IJSS.Vol.12, No.2, September 2016

STATE AND THE STATECRACT OF THE CENTRALS OF GOVERNMENT MATARAM ISLAM KINGDOM IN

HY. Agus Murdiyastomo3

Abstract This study is aimed to examine the dynamic of Islamic Mataram kingdom, focusing more on administrative system in Islam Mataram. This research used the five stages historical research method according to Kuntowijoyo, which are topic selection, heuristic, verification, interpretation and writing. Panembahan Senopati defeated Pajang and built a palace in which later was used by Mataram kings until their peak of glory under Sultan AgungHanyakrakusuma. However the defeat of Mataram from VOC caused them to lose their ground, moreover after Sultan AgungHanyakrakusuma deceased. His successor, Amangkurat I think that Kotagede as the central of economic activities considered to be no longer suitable for the central of government. Therefore he ordered to move the palace from Kotagede to Pleret. Raden Mas Rahmat, as ‘Amangkurat II’, didn’t want to go back to Pleret because it had been taken by Puger Prince, and then built new palace in Kartasura. Amangkurat III escaped to the east when Kartasura was taken. But this palace would also be abandoned later, and moved to when Pakubuwono II ruled the place. Mataram moved its government four times, from Kotagede, , Kartasura, and lastly, Surakarta.

Keywords: government, Islamic Mataram.

3 State University. Email: [email protected]

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Introduction During the Islam period in , many Initially Islam Mataram Kingdom had cities used territories in coastal area, such as the capital city in Kota Gede, 6 km far to the Samudra Pasai, Demak, Banten, and . southern part of Yogyakarta. Approximately At that time those cities’ geographical area 70 years later (1648), it was moved to the were in the remote areas, such as Pajang, Kota southeast of Kota Gede, which was Plered. Gedhe, and Yogyakarta. Some cities such is Thirty years later, Plered was also left to Samudra Pasai has lost its physical tracks that Kartasura, which was 70 km far from the are difficult to find, and the other cities such eastern part of Plered. Finally, in February 20, as Banten and Plerer have still had its seen 1976, the capital city of Islam Mataram was tracks. Some other citites still live and develop moved from Kartasura to Surakarta (Inajati until today, for example Cirebon, Kota Gede Adrisijanti, 2004: 8). and Makassar. This research is focused on The central cities position of Islam administrative system in Islam Mataram. Mataram Kingdom was in the series of “link” of city history in Java as the development and Research Method explicitiness of city layout, and Islamic The word metode is originated from Javanese society life, whose embryo came in English word “method” which means ways or Demak city. Those aspects were developed in manners. Etimologicaly. Method is a problem newer Javanese cities. This research will also that explains ways or manners, technical give whole pincture on the emergence, implementation direction (Lorens Bagus, development and fall of those cities and the 1966: 635). Basically, historical research is society. This research is expected to be a interrelated with historical method material to understand and review various procedure. Historical method is rules on social and cultural problems raised in the city systematic principles which collect historical development in Indonesia recently and sources effectively and asses it critically and improve the understanding on dynamic city made in written form. The method utilized by development. the researcher in this historical writing is In the historical journey of Islam historical research method according to Mataram Kingdom, it experienced three times Kuntowijoyo. The stages of historical movements of administrational centre. according to Kuntowijoyo has five stages, Initially the capital city of Islam Mataram which are topic selection, heuristic, Kingdom was in Kota Gede, approximately 6 verification, interpretation and writing km to the southern part of Yogyakarta. (Kuntowijoyo, 2005: 91).topic selection is the Approximately 70 years later (1648), it was initial step in the research to identify topic moved to the southeast of Kota Gede, which which is appropriate to be observed. After the was Plered. Thirty years later, Plered was also topic selection, further stage is data collection left to Kartasura, which was 70 km far from process, which are books, documents, images the eastern part of Plered. Finally, in February and other relevant soures. The next activity is 20, 1976, the capital city of Islam Mataram to make source critique both the source was moved from Kartasura to Surakarta originality and external critique or the (Inajati Adrisijanti, 2004: 8). reliability of source content through internal 32

