Lanceolate Buckthorn Ribes hirtellum Northern Wild Gooseberry Ribes lacustre Bristly Black Swamp or Currant Ribes missouriense Missouri gooseberry Ribes rotundifolium Wild Gooseberry Ribes triste Wild Red Currant Rosa ‘carolina’ carolina Rose Pasture Ribes glandulosum Skunk Currant Ribes cynosbati Prickly Gooseberry / Dogberry Ribes americanum Wild Black Currant Rhus copallina’latifolia’ Dwarf-Winged/ Winged/ Shining Sumac Pennsylvania Native Shrubs Shrubs Native Pennsylvania 34 | Pennsylvania Native Shrubs Liabilities / Features Fast growing. Fragrant pink flowers. flowers. pink Fragrant growing. Fast Showy fruit. red Salt pruning and grow. and Easy transplant to tolerant. variousby Affected pests diseases. and Location Naturally occurs occurs Naturally in thickets, rocky banks, woods, fields, grounds. & waste Naturally occurs occurs Naturally in cliffs,ledges, wooded & rocky, slopes. Naturally occurs occurs Naturally rocky in sandy or woods, wooded slopes & thickets. Naturally occurs occurs Naturally woods,in rocky clearings,thickets. & Naturally occurs in occurs Naturally open thickets, dry, in sandy & roadsides soil. Naturally occurs occurs Naturally fields,in old open woods, & clearings. in occurs Naturally woods, moist cool, slopes,rocky & thickets. Naturally occurs occurs Naturally fields,in pastures, open woods, thickets, & roadsides. Naturally occurs in occurs Naturally swamps, & marshes. Naturally occurs occurs Naturally banks & in stream slopes.rocky Plant CharacteristicsPlant has wide pH soil Prefers tolerance. well-drained soil. acidic L L L L L L L in Lancaster Co. Populations found found Populations Deciduous Evergreen or Evergreen Deciduous Deciduous Deciduous Deciduous Deciduous Deciduous Deciduous Deciduous Deciduous Deciduous Latin Name Common Name Common Rubus pensilvanicus Blackberry Rubus odoratus Purple Flowering Raspberry / Thimbleberry Rubus occidentalis Black Cap / Black Raspberry Rubus idaeus Red Raspberry Rubus canadensis Smooth Blackberry Rubus cuneifolius Sand Blackberry Rubus allegheniensis Show or Common Teat Blackberry Rosa virginiana Wild or Virginia or Pasture Rose Rosa palustris RoseSwamp Rosa ‘grandiflora’ carolina Rose Pennsylvania Native Shrubs Shrubs Native Pennsylvania Pennsylvania Native Shrubs | 35 Liabilities / Features Location Naturally occurs in occurs Naturally ground, low swamps, & wet shores. occurs Naturally banks & in stream swamps. Naturally occurs occurs Naturally barrens in moist & thickets. Naturally occurs occurs Naturally in dry thickets & barrens sandy on soils. Naturally occurs occurs Naturally gravelly in sandy or alluvial & bars shores. Naturally occurs occurs Naturally & shores along bottomlands. Naturally occurs in occurs Naturally or & moist swamps wet woods. Naturally occurs in occurs Naturally boggy swampy or woods & moist slopes. occurs Naturally in damp thickets & swamps. in occurs Naturally dry or moist thickets & edges. in occurs Naturally & wet meadows fens soils. calcareous on Plant CharacteristicsPlant Prefers acidic, Prefers soil.moist Wide soil moisture tolerance. to neutral Prefers alkaline soil pH. L L L L L L in Lancaster Co. Populations found found Populations Deciduous Evergreen or Evergreen Deciduous Deciduous Deciduous Deciduous Deciduous Deciduous Deciduous Deciduous Deciduous Deciduous Deciduous Latin Name Common Name Common Salix myricoides ‘myricoides’ Willow Leaved Broad Salix lucida Shining Willow Salix humilus ‘microphylla’ Dwarf Upland Sage or Willow Salix humilus ‘humilis’ Upland Willow Salix exigua Sandbar Willow Salix eriocephala Willow Heart-leaved Rubus setosus Blackberry Salix bebbiana Willow Long-beaked Gray or Salix candida Hoary Shage or Willow leaved Salix discolor Pussy Willow Rubus pubescens Dwarf Blackberry Pennsylvania Native Shrubs Shrubs Native Pennsylvania 36 | Pennsylvania Native Shrubs Liabilities / Features Fast growing multi-stemmed growing form. Fast Showy by flowers. white Affected powdery mildew leaf spot. and Fast growing multi-stemmed growing form. Fast Showy Transplants flowers. white by Affected powdery mildew easily. leaf spot.and Location Naturally occurs in occurs Naturally cliffs, moist ravines, woods.