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$Tuilia I$Lailiii(A Volume 16, Number 1,2009 INDONESIAN Rcunxn- Ron Tslamlc Studres $TUilIA I$LAilIII(A Volume 16, Number 1,2009 INDONESIAN rcunxn- ron tsLAMlc sTUDrEs DtsuNIt"y, DlsrnNcr, DISREGARo' THE POLITICAL FAILURE OF ISMVTSU IN LATE CoI-oNnr INooNnsrn Robert E. Elson THB Tno oF IsIAM: CneNc Ho nNo THE LEGACY OF CHINESE MUSLIMS IN PRE-MODERNJAVA Sumanto Al QurtubY THnAucuENTATIoN oF RADICAL lonRs eNo THE ROLE OF ISI-AMIC EOUCNTIONAL SYSTEM IN MALAYSIA Mohd Kamarulnizam Abdullah ISSN 0215-0492 STI]ilIA ISTAilIIKA lndonesian Joumd for lslamic Studies Vol.16. no.1,2009 EDITORIALBOARD: M. Quraish Shihab (UlN lakarta) Taufik Abdullah (LIPI lakarta) Nur A. Fadhil Lubis (IAIN Sumatra Utara) M.C. Ricklefs (Melbourne Uniaersity ) Martin aan Bruinessen (Utrecht Uniztersity) John R. Bowen (Washington Uniuersity, St. Louis) M. Atho Mudzhar (IAIN logyaknrta) M. Kamal Hasan (International lslamic lJniaersity, Kuala Lumpur) M. Bary Hooker (Australian National Uniaersity, Australi.tt) Virginia Matheson Hooker (Australian National Uniaersity, Australin) EDITOR-IN-CHIEF Azyrmardi Azra EDITORS lajat Burhanuddin Saiful Muiani lamhari Fu'ad labali Oman Fathurahma ASSISTANT TO THE EDITORS Ady Setiadi Sulaiman Teslriono ENGLISH LANGUAGE ADVISOR Dickaan der Meij ARABIC LANGUAGE ADVISOR Masri el-MahsyarBidin COVER DESICNER S. Prinkn STUDIA ISLAMIKA (ISSN 021 5-0492) is a journal published by the Center for the study of Islam and society QPIM) lIlN Syarif Hidayatullah, lakarta (sTT DEPPEN No. 129/SK/ bnlfN5ppC/sTi/1976). It specinlizes in Indonesian lslamic studies in particular, and South- east Asian Islamic Studies in general, and is intended to communicate original researches and. current issues on the subject. This journal watmly welcomes contributions from scholars of related disciplines. AII articles published do not necessarily represent the aiews of the journal, or other institutions to which it is affitinted. They are solely the aiews of the authors. The articles contained in this journal haae been refereed by the Board of Editors. STUDIA ISLAMIKA hasbeen accreditedby The Ministry of National Education, Republic of lndonesia as an academic iournal (SK Dirien Dikti No' 2SaDIKTI/2004 ' Sumanto AI Qurtuby The Tao of Islam: Cheng Ho and the Legacy of Chinese Muslims in Pre-Modern |ava Abstraksi: M eskipun aruskedatangan orang-ornng Cinake Indonesia sudah berlangsung dqri sebelum abad ke-5 sampai dengan paroh pertama abad ke- 13, tidak ada satLpun keterangan sejarah yang menielasknn bahwa Islam dijadiknn sebagai agama mereka. Baru pada abad ke-15, menurut beberapa informasi yang ada, Indonesia didatangi seorang muslim Cina y ang akhirny a diketahui sebagai Laksamana Cheng Ho. Terlahir di desa He Dai, Kunyang, Yunnan sekitar tahun L370, Cheng Ho yang termasuk kedalam silsilah marga Ma-suku Hui yang mayoritas beragam Islam-sangat terinspirasi oleh perjalanan hidup ayahnya, Ma Haji (1344-1382) , seorang muslim yang taat. Seluruh keluarganya, termasuk knkek dan buyutnya, beragnma Islam dan kesemunya pernah menialanknn