IJSS.Vol.12, No.2, September 2016 critique. After the validity is assured, further andPajang. In Sultan Agung era, each of the stage is to interpret through the analysis and territory is separated into two parts. It was synthesis. The last stage is to perform called Siti Bumi and Bumijo. Each of them was historical report writing or historiography. located in the west and east of Progo River. Siti Ageng area was located between Pajang Result and Discussion and Demak, and divided into Siti Ageng Kiwa In the , there were some and Siti Ageng Tengen.Bagelen became Sewu kingdom states, among them were Majapahit, area, located between Bogowonto and Donan Demak, Pajang, Banten, Cirebon, and Mataram River in Cilacam and Numbak Anyar area Islam. Islam Religion gradually developed to located between Bogowonto and progo River. the remote areas in King and noblemen group Pajang was also divided into two parts, which of society (Notosusanto, 1993:1). Nowadays, were Panumpin, including Sukowati area, and Islam has experienced rapid development and Panekar area as the Pajang area itself. started to move the position of Hindu-Budha as the religion followed by previous society. 1. The Kings who Ruled Islam Mataram One of them was Islam Mataram Kingdom or Administrative System furthermore is called Mataram Kingdom. The Adminstration System of Islam Many versions of the establishment of Mataram Kingdom was the God-King system. Mataram Kingdom was based on myths and It means that the highest and absolute power legent. In general, those versions related it centre was in Sultan. Sultan or king was often with previous Kingdom , such as Demak and pictured as the sacred personality whose Pajang. policy was shinning from His facial expression Based on one of versions, after Demak with matchless policy. The King appeared collapsed, its capital city was moved to Pajang. himself to its citizens once a week in the Thus Pajang administration was started as a palace plaza. Besides Sultan, the other kingdom. Mataram Kingdom was established important officials were priyayi category as in 1582. Mataram territory covered Central the connector between the King and citizens. Java, , and some parts of West Java. There was also war commander entitled Before VOC annexed Mataram state territory Kusumadayu and subordinate officer or until the end of 17th centry, all Mataram Yudanegara. The other officials were territories were divided into some big Sasranegara, administrative official. territories located in the Palace as he centre. With the administrative system, The sequence of division from the centre to Panembahan Senopati strengthened the the region included palace or Kingdom Palace influence of Mataram in various aspects until as the state centre and located in the capital he passed away in 1601. He was replaced by city called Kutanegara or Kutagara. his son, Mas Jolang or Panembahan Seda ing Furthermore, the territory surrounded Krapyak (1601 – 1613). The role of Mas Jolang Kutanegara was called Negara Agung. was not really interesting to note. After he According to Serat Pustaka of Puwara King, it passed away, Mas Jolang was replaced by Mas was initially divided into four parts, including Rangsang (1613 – 1645). In his administration Kedu, Siti Ageng or Bumi Gede, Bagelen, 33

