La Relación Entre Las Crisis Economicas Y Las Guerras Tomo Vi
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
Selected Works of Chokan Valikhanov Selected Works of Chokan Valikhanov
SELECTED WORKS OF CHOKAN VALIKHANOV CHOKAN OF WORKS SELECTED SELECTED WORKS OF CHOKAN VALIKHANOV Pioneering Ethnographer and Historian of the Great Steppe When Chokan Valikhanov died of tuberculosis in 1865, aged only 29, the Russian academician Nikolai Veselovsky described his short life as ‘a meteor flashing across the field of oriental studies’. Set against his remarkable output of official reports, articles and research into the history, culture and ethnology of Central Asia, and more important, his Kazakh people, it remains an entirely appropriate accolade. Born in 1835 into a wealthy and powerful Kazakh clan, he was one of the first ‘people of the steppe’ to receive a Russian education and military training. Soon after graduating from Siberian Cadet Corps at Omsk, he was taking part in reconnaissance missions deep into regions of Central Asia that had seldom been visited by outsiders. His famous mission to Kashgar in Chinese Turkestan, which began in June 1858 and lasted for more than a year, saw him in disguise as a Tashkent mer- chant, risking his life to gather vital information not just on current events, but also on the ethnic make-up, geography, flora and fauna of this unknown region. Journeys to Kuldzha, to Issyk-Kol and to other remote and unmapped places quickly established his reputation, even though he al- ways remained inorodets – an outsider to the Russian establishment. Nonetheless, he was elected to membership of the Imperial Russian Geographical Society and spent time in St Petersburg, where he was given a private audience by the Tsar. Wherever he went he made his mark, striking up strong and lasting friendships with the likes of the great Russian explorer and geographer Pyotr Petrovich Semyonov-Tian-Shansky and the writer Fyodor Dostoyevsky. -
Space and Myth in Surakarta Kasunanan Palace, Indonesia
SPACE AND MYTH IN SURAKARTA KASUNANAN PALACE, INDONESIA A PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATION OF SPATIAL AND MYTHICAL QUALITIES OF THE PALACE AND HOW THEY RELATE TO THE POWER AND AUTHORITY OF THE K1NG/DOM By WAHYU DEWANTO (Architect) SUBMITTED IN FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE & URBAN DESIGN UNIVERSITY OF TASMANIA LAUNCESTON U-S-T-R-A-L—I-A NOVEMBER 1997 STATEMENT OF AUTHENTICITY OF MATERIAL This dissertation contains no material which has been accepted for the award of any other degree or diploma in any institution and to the best of my knowledge and belief, the research contains no material previously published or written by another person, except where due reference has been made in the text of the dissertation. ahyu Dewanto Launceston, 21 November 1997 STATEMENT OF AUTHORITY OF ACCESS TO LOAN AND COPYING The University of Tasmania and its approved officers and representatives are authorised to loan or make limited copies of this dissertation for general dispersal in the interests of academic research, subject to the Copyright act 1968. Signed Wahyu Dewanto Launceston, 21 November 1997 111 abstract Surakarta Kasunanan palace, in central Java, is an important part of the heritage of the Indonesian nation. It is regarded as a centre of Javanese culture. The architecture of the palace represents the complexity of Indonesian culture, where local tradition and external social, cultural and religious influences are manifested in the form and structure. Surakarta Kasunanan palace as a whole is considered a sacred place, gives a religious impression and reflects the characteristics of the kingdom. -
Personnages Marins Historiques Importants
PERSONNAGES MARINS HISTORIQUES IMPORTANTS Années Pays Nom Vie Commentaires d'activité d'origine Nicholas Alvel Début 1603 Angleterre Actif dans la mer Ionienne. XVIIe siècle Pedro Menéndez de 1519-1574 1565 Espagne Amiral espagnol et chasseur de pirates, de Avilés est connu Avilés pour la destruction de l'établissement français de Fort Caroline en 1565. Samuel Axe Début 1629-1645 Angleterre Corsaire anglais au service des Hollandais, Axe a servi les XVIIe siècle Anglais pendant la révolte des gueux contre les Habsbourgs. Sir Andrew Barton 1466-1511 Jusqu'en Écosse Bien que servant sous une lettre de marque écossaise, il est 1511 souvent considéré comme un pirate par les Anglais et les Portugais. Abraham Blauvelt Mort en 1663 1640-1663 Pays-Bas Un des derniers corsaires hollandais du milieu du XVIIe siècle, Blauvelt a cartographié une grande partie de l'Amérique du Sud. Nathaniel Butler Né en 1578 1639 Angleterre Malgré une infructueuse carrière de corsaire, Butler devint gouverneur colonial des Bermudes. Jan de Bouff Début 1602 Pays-Bas Corsaire dunkerquois au service des Habsbourgs durant la XVIIe siècle révolte des gueux. John Callis (Calles) 1558-1587? 1574-1587 Angleterre Pirate gallois actif la long des côtes Sud du Pays de Galles. Hendrik (Enrique) 1581-1643 1600, Pays-Bas Corsaire qui combattit les Habsbourgs durant la révolte des Brower 1643 gueux, il captura la ville de Castro au Chili et l'a conserva pendant deux mois[3]. Thomas Cavendish 1560-1592 1587-1592 Angleterre Pirate ayant attaqué de nombreuses villes et navires espagnols du Nouveau Monde[4],[5],[6],[7],[8]. -