ibadnhhaji' Dilihat dari riwayat pendidiknn serta segala laku keseharian yang dij alankan-seperti ziar ah ke makam pendahulu Islam, mendirikan mnsiid lslam, maupun mengaj ak knum muslim untuk berlay ar besamany a-sulit untuk tidak mengatakan bahwa tokoh yang iuga dikenal dengan nama Zheng He, Sam Po Kong, Sam Poo Tay Djin, Sam Poo Tay Kam, Sam Poo Toa Lang ini adalah seorang Muslim. Namun di Indonesia, keislaman Cheng Ho sejauh ini masih kontroaersial, baik di kalnngan komunitas Tionghoa maupun Islam. Keislaman Cheng Ho seakan menjadi hal yang masih sulit diterimn oleh banyak knlangan, terlebih jika dikntaknn bahwa ia-Iebih luas, komunitas Muslim China-turut berperan penting atas perkembangan Islam di lndonesia. Sedari dulu teori yang dimunculkan-termasuk yang selalu diajarkan dalam buku-buku sejarah sekolah-adalah bahwa pihak utama penyebar ajaran Islam di Indonesia adalah pnra sufi dan pedagang asal Arab, India/Gujarat, ataupun Persia. Dengan alnsan potensial mengganggu 51 Studia Islamika, Vol.15, No.1,2009 52 Sumanto Al Qurtuby stabilitas nasional, sejak 1960-an beberapa buku yang mengangkat peran Tionghoa (Muslim Cina) dalam Islamisasi Nusantqra dilarang beredar oleh pemerintah orde Baru. sejak saat itu muncul upaya untuk selalu mereduksi segala kontribusi besar muslim Cina bagi ragam bentuk budaya lslam Indonesia. Artikel ini berupaya menegaskan bahwa Muslim Cina faktanya terah turut membentuk apa yang selanjutnya disebut sebagai "sino-laaanese Muslim Culture", sebuah proses akulturasi budaya China, Islam dan lawa. Hadirnya sumber-sumber cina,Iiteratur lokal (kronik) larna, tradisi Iisan, serta pelbagai peninggalan purbakala Islam-artefak dan benda- benda arkeologis lainlang terdapat dslam rentang abad ke-15/16 telah mengisaratkan bahwa pengaruh Cina di lawa memang kuat. Llkiran padas di masjid kuno Mantingan-l ep ara, menara masj id pecinnan Banten, konstruksi pintu maknm sunan Giri di Gresik, arsitektur keraton Cirebon beserta Taman sunyaragi, konstruksi masjid Demnk-khususnya soko tatal penyangga masjid beserta lambang kura-kura-konstruksi masjid sekayu di semarang, ataupun masjid Kali Angke dan Masjid Kebun leruk di laknrta, setidaknya dapat memperkuat asumsi tersebut. Tanpa mengesampingkan peran muslim Cina lain, tokoh yang sangat berperan bagi terjadinya proses tersebut adalah Cheng Ho. Rekam jejak yang telah terdeskripsikan dalam catatan sejarah Indonesia masa kolonial menegaskan bahwa keberadaan tokoh muslim Cina ini turut serta mempengaruhi corak budaya Islam Indonesia, terkhusus lawa. Selain sebagai penasehat utama Kaisar Yung-Lo-Kaisar ketiga dari Dinasti Ming, Cina yang berkuasa tahun 1403-1424-ia juga dikenal sebagai seorang pelaut muslim yang dengan bermodalkan 62 kapat besar dan 225 knpal kecil yang terdiri dari 27.s50 anggota telah berhasil melakukan ekspedisi ke lebih dari 37 negara, termasuk Indonesia yang dalam kurun t ahun 1 40 5 -1 4 3 3, t el ah 7 kal i ia kunj ungi. D al am kont eks Isl am N us ant ar a, selain terjadinya persebaran komunitas muslim Cina, kunjungan Cheng Ho beserta ribuan armadanya tersebut juga berdampak bagi