HY. Agus Murdiyastomo:State and The Statecrac of the Centrals.... period, Mataram reached its glory. Both in the Following those conguests, Mataram territorial expansion or religion and culture. became a very strong military kingdom. In Prince Jatmiko or Rangsang Mas 1627, the whole Javanese Islands except became the third Mataram King. He obtained Banten and the territory of VOC in Batavia the title of Agung Hanyakrakusuma during his was successful to united under Mataram. administration. Agung Hanyakrakusuma were The big success developed self-confidence of successes to take Mataram to the top of glory Sultan Agung to challenge the company which with administrative centre in Yogyakarta. was still in Batavia. Thus, in 1628, Mataram “Sultan” title beared by Sultan Agung indicates prepared troops underTumenggung Baureksa that he had strengths from the previous Kings, and Tumenggung Sura Agul-agul leadership to they were Panembahan Senopati and besiege Batavia. Panembahan Seda Ing Krapyak. He was Unfortunately, since Ducth sustainability was crowned as the King in 1613 when he was 20 very strong, the onset failed. even years old with the title of “Panembahan”. In Tumenggung Baureksa passed away. The 1624, the title of “Panembahan” was changed failure raised Mataram’s motivation to into “Susuhunan or “Sunan”. In 1641, Agung manage more practiced power and mature Hanyakrakusuma received recognition from preparation. Therefore, in 1629, Sultan Agung Mekkah as Sultan, then he possessed complete troops attacked Batavia. At that time, Ki Ageng title Sultan Agung Hanyakrakusuma Senopati Juminah, Ki Ageng Purbaya, ki Ageng Puger Ing Alaga Ngabdurrahman. were the leaders. The attact was launched to Since Sultan Agung’s dream was to rule Hollandia and Bommel bastion. However, it all Javanese Island, Mataram Kingdom was was failed and caused Mataram to be pulled at involved in long term war both with local that year. Furthermore, Mataram attack was administrators or VOC Colonialization that directed to Blambangan which could be eyed Javanese Island. In 1614, Sultan Agung integrated in 1963. united , Pasuruan, Lumajang, and Malang. In 1615, the power of Mataram The history of Mataram Kings armies were more focused on Wirasaba area, In the kingdom development, King has a strategic place to face East Java. This area centre in its state area. The position legitimacy was overpowered. In 1616, there was battle and King’s power were obtained because of Among Mataram and , Pasuruan, heritage according to tradition (Notosusanto, Tuban, Wirasaba, Arosbaya, and Sumenep 1993: 5). The authority of King were more armies. It was won by Mataram armies. In the based on charisma and personal competence same year, Lasen surrendered. In 1619, Tuban strength, thus further King’s authority was and Pasuruan were united. Furthermore, institutionalized to be a tradition. In Islam Mataram directly faced Surabaya. In order to history, Kesultanan Mataram had important face it, Mataram performed besiege strategy, role in the historical journey of Islam which firstly battered remote areas as Kingdoms in Indonesian Archipelago. It was Sukadana (1622) and Madura (1624). Finally, seen from the spirit of Kings to expand the Surabaya was authorized until 1625. territorial and convert the society into Islam.

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In the beginning, Mataram was authorized by Kasultanan Pajang as the good deed of buffetting to defend Arya Panangsang. Sultan Hadiwijaya granted Mataram to Ki Ageng Pamanahan. Furthermore, by Ki Ageng Pemanahan Mataram it was built as a new residence and field. However, his presence in the area and effort of development got various comments from local arbiters. For example, Ki Ageng Giring who came from Kajoran dynasti transparently opposed his presence. Also, ki Ageng Tembayat and Ki Ageng The picture of Islam Mataram Kingdom Territory Mangir.however, there were arbiters who accepted his presence, for example ki Ageng In 1950, Panembahan Senopat Karanglo. Nevertheles, the various responses authorized Madium which at time was allied and reactions didn’t change Ki Ageng with Surabaya. In 1591, he defeated Kediri Pemanahan’s perception to continue the area and Jipang and continued it by defeating development. He built the authority centre in Pasuruan and Tuban in 1598-1599. As a new Plered and prepared strategy to defeat the Islam King, Panembahan Senopati carried out arbiters who againsted his presence. those conguests to manifest his idea that In 1575, Pamanahan passed away. He was Mataram should be cultural and Islam replaced by his son, Danang Sutawijaya or Religious centre to replace or continue Pangeran Ngabehi Loring Pasar. Besides the Kesultanan Demak (De Graaf, 1985: 287). It intention to continue his father’s dream, he was also mentioned in the chronicle story that had a dream to liberalize himself from Pajang those dreams came from the wangsit or divine authority. It caused the relationship beween inspiration received from Lipura (a village Mataram and Pajang worsened. Tense located in the Southwest of Yogyakarta). The relationship between Sutawijaya and Wangsit came ater the dream and meeting Kesultanan Pajang caused war. In this war, between Senopati and the south sea ruler, Nyi Kesultanan Pajang faced defeat. After the tax Roro Kidul, when he meditated in Parang arbiter, Hadiwijaya passed away (1587), Tritis and Langse Cave in the Southern part of Sutawijaya promoted himself to be Mataram Yogyakarta. From the meeting, it was King with the title of penembahan Senopati mentioned that in the future he would Ing Alaga Sayidin Panatagama (Mifathul A’la, dominate all Javanese Land. 2010: 103). He started to build his Kingdom 2. The Life of Mataram Kingdom Society and moved Central Administration Senopati to The life of Mataram Kingdom was Kotagede. In order to expand his territory, managed well based on Islamic law without Panembahan Senopati launched attacks in the leaving old prevailing norms. In the surrounding areas. For example by defeating administration of Islam Mataram Kingdom, a Ki Ageng Mangir and Ki Ageng Giring. King was the highest power holder, followed 35