Download Download
Historia Pedagogia Vol. 7 No. 1 - Jun 2018 HISTORIA PEDAGOGIA Jurnal Penelitian dan Inovasi Pendidikan Sejarah Vol. 7. No. 1 - Juni 2018 [ISSN: 2301-489X] Hlm. 36—43 https://journal.unnes.ac.id/sju/index.php/hp Model Pembelajaran Kolaboratif Kunjungan Wisata Sebagai Upaya Penanaman Nilai-Nilai Perjuangan Trunajaya Kepada Siswa SMA Darwati SMA Negeri 1 Tuntang ABSTRACT The fading sense of nationalism is increasingly becoming a concern for the nation today. If the bad reality continues, it means learning history in school has failed. This is because history learning has the greatest role in the preservation of national values, heroism, and its cultivation in each student's soul. The right material for instilling a sense of na- tionalism is the introduction of Trunajaya's struggle. This is because the struggle is not regional. The objectives to be achieved through this paper are: 1) Knowing that the tour-based collaboration learning model is precisely applied to the learning history of the Trunajaya struggle; 2) Knowing the factors that must be considered in carrying out collabo- rative learning models based on tourist visits to the historical material of Trunajaya's struggle in order to optimally become a tool for planting the values of struggle. Based on the study it can be concluded: 1) The learning model of the Tourist Visit is the right learning model for learning that aims to instill the values of Trunajaya's struggle for high school students; 2) In its application, the Learning Visit learning model needs to be collaborated with other learning models to improve the effectiveness of learning. -
Battle of Gegodog
Battle of Gegodog Main article: Battle of Gegodog. included his former protégé Trunajaya.[28] In the few months after the victory in Gegodog, the rebels quickly took Javanese northern trading towns from Surabaya westward to Cirebon, including the towns of Kudus and Demak.[28] The towns fell easily, partly because their fortifications had been destroyed due to their conquest by Sultan Agung about 50 years earlier.[28] Only Jepara managed to. The Battle of Gegodog took place in 13 October 1676 during the Trunajaya rebellion, and resulted in the victory of the rebel forces over the Mataram army led by the Crown Prince Pangeran Adipati Anom. Gegodog is located in the northeastern coast of Java, east of Tuban. Battle of Gegodog. H. Battle of Halmstad. L. Lancaster raid. O. Battle of Öland. P. Battle of Palermo. Siege of Philippsburg (1676). R. Revolt of the Three Feudatories. Russo-Turkish War (1676â“1681). S. The Battle of Gegodog (also spelled Battle of Gogodog) took place in 13 October 1676 during the Trunajaya rebellion, and resulted in the victory of the rebel forces over the Mataram army led by the Crown Prince Pangeran Adipati Anom. Gegodog is located in the northeastern coast of Java, east of Tuban. The crown prince expected a sham battle from Trunajaya, his former protégé. However, Trunajaya offered a real fight which resulted in a decisive victory over the much larger royal army. For the 1945 battle commemorated as Heroes' day in Indonesia, see Battle of Surabaya. Battle of SurabayaPart o. at the Battle of Gegodog.[4][5] The rebels continued to win victories and gain territories in the following month, taking most of the northern coast of Java as far west as Cirebon.[5] Facing the imminent collapse of his authority, the Mataram King Amangkurat I sought help from the VOC in Batavia.[6] On 20 January 1677, Admiral Cornelis Speelman, recently named. -
Out of a Crocodile's Mouth, Enter a Tiger's Snout