terbentuknya relasi kultural yang sangat erat. Penting dicatat, Cheng Ho terlibat mendakwahknn ajaran Islam sesuai dengan prinsip-prinsip Islam yang selanjutnya ia kombinasikan dengan beberapa prinsip idenl yang diadopsi dari ajaran tokal Cina seperti confusiusme maupun Taoisme. Di sinitah titik singgung terkait relasi antara Islam sebagai agama lokal Indonesia dengan beberapa prinsip Tao sebagai kepercayan lokal China bisa diidentifikasi. Dan itu sudah terlihat sebagai sebuah fenomena global pada saat lawa belum bersinggungan dengan unsur -unsLu modernitas. Sl ud ia Islamikn. Vol. 1 5. No. 1, 2009 Sumanto AI Qurtuby The Tao of Islam: Cheng Ho and the Legacy of Chinese Muslims in Pre-Modern Java 6- ,"rLJl Jll J+ f+ -ii [*-;: JiI J e4*)\ )J.;2> g1 :i^vi}/J-l .:t rL" \i -r-f 1 ci ll csr$t ,.;,c cJUJt o,l\ .y Jy)l .A-Jl ojl_f e>)!.t r:t-e ojl CS .n4; d^JJl ,,r) V #-sV j;.- o*gl r+ Li ,e:"e A- A, JF dl *-+;-r;)t ot"r*JJt ,:a C,=,--C\ *s'P \lV. ptc C l:s "rr 6*- " Cher,gHo.l6UJ! Ma dUUl F tf fy ,;U!t A ,J "c51, H" Dai a; ^ibr, evf "*" &, "f^ 6+:j" Jtt .i".LJl -J.cf ..r15 "q5;o" 116 a$Jl ,y) "v" ,i J-J"i, t A ) .s-rJl (\fAy-\rtt) ",r*[- " iJt.J-t 4i o\1- ;..," a-;--S |gi ;L;!ly .:t.s!t k. alsb :tr-if -ri f-e+ 3'+3 ..a;-ult J,"J-ll ZhengHe, 9-6*, Wslls JrJ+a\lrY};*^J.:Jl ;lil:Ll ;1 ,,J- Sam Po Kong, Sam Poo Tay Djin, Sam Poo Tay Kam, Sam poo'rf Toa r""*J.l eqy jl;)l *-i+' ,,* JI;_,,Ul F a4lt ,-s*;:t1 Lang " u-{ F .;*t--tl _rr fa! J4 oi ?-4 cri*X a,.rJ*l\ 6_frs tg ,i 6;l C.:+t -ue_dr.f ,\2* V4 j*l .3 J-r4r ri uL*, "r^ 6*rt "r^ " I 6u;, p),L-l r.tif o.Ult JI etg $ Lr .d4*-Jy;i;)t ;nJ-It .r;," ory: ..!*.*1-ul d 1),t-)t -4 C -611 ,f kt-;,e t-.*"! ,C*lt ol-;," J't' +"rJJt ,-.ir g ;,tAIs durt i;" *:-At .)!r)!l ..)lr .r; .:ll ,ta.:ltS o*A\ r^ l**+r-i;l J p)-!t ,^. ;p,L,lt ;o;Ut ,:i -p;, ";4-141 &-Pt" OrdeBaru ur{Jt c.^*, -r,! .,,t;jl1 >j,-L\1 a\t ,_er- o;iruf .,|c f+;ru! 3L)r -p c c--et;;: -r-i, -.,t;f *6 a,6 J ),t\ s* sf qsi >j4> ,>r4b Lr .'LJJ €-4\ .,r)UUr. ob) Mrs la-)r"fJ-;rJ .'rL up (* e lY*:j.Jj!+)-l 53 Studia lslamika, Vol. 16, No. 1, 20a9 54 Sumanto Al Qurtuby sr*-- u ar-& J )Jt I .,r4Jl +JI J|, -l.Jit .,le alull or^ J_jl-+ ;.;*c)t crUf-ijl ,g ;.sl,.ll ;:I^r dJ "+.,)r\.-l tg; z+*c o-tljJ "+ c,!t-(lt; qlAt .u1V1; ay)L-!ly rlLJ,t g-l_Jl F ^+*lt r:l*Jl ,*:1 ;.iLJl a=,)L-)l qr;-ilt ,".:LJly ,:o u*tl\ Jll Jl c>y CJt ,tJ!l; -r.j"tjil J-Ui cP Sa u.irA .61V 6av J i*'en ,S i'v JL,;o ";1r.5t-" 1;L*4 Mantingan-Jepara J pUJt C"ti.l ,J .-o,rvj\ J, " ,-r!t .-.,6;tJly J G;e dUr" eA f***i; ,;-.!! ,J CA\ C,t--U f,.at- Jkp J-*-.- *V1 j\t\a- ,65 oy"-ty ,3 ,^t\ f4'J C*1s 5*t ,JS -r-*-A,J elrL* 3"1a(-" s,.--.*,, *V1 6)J..)) 6)J -e .:.*pul U-{e !5",* oyS t^*j 4AtJl +;!t J LLi 1;;-: ,-J ,!t .-+Jt c,li.4r.^iJl t'\ ,f s gtd\.:\**-:J1 Kg,t.d.irr!l tx"."St ), ?e "l 6*;j" * J J*rl lj.a & Si-$l JL.,:-!l )ee C ;:r,+rll :***yl)l u-{ .61\-'y: 6aV z,cv :**+y-r.;!l 4/)-)1 ajt-all ='V C J,F Cl LtJuJl Ming aJiJ.t ;-!t ;'" yung-Lo :"*Ct ,e;ll \F \)u"u- 1\ :9l1 L-J**^ lJt-4 trtf cg;:$l \tYt -\t.l;to r)Jl & ug lJ'a-jJl ,t-le,1 6-tV;,.o;Sa tSl, YVoo.
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