& rocky in occurs Naturally bogs, & moist, peaty meadows. in occurs Naturally swamps, marshes, boggy or & rocky shores. occurs Naturally wooded in rocky, slopes. in occurs Naturally bogs, woods, moist peaty barrens & swamps. in occurs Naturally wet meadows, moist fields,old bogs, & swamps. Naturally occurs occurs Naturally in swamps, bogs, banks,stream & low woods. in occurs Naturally & wet meadows fens soils. calcareous on in occurs Naturally stream woods,fields, banks, & moist roadsides. Naturally occurs in occurs Naturally & swales. meadows Naturally occurs in occurs Naturally sandy shores. Plant CharacteristicsPlant Prefers acidic, Prefers soil.moist acidic, Prefers soil.moist acidic, Prefers soil.moist acidic, Prefers soil.moist Prefers acidic, Prefers soil.moist to neutral Prefers alkaline soil pH. wide pH soil Has Prefers tolerance. soil.moist L L L L L L L in Lancaster Co. Populations found found Populations Deciduous Evergreen or Evergreen Deciduous Deciduous Deciduous Deciduous Deciduous Deciduous Deciduous Deciduous Deciduous Deciduous Deciduous Latin Name Common Name Common Spiraea alba ‘latifolia’Spiraea Meadowsweet ‘corymbosa’ betulifolia Spiraea Dwarf Spiraea latifolia Spiraea Meadowsweet tomentosa Spiraea / Steeplebush Hardhack Spiraea alba Spiraea Meadowsweet Salix serissima Willow Autumn Sambucus canadensis American Elder / Elderberry Salix sericea Silky Willow Sambucus ‘pubens’ racemosa Red Berried Elder Salix petiolaris Slender Willow Salix myricoides ‘albovestita’ Willow Shoreline Pennsylvania Native Shrubs Shrubs Native Pennsylvania Pennsylvania Native Shrubs | 37 Liabilities / Features Fast growing. Fast Multi-stemmed form. rounded ShowySuckers. fruit. white Easy to transplant. EasySlow transplant. to growing. of heat. of pruning. Intolerant Tolerant deer. by Eaten showy and Showy color white Fall to wildlife. Fruitflowers. attractive Multi-stemmed growth. Showy Fall wildlife. Fruitto attractive color. salt.Sensitive to Location Naturally occurs occurs Naturally in open woods, thickets, fields, old & dry banks. Naturally occurs in occurs Naturally moist, woods, rocky banks. & stream occurs Naturally woodedin rocky slopes & limestone barrens. in occurs Naturally rocky moist cool, slopes ravines. and in occurs Naturally open woods & dry, barrens. in occurs Naturally woods,moist bogs, & swamps. Naturally occurs in occurs Naturally sphagnum bogs. in occurs Naturally bogs & swamps. Naturally occurs in occurs Naturally sphagnumfloating bog mats. in occurs Naturally woods. acidic dry, Plant CharacteristicsPlant Prefers moist, Prefers soil. well-drained alkaline Prefers soil. moist, Prefers well-drained, mildly sandy, soil. acidic veryPrefers acidic, moist, well-drained, highly organic soil. veryPrefers acidic, moist, well-drained, highly organic soil. Prefers acidic, wet Prefers soil. acidic, wet Prefers soil. Prefers acidic, wet Prefers soil. acidic, dryPrefers soil. L L L L L L L L L in Lancaster Co. Populations found found Populations Deciduous Evergreen or Evergreen Evergreen Evergreen Evergreen Deciduous Deciduous Deciduous Deciduous Deciduous Deciduous Deciduous Latin Name Common Name Common Taxus canadensis Taxus American Canadian or Yew Symphoricarpos albus Snowberry Symphoricarpos orbiculatus Coralberry / Indian Currant angustifolium Vaccinum Lowbush / Low Sweet Blueberry corymbosum Vaccinium Highbush Blueberry macrocarpon Vaccinium Cranberry / American Cranberry Staphylea trifolia Bladdernut Vaccinium myrtilloides Vaccinium Leaf Velvet or Sour Top Blueberry oxycoccos Vaccinium Small Cranberry Vaccinium pallidum Vaccinium Lowbush Blueberry Pennsylvania Native Shrubs Shrubs Native Pennsylvania 38 | Pennsylvania Native Shrubs Liabilities / Features Slow growing. ShowySlow growing. flowers white fruit.and Easily birds. to Attractive Sensitive grown. to and transplanted salt salt and spray. Multi-stemmed growth suckers. by new on growth.Flowers Multi-stemmed growth. Showy Fall Showy to flowers. Easy white color. to Attractive grow. and transplant birds. Multi-stemmed growth suckers. by fruit. to attracted Birds Easy to grow. and transplant Multi-stemmed growth