Out of A Crocodile’s Mouth, Enter A Tiger’s Snout: Kingship in Cirebon and the Dutch East India Company’s Intervention in the Late Seventeenth Century M.A. Thesis Satrio Dwicahyo Supervisor: Dr. Lennart Bes Table of Contents Table of Contents.................................................................................................................................................... 1 List of Pictures, Maps, and Tables .......................................................................................................................... 2 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................................ 3 Cirebon as A Sovereign ..................................................................................................................................... 4 Cirebon between Major Powers ........................................................................................................................ 8 Research Question ........................................................................................................................................... 11 Previous Related Studies ................................................................................................................................. 12 Sources and Challenges .................................................................................................................................. 14 Structure of the Study..................................................................................................................................... -
Empires of the Silk Road: a History of Central Eurasia from the Bronze
EMPIRES OF THE SILK ROAD A History of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the Present 5 CHRISTOPHER I. BECKWITH PRINCETON UNIVERSITY PRESS Princeton and Oxford Copyright © 2009 by Princeton University Press Published by Princeton University Press, 41 William Street, Princeton, New Jersey 08540 In the United Kingdom: Princeton University Press, 6 Oxford Street, Woodstock, Oxfordshire OX20 1TW All Rights Reserved Library of Congress Cata loging- in- Publication Data Beckwith, Christopher I., 1945– Empires of the Silk Road : a history of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the present / Christopher I. Beckwith. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978- 0- 691- 13589- 2 (hardcover : alk. paper) 1. Asia, Central–History. 2. Europe, Eastern—History. 3. East Asia—History. 4. Middle East—History. I. Title. DS329.4.B43 2009 958–dc22 2008023715 British Library Cata loging- in- Publication Data is available Th is book has been composed in Minion Pro. Printed on acid- free paper. ∞ press.princeton.edu Printed in the United States of America 1 3 5 7 9 10 8 6 4 2 CONTENTS 5 preface vii a c k n o w l e d g m e n t s x v abbreviations and sigla xvii introduction xix prologue: The Hero and His Friends 1 1 Th e Chariot Warriors 29 2 Th e Royal Scythians 58 3 Between Roman and Chinese Legions 78 4 Th e Age of Attila the Hun 93 5 Th e Türk Empire 112 6 Th e Silk Road, Revolution, and Collapse 140 7 Th e Vikings and Cathay 163 8 Chinggis Khan and the Mongol Conquests 183 9 Central Eurasians Ride to a Eu ro pe an Sea 204 10 Th e Road Is Closed 232 11 Eurasia without a Center 263 12 Central Eurasia Reborn 302 epilogue: Th e Barbarians 320 appendix a: Th e Proto- Indo- Eu ro pe ans and Th eir Diaspora 363 appendix b: Ancient Central Eurasian Ethnonyms 375 endnotes 385 bibliography 427 index 457 This page intentionally left blank PREFACE 5 Th is book presents a new view of the history of Central Eurasia and the other parts of the Eurasian continent directly involved in Central Eurasian history. -
Neither Chinese Nor Outsiders: Yi and Non-Yi in the Qing Imperial Worldview
yi and non-yi in the qing Asia Major (2020) 3d ser. Vol. 33.1: 103-46 matthew w. mosca Neither Chinese Nor Outsiders: Yi and Non-Yi in the Qing Imperial Worldview abstract: This article studies the development during the Qing of the Hua–Yi (“Chinese– foreigner” or “civilized–barbarian”) dichotomy by examining two questions. First, what peoples within and outside the Qing realm could, in the eyes of the state, le- gitimately be described as Yi? Second, from the perspective of the Qing state, what criteria determined that status? It argues that the Qing state modified the preceding, Ming-era, Hua–Yi binary into a tripartite division by carving out an implicit third status—“non-Yi.” “Non-Yi” applied to Inner Asians, particularly Manchus and Mon- gols, who were regarded as distinct from Han Chinese but equal in their level of civilization and not subject to the discourse of “transformation” applied to those con- sidered Yi. Studying this “non-Yi” status offers insight into the Qing ideology that justified Manchu rule over a composite state of which China was only one compo- nent. The conclusion explores tensions and contradictions apparent when the Qing state tried to repurpose existing Chinese political vocabulary to discuss the equal but distinct status of Inner Asia within the Qing realm. keywords: Qing empire, ideology, Hua–Yi (Chinese-barbarian) dichotomy, Inner Asia he Qing state wove its ideological pronouncements so intricately T that historians are still working to unravel its craftsmanship. In the judgment of some, its Manchu rulers pursued “a policy of system- atic sinicization” and became orthodox Confucian monarchs.1 Oth- ers highlight their claim to a special “Manchu Way” that raised them Matthew W. -