HY. Agus Murdiyastomo:State and The Statecrac of the Centrals.... by a number of officer. In religious aspect, colonialism attacked VOIC in Batavia in 1628 there were Muslim Leader (penghulu), and 1629. According to Moejanti as quoted by preacher at the mosque, mosque official and Purwadi (2007), Sultan Agung utilized suantana who were assigned to lead religious political concept of keagung-binataran which ceremonies. In justicial aspect, there was meant that Mataram Kingdom was a unity, prosecutor position who was assigned to whole , uncompetitive and inseparated. manage the palace jurisdiction. The top of Mataram glory also influenced literature aspect. At that time, the Economical and Cultural Life Aspect palace poets competed to set forth how high Mataram Kingdom is the continuation their nobility and how old the King’s Great- of Demak and Pajang Kingdom. After Pajang grandparents origin were (De Graaf, 1985: Kingdom fell from the power arena, Mataram 281). In the literary work, it was noticed that became the replacement (Purwadi, 2007: Ki Ageng Pamanahan was the grandchild of 299). This kingdom hung its economic life authoritarian in Sela (in Grobogan area, from agricultural sector. It was caused the southern part of Demak) which were covered area located in the remote area. However, with weird stories. The literary works made at Mataram also had authority territory in the that time were lies and was only north coastal area of Java who were the Administrative Legitimation of Mataram majority were sailors. It had important role Kingdom. The Dynasti ofMataram was not for Mataram Kingdom trade current. Cultures able to concern the mandate of Sultan Agung, developed rapidly during the Mataram because many of his grandchildren became a Kingdom period were the art of dance, chisel, king and poet (Purwadi, 2007: 312). voice and literature. The form of developing However, in the further development. There culture was Kejawen Ceremony which was an were many critiques and review of literature acculturation between Hindu-Budha culture in the top period of Mataram’s glory. and Islam. Besides, literary aspect For abot 100 years, from the middle of development raised a famous literature work, the 16th century to 17th century, four kings which was Gendhing Literature Book (Kitab (especially Panembahan Senopati and Sultan Sastra Gendhing) as the mix between Islamic Agung) with their power and strictness have Law and Javanese culture or which was called forced almost all Central and East Java Kings Surya Alam Law. to obey the Mataram highest authority. At that The Top of Glory of Islam Mataram time, many King’s residences were the traffic Islam Mataram reached its glory in the of Trade, Islam knowledge, and Javanese period of Sultan Agung Hanyokrokusumo Literary and Art centre located in the coastal (1613-1646). The area covered Javanese area of northern part of Javanese Island. If the Island (except Banten and Batavia), Madura generations of King were not destroyed, the Island and Sukadana area in West Kalimantan. would espace to other places. Their degree fell At that time, Batavia was administered by and became a subordinate noblemen in the Dutch VOC (Vereenigde Oost Indische area or were forced to be new priyayi or Compagnie). Mataram military power was officials whose life depended on Mataram very enourmous. SultanAgung who was anti- Kings’ kindness De Graaf, 1985: 297). 36