suckers. by ripeAromatic fruit. birds to Attractive Easilyand transplanted wildlife. and mealybugestablished.by Affected and powdery mildew. Location Naturally occurs occurs Naturally in dry slopes, open woods barrens. or occurs Naturally in swamps, boggy woods, swampy & stream pastures, banks. Naturally occurs occurs Naturally in woods, old fields, thickets, & roadsides. Naturally occurs occurs Naturally in wet woods & swamps. Naturally occurs in occurs Naturally swamps, bogs, & wet woods. occurs Naturally & wet in swamps woods. in occurs Naturally woods moist cool, & ravines. in occurs Naturally woods, swamps, & roadsides. Naturally occurs occurs Naturally open, acidic in dry, woods & slopes. in occurs Naturally woods & thickets. Plant CharacteristicsPlant Prefers acidic, Prefers soil.moist Prefers acidic, Prefers soil.moist Wide soil moisture tolerance. Wide soil moisture tolerance. Prefers acidic, dryPrefers soil. well- Prefers mildly drained, soil. acidic L L L L L L L L in Lancaster Co. Populations found found Populations Deciduous Evergreen or Evergreen Deciduous Deciduous Deciduous Deciduous Deciduous Deciduous Deciduous Deciduous Deciduous Deciduous Latin Name Common Name Common Viburnum recognitum (Northern) Arrowwood Viburnum rafinesquianum Arrowwood Downy Viburnum prunifolium Blackhaw Viburnum Viburnum lentago Nannyberry Viburnum / Sheepberry Viburnum cassinoides Witherod Viburnum Viburnum dentatum Southern Arrowwood / Arrowwood Viburnum Viburnum lantanoides / Hobblebush Witchhobble Viburnum nudum / Swamphaw Possumhaw Viburnum acerifolium Viburnum / Mapleleaved Dockmackie Vaccinium stamineum Vaccinium Deerberry / Squaw Huckleberry Pennsylvania Native Shrubs Shrubs Native Pennsylvania Pennsylvania Native Shrubs | 39 Liabilities / Features Prickly stems. Showy flowers. Easily white and birds Attracts transplanted. blight by stem and Affected wildlife. stress. water Location Naturally occurs occurs Naturally riveralong banks. Believed be to extinct in PA. in occurs Naturally banks,stream river roadside & bluffs thickets, usually on soils or calcareous diabase. Naturally occurs in occurs Naturally & wet swamps, fens, woods. Plant CharacteristicsPlant Prefers alkaline Prefers soil. Prefers neutral neutral Prefers alkaline soil to well- pH. Prefers moist drained, soil. L L in Lancaster Co. Populations found found Populations Deciduous Evergreen or Evergreen Deciduous Deciduous Deciduous Latin Name Common Name Common Zanthoxylum americanum Northern Prickly Ash / Tree Toothache Vitis rupestris Sand Grape Viburnum trilobum Highbush Cranberry / American Cranberrybush Viburnum Pennsylvania Native Shrubs Shrubs Native Pennsylvania 40 | Pennsylvania Native Shrubs / Trees Liabilities / Features Multi-stemmed. Transplants easily. Branching Branching Multi-stemmed. easily. Transplants sign affect visibility. may Multi-stemmed. Showy Suckers. purple Fecal odor with Fruitflowers. can messy. be bark. from branches broken Shape variable is quite but typically multi- Late Slower leaf in the stemmed. growing. to showy fruit and Spring. flowers Very eaten for plants required female and Male birds. by tolerant. fruiting. Pollution Multi-stemmed wide as tall. Showy yellow Fall drop leaves bloom after flowers Fragrant color. in Fall. ShowySlow growing. before flowers white plant leafs out. Fruit birds. showy attracts and caterpillars. tent Thorns by on stems. Affected Easily Showy in colonies. color. Grows Fall transplanted. Aromatic Showy in colonies. color. Grows Fall bark. Easily transplanted. Location Naturally occurs occurs Naturally in dry woods & openings. Naturally occurs in occurs Naturally woods & peaty thickets. in occurs Naturally moist, rich woodlands. in occurs Naturally moist, open woods & wood edges. in occurs Naturally rich, woods rocky as an understory plant. in occurs Naturally wooded slopes, river banks, hedgerows, & thickets. roadside in occurs Naturally upland woods. rocky, in shale occurs Naturally barrens, fields, old & dry, open slopes. in dry, occurs Naturally open soil of fields, old & wood edges.roadsides, Plant CharacteristicsPlant Prefers moist soil. moist Prefers moist, cool, Prefers