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The expansion of Mataram authority interference and should sign agreement which and armies’ victory have been diiquieting more weakened Mataram as a Kingdom. them who lived in the same period and Considering Prince Puger was not willing to became the victim. In the 17th century and grant Plered to him, Amangkurat II should 18th, palace noblemen awed and glorified the build his own palace in Kartasura. King, their living cost givers assumed that the Internal conflicts, succession and prominent welfare experienced by Mataram rebellion which occurred weakened Mataram. King’s family for the first century of its It was begun by VOC recognition towards establishment was caused by magical energy Prince Puger as the King with Paku Buwono I which proected the remote kingdom. title, meanwhile, in Kartasura after the leaving Purportedly, the rapid development of of Amangkurat II, the authorization was in Mataram in the 16th and 17th century was Amangkurat III. Considering it, relative war caused by fresh, motivated society whose between uncle and nephew was unavoided. energy had not been exploited (De Graaf, Amangkurat III ran away to East Java, until 1985: 297). Besides, Mataram Development finally with Surapati’s descent surrender to was also caused by the fall of old Kingdoms in VOC and was casted to Srilangka, (Ricklefs, the coastal area. 2005 : 131). Paku Buwono I occupied the crown with debt burden towards VOC on The deterioration of Islam Mataram bigger military operation.the debt repayment The deterioration of Islam Mataram obligation certainly sucked Mataram’s wealth. was initiated when the Sultan Agung’s Areas under Mataram were caused and forced shellacking to arrogate Batavia and dominae them to disengage from Mataram. Thus the all Java from Dutch. After the shellackin, the collusion and rebellion often occurred society economic life was not managed well especially in east area. It more opened the because some parts of them were mobilized possibility for VOC to play bigger role in to be at war. It was worsened with managing Javanese Kingdoms. In fact, only Amangkurat I who replaced Sultan Agung. He VOC that could save the arbitrer to maintain was known as materialistic king who didn’t his crown although the cost was oftenly too think about his society welfare. He was also big and exceed the Kingdom payment power. known as a very cruel king, so he was As a result, new concessions were given to resented by many groups of society. As a VOC so that VOC deeper embed their nails to result of his behavior, the emergence of hold firmly Javanese land. rebellion was succeed to place In the other side, in order to “serve” the Plered Palace and forced Amangkurat I to King to maintain his power, actually VOC escape and passed in his escape. The almost ran of energy. Their financial condition succession of Amangkurat I to Amangkurat II experienced confusion. Therefore VOC should didn’t run well. Plered Palace was occupied by immediately create stability in Java so that it the other Pangeran Puger Putera Amangkurat didn’t have to expend unbeneficial money. I who received Palace Transfer when Creating stability was not easy, considering Amangkurat I escaped. Amangkurat II there were many arbiters in Mataram ascended the throne caused by VOC Kingdom who tried to detach from the bound 37