soil. acidic Prefers slightly Prefers soil. acidic Prefers acidic, Prefers moist, well-drained soils. to neutral Prefers soil pH. acidic L L L L L L L L L in Lancaster Co. Populations found Populations Deciduous Evergreen or Evergreen Deciduous Deciduous Deciduous Deciduous Deciduous Deciduous Deciduous Deciduous Deciduous Common Name Common Both Latin Name Prunus virginiana Choke Cherry Amelanchier canadensis Shadbush/ Serviceberry/ Juneberry Asimina triloba Pawpaw Chionanthus virginicus / WhiteFringe Tree Fringetree virginianaHamamelis Witchhazel American or Witchhazel Prunus americana Wild Plum Prunus pensylvanica Pin or CherryFire Rhus glabra Smooth Sumac Rhus typhina Staghorn Sumac Pennsylvania Native Shrubs/Trees Shrubs/Trees Native Pennsylvania Pennsylvania Native Shrubs / Trees | 41 Liabilities / Features Suckers aggressively forms and roots the Suckers from if single suckers trunk root thickets. Remove is transplant to Difficult color. Good Fall desired. establish. and Location Naturally occurs in old in old occurs Naturally fields,woodshedgerows, edge. Plant CharacteristicsPlant Prefers light,Prefers acidic, sandy soil. L in Lancaster Co. Populations found Populations Deciduous Evergreen or Evergreen Deciduous Common Name Common Both Latin Name Sassafras albidum Sassafras(Common) Pennsylvania Native Shrubs/Trees Shrubs/Trees Native Pennsylvania 42 | Pennsylvania Invasive Trees/Shrubs Liabilities / Features Escaped from plantings,Escaped from birds by seeds spread plantings; Escaped from birds by seeds spread to startseedsfall Prolific new seedlings plantings Escapes from in PA problem Growing in PA problem Growing seeds are which Prolific new plants birds; by spread tips of arching from root the contact that canes ground. seed by Spread plantingsEscaped from cultivation Escaped from Resembles native Viburnum trilobum Shrub Tree Tree Tree Tree or Tree Shrub Shrub Shrub Shrub Shrub Shrub Shrub Shrub Latin Name Common Name Common Lonicera tartaricaLonicera honeysuckleTartarian tomentosa Paulownia tree Empress *Pyrus calleryana Callery pear Rhamnus catharticus buckthornCommon Rhamnus frangula Glossy buckthor Rosa multiflora rose Multiflora Rubus phoenicolasius Wineberry japonica“*Spiraea spiraea” Japanese “Ulmus pumila Siberian elm” opulus *Viburnum opulus var. rose Guelder Lonicera standishii Lonicera Standish honeysuckle Liabilities / Features Escaped from plantings; Escaped from seeds prolific wind spreads cultivation; Escaped from seeds prolific wind spreads seeds prolific Wind spreads cultivation; Escaped from birds by spread cultivation; Escaped from birds by spread cultivation; Escaped from birds by spread cultivation; Escaped from birds by spread rapidly plantings; Escaped from forest in moist invasive settings cultivation; Escaped from birds by seeds spread plantingsEscaped from plantings; Escaped from birds by seeds spread plantings,Escaped from birds by seeds spread cultivation Escaped from Shrub Tree Tree Tree Tree or Tree Shrub Shrub Shrub Shrub Shrub Shrub Shrub Shrub Shrub Shrub Latin Name Common Name Common Pennsylvania Invasive Trees/Shrubs Trees/Shrubs Invasive Pennsylvania *Acer platanoides Norway maple Acer pseudoplatanus maple Sycamore Ailanthus altissima Tree-of-heaven *Berberis thunbergii barberryJapanese Berberis vulgaris barberryEuropean Elaeagnus angustifolia Russian olive Elaeagnus umbellata olive Autumn *Euonymus alatus Winged Euonymus Ligustrum obtusifolium privetBorder Ligustrum vulgare privetCommon maackii Lonicera Amur honeysuckle morrowii Lonicera honeysuckle Morrow’s x tatarica morrowii Lonicera honeysuckle Bell’s If a plant cultivar of an invasive species is chosen, a professional horticulturist will know the cultivars invasive potential. horticulturist species invasive If is a professional cultivars chosen, a plant of will an know the cultivar invasive * Species has cultivars that are not known to be invasive. not to known * Species are that has cultivars

PENNSYLVANIA NATIVE TREES AND SHRUBS – A Landscaping Guide Lancaster County Planning Commission 150 North Queen Street • Suite 320 • Lancaster, PA 17603 • (717) 299-8333 www.co.lancaster.pa.us/planning May 2011