HY. Agus Murdiyastomo:State and The Statecrac of the Centrals.... with Mataram. There were also among of Meanwhile, his mother was the ancestry of them who caballed with the king’s family to , one of Walisanga. Nyai Sabinah overthrow the ruling King. Some of them had a brother, Ki Juru Martani, that transparently called VOC to ask support, so furthermore was assigned as the first patih or VOC tried to find and help the kindest figure to vice regent of Kasultanan Mataram. His VOC to be managed more easily. service was big in managing strategy to defeat Arya Panangsang in 1549. Sutawijaya was 3. The Family Tree of Mataram Kings also adopted as a child by Hadiwijaya, the Ki Ageng Pamanahan (Ki Gede regent of Pajang as the inducement, because Pamanahan) he had not a child from his marriage with his He was the founder of Mataram village wife. Furthermore, Sutawijaya was given in 1556, the son of Ki Ageng Henis, the son of residence in the northen part of market and Ki Ageng Sela, got married with his own was popular with the name Raden Ngabehi cousin, Nyai Sabinah, the daughter of Nyai Loring Pasar. The competition to defeat Arya Ageng Saba (The sister of Ki Ageng Henis). Ki Panangsang in 1549 was Sutawijaya’s first Pamanahan and his adoptive brother, Ki war experience. He was asked by his father to Panjawi served Hadiwijaya as Pajang Regent participate in the troops so that Hadiwijaya (the student of Ki Ageng Sela). Both of them had not the heart and enclosed Pajang troops were adopted as older brother by the King as the help. At that time Sutawijaya was and became lurah Wiratamtama in Pajang. teenager. He passed away in 1601 in Kajenar Hadiwijaya stayed over Danaraja Mount. Ki village. Then he was entombed in Kotagede. Pamanagan worked together with The Queen Kalinyamat to persuade Hadiwijaya so that he Raden Mas Jolang (Panembahan would face Arya Panangsang. As the present, Hanyakrawati/Sri Susuhunan Adi Prabu The Queen Kalinyamat granted her hereditary Hanyakrawati Senapati-ing-Ngalaga ring to Ki Pamanahan. Ki Pamanahan had Mataram) seven children, among them were Raden The second King of Kasultanan Ngabehi, Raden Ambu, Raden Santri, Raden Mataram who ruled from 1601 -1613, the son Tompe, Raden Kedawung (Babad Tanah Jawi, of Panembahan Senapati, the first King of 81). Kasultanan Mataram. His mother was Ratu Mas Waskitajawi, the daughter of Ki Ageng Sutawijaya (Danang Sutawijaya) Panjawi, the ruler of Pati. When he was an The founder of Kasultanan Mataram who Adipati Anom (the Crown Prince), Mas Jolang ruled as the first king in 1587- 1607, with title got married with Queen Tulungayu, the of Panembahan Senopati ing Alaga Sayidin daughter from Ponorogo. Since they had no Panatagama Khalifatullah Tanah Jawa. He was children, he got married again with Dyah considered as the pioneer of Kasultanan Banowati, the son of Prince Benawa, Pajang Mataram basics. The first son of Ki Ageng King. Then Dyah Banowati was titled Ratu Pamanagan and Nyai Sabina. According to the Mas Hadi who gave birth Raden Mas Rangsang Chronicle documents, his father was the and Queen Pandansari (furthermore became ancestry of Brawijaya, the last Majapahit King. the wife of Pangeran Pekik). Four years after 38

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Mas Jolang was given the crown, The Queen mebawa and 10,000 troops but they failed. Tulungayu gave birth a son named Raden Mas The first attact failure was anticipated bu Wuryah or Adipati Martapura. Whereas at building rice barns in Karawang and Cirebon. that time the position of the Adipati Anom was However ,VOC has destroyed all. The second held by Mas Rangsang. In 1601, he continued attact (1629) was led by Adipat Ukur and his father’s effort to conguer Surabaya, the Adipati Juminah with 14,000 troops. In the strongest Mataram enemy. Those attacts were second attact, Sultan Agung was able to dam done until his last administration in 1613 only and contaminate Ciliwung River, as a result weakened Surabaya economy but it was not cholera disease epidemic had spread to able to fall the city. The 1613 attact caused Batavia. The General Governoor VOC, J.P. Coen VOC posts in Gresik and Jortan to be burnt. As died to be the epidemic victim. an apology. Hanyakrawati allowed VOC to build new trade posts in Jepara. He also tried Amangkurat I (Sri Susuhunan Amangkurat to make relationship with VOC headquarter in Agung) Ambon. He passed away in 1613 because of an He ruled in 1646-1677. He had accident during her deer hunting in Krapyak anumerta Sunan Tegalwangi or Sunan Forest. Therefore, he was famous with the title Tegalarum title. His real name was Raden Mas of Anumerta Panembahan Seda ing Krapyak, Sayidin, the son of Sultan Agung. His mother or Panembahan Seda Krapyak which ment was Queen Wetan, the daughter of “The Majesty who passed away in Krapyak.” Tumenggung Upasanta of Batang regent (the generation of Ki Juru Martani).When he was Raden Mas Rangsang (Sultan Agung Adi assigned as Adipati Anom, his title was the Prabu Hanyakrakusuma) Prince Arya Prabu Adi Mataram. He had two He was the third King of empresses. The Daughter of Prince Pekik from KasultananlMataram who ruled in 1613-1645. Surabaya became Queen West (Ratu Kulon) Under his administration, Mataram developed who gave birth to Raden Mas Rahmat, who to be the biggest Kingdom in Java and the became Amangkurat II, while the daughter of Archipelago at that time (the top of glory). As Kajoran family became the Queen East who his service as the warrior and humanist, gave birt to Raden Mas Drajat, furthermore Sultan Agung has been assiged as Indonesian became Pakubuwana I. He obtained a very national hero based on Presidential Decree large Mataram territory and applied No. 106/TK/1975 on November 3rd, 1975. centralization or centre governmental system. The son of Prabyu Hanyakrawati and Ratu In 1647, the capital city of Mataram was Mas Adi Dyah Banawati. In 1620, Mataram moved to Plered. The palace movemet was troops besieged Surabaya periodically. The colored with the rebellion of Raden Mas Alit throw-back of Islam Mataram Kingdon was or The Prince Danupoyo, brother of caused by war defeat to seize Batavia from Amangkurat I who opposed senior figures VOC. Mataram attacked Batavia twice. annihilation. This rebellion obtained support The first attact (1628) occured in from Religious Experts (ulama) but ended Holandia castle, led by Tumenggung with the death of Mas Alit. Bahureksa, and the Prince Mandurareja 39

HY. Agus Murdiyastomo:State and The Statecrac of the Centrals....

Amangkurat I faced those religious Wanakerta forest because Plered Palace was experts. They, including their family members, occupied by his brother, Prince Puger. The which numbers were 5,000 people were new palace was called Kartasura. Amangkurat gathered on the plaza to be assassinated. II passed away in 1703. After that, there was Amangkurat I made relationship with VOC Kartasura throne battle for power between his which had been destroyed by his father. In sons, Amangkurat III and his brother, Prince 1646, he made an agreement, among them Puger. In the beginning of September 1677, VOC party was allowed to open trade posts in Jepara Agreement was made. VOC was Mataram area, on the other side, Mataram represented by . North party was allowed to trade in other islands coastal area of Java started from Karawang to dominated by VOC. Both parties exempted the east was mortaged by VOC as the military internees. The agreement was collateral to pay Trunajaya war cost payment. considered as VOC subject proof towards Mas Rahmat was assigned as Amangkurat II, a Mataram by Amangkurat I. However, he was king without a palace. Being helped by VOC, shaken when VOC arrogated Palembang in he ended the rebellion of Trunajaya on 1659. Diplomatic relationship between December 26th, 1679. Even he condemned Mataram and Makassar built by Sultan Agung Trunajaya to die with his own hand on Januari was destroyed in his son’s hand in 1658. 2nd, 1680. Amangkurat I refused Makassar representatives Makasar and asked Sultan Amangkurat III (The Real Name was Raden Hasanuddin when they came to Java. But it Mas Sutikna) was rejected. On June 28th, 1677 Trunajaya He led between 1703-1705. He was was succeed to arrogate Plered palace. called as Prince Kencet, because he had heel Amangkurat I and Mas Rahmat escaped to the defect. When he was an Adipati Anom, he got west. Babad Tanah Jawi stated that follwing married with his cousin, Raden Ayu Lembah, the fall of Plered Palace, it signified the end of the daughter of Prince Puger. Howeve she was Kasultanan mataram. The escapee of divorced because of cheating with Raden Amangkurat I made him sick and passed awa SUkra, the son of Patih Sindureja. Raden Sukra on Jully 13th, 1677 in Wanayasa village, was murdered by Mas Sutikna delegate, while Banyumas and made a will to be buried close Prince Puger was forced to condemned Ayu to his teacher in . Lembah, his daughter, to die. Mas Sutikna got married with Ayu Himpun, the sister of Ayu Amangkurat II (The Real Name Lembah. Amengkurat III group escaped to Amangkurat II was Raden Mas Rahmat) Ponorogo while taking all the Palace He was the son of Amangkurat I, the heirlooms. In the city he tortured Adipati King of Mataram was given birth by Queen Martowongso because of a misunderstanding. West, the daughter of Prince Pekik from Seeing their regent to be tortured, Ponorogo Surabaya. Amangkurat II had many wives but people rebelled. Amangkurat III escaped to he only had one son (furthermore became Madiun and moved to Kediri. Amangkurat III). In september 1680, Throughout 1707, Amangkurat III Amangkurat II built a new palace in experienced sufferings because of being chasd 40

IJSS.Vol.12, No.2, September 2016 after by Pakubuwana I troops. From Malang murdered. Kota Gede experienced rapid he moved to Blitar, then Kediri and finally he development as the economic business centre surrendered in Surabaya in 1708. The Prince and was considered as inappropriate to be the Blitar, the son of Pakubuwana I, came to administration centre. Thereofere, he Surabaya to ask Amangkurat to grant all commanded to move Palace from Kota Gede to palace heirlooms but he was rejected. Plered. Amangkurat III was willing to grant them The arrogant and cruel act of directly to . Then VOC moved Amangkurat I towards his people have built Amangkurat III to Batavia prison. There he resentment. It was proven with Trunajaya was taken and exiled in Sri Lanka. After he attact in which his relatives were destroyed passed away in the country in 1734. by Amangkurat I. Trunajaya’s attact was even Purportedly, heirlooms of Kasultanan successful to occupy Pleret Palace, and forced Mataram heritage were also taken to Sri Amangkurat I fleeing to the west, with the Lanka. However, Pakubuwana I was intention to ask VOC help in Batavia. Arriving determined by announcing that the heirlooms at Batavia, Wanayasa was sick and passed of the real Javanese Island was the Great away and buried in Tegal. The journey to Mosque of Demak and resting Batavia was continued by his son, Raden Mas place in Kadilangu, Demak. Java Suksesi War I Rahmat, and succeed to ask VOC help. (1704-1708), was between Amangkurat III Trunajaya was caught and condemned to die. and Pakubuwana I. Java Suksesi War II (1719– After the rebellion was ended, Raden Mas 1723), was between Amangkurat IV and Rahmat replaced his father’s position with the Prince Blitar and Purbaya. Java Suksesi War III title of Amangkurat II, however he didn’t came (1747–1757), was between Pakubuwana III back to Plered because it was occupied by against Hamengkubuwana I and Prince Puger. Besides, based on the belief that Mangkunegara I. Palace that had been occupied by the enemy had lost the sacredness. Thus, Amangkurat II Conclusion built a new palace in Kartasura. It was caused Mataram Kingdom was the Islam by Plered that was occupied by his brother, Kingdom built by the struggle of the founders. Prince Puger, who obtained a recognition Panembahan Senopati was successful to from VOC and title Pakubuwana I. As a defeat Pajang and built Palace in Kota Gede, Javanese King, he had initiative to attact this Palace was used by Mataram Kings until Kartasura. Then Amangkurat III escaped to the top of glory under Sultan Agung the east. After Kartasura was taken over, this Hanyakrakusuma’s administration. However palace was also left and the palace was moved Mataram defeat caused its deterioration, to Surakarta when Paku Buwono II moreover after Sultan Agung administered. Therefore, Mataram had Hanyakrakusuma passed away. His experienced four time movements, from Kota quidproquo, Amangkurat I more thougt about Gede, Plered, Kartasura, and Surakarta. his own pleasure than people and country. He was popular to have many mistresses and cold blood, whoever didn’t like him would be 41

HY. Agus Murdiyastomo:State and The Statecrac of the Centrals....

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