State and the Statecract of the Centrals of Government Mataram Islam Kingdom in Java
IJSS.Vol.12, No.2, September 2016 STATE AND THE STATECRACT OF THE CENTRALS OF GOVERNMENT MATARAM ISLAM KINGDOM IN JAVA HY. Agus Murdiyastomo3 Abstract This study is aimed to examine the dynamic of Islamic Mataram kingdom, focusing more on administrative system in Islam Mataram. This research used the five stages historical research method according to Kuntowijoyo, which are topic selection, heuristic, verification, interpretation and writing. Panembahan Senopati defeated Pajang and built a palace in Kotagede which later was used by Mataram kings until their peak of glory under Sultan AgungHanyakrakusuma. However the defeat of Mataram from VOC caused them to lose their ground, moreover after Sultan AgungHanyakrakusuma deceased. His successor, Amangkurat I think that Kotagede as the central of economic activities considered to be no longer suitable for the central of government. Therefore he ordered to move the palace from Kotagede to Pleret. Raden Mas Rahmat, as ‘Amangkurat II’, didn’t want to go back to Pleret because it had been taken by Puger Prince, and then built new palace in Kartasura. Amangkurat III escaped to the east when Kartasura was taken. But this palace would also be abandoned later, and moved to Surakarta when Pakubuwono II ruled the place. Mataram moved its government four times, from Kotagede, Plered, Kartasura, and lastly, Surakarta. Keywords: government, Islamic Mataram. 3 Yogyakarta State University. Email: [email protected] 31 HY. Agus Murdiyastomo:State and The Statecrac of the Centrals.... Introduction During the Islam period in Indonesia, many Initially Islam Mataram Kingdom had cities used territories in coastal area, such as the capital city in Kota Gede, 6 km far to the Samudra Pasai, Demak, Banten, and Makassar. -
KNIGHT L E T T ER ______!I O !E !~ L 28!______COMMUNICATION for KNIGHT FAMILY RESEARCHERS · VOL, XIV Merle Ganier, Editor No
.. KNIGHT L E T T ER _________________ !i_O_!e_!~_l_28!_ __________________ _ COMMUNICATION FOR KNIGHT FAMILY RESEARCHERS · VOL, XIV Merle Ganier, Editor No. 4 __________ZJ:.0§ Qr~!:_ ~tE_e!:t.t. foE_t_W~X".!:.h.t. I.e.¥~ 16111 ___________ _ MOSES FERGUSON, SR. REUNION OF DESCENDANI'S OF NELSON KNIGHI' His Descendants as They Pertain to HELD AT CARTHAGE, MISSOORI Margaret Ferguson and Preston Knight Contrib.lted by Wilma Green, 1735 Hazel Contrib.lted by Frances Clayton Knight St,, 5-D, Carthage MO 648)6 and John J, Knight, 12798 Patoka Court, Apple Valley CA 92)07 our fourth annual Knight Reunion, held on September lJth here at Carthage, was lA. Moses Ferguson, Sr., was born Febru a huge success. On Saturday we had a ary 1762, Baltimore, Maryland. He tour of places of interest, a luncheon, was the son of Robert Ferguson, Jr., with professional pictures and a dinner and Elizabeth Wylley, who were mar meeting, and on Sunday we had our picnic ried in New York on October 5, 1757. at a Carthage park. He fought in the Revolutionary War from South Carolina. He was married Included among those present were: to Elizabeth Cox about 1790, in ei Francis (Knight) Fox from Hawaii, who ther North Carolina or South Caro met her husband in Boston later for a lina. The border between the states trip around the world; Elmo and Cleo was changing constantly, and since Knight, Colorado; Utha (Knight) Hall, no iµ!thentlc record of the marriage Idaho; Juanita (Knight) Rice, Arizona; was ever found, we can't say the Edgar Burkhart, grandson of Charlotte exact location where they were mar Knight Burkhart, and wife Carma, from ried. -
Ganden Phodrang (1642 – 1951/59)
Ganden Phodrang (1642 – 1951/59) Foir Major Schools of Tibetan Buddhism The end of Mongol overlordship (1642-1644) Relationship with Ming China (before 1644) Relationship with Qing China (1644 – 1911) Sino-Nepalese War (1788-1789) Special topic: Tibetan medicine Four Major schools of Tibetan Buddhism The four main ones overlap markedly, such that "about eighty percent or more of the features of the Tibetan schools are the same". Differences include the use of apparently, but not actually, contradictory terminology, opening dedications of texts to different deities and whether phenomena are described from the viewpoint of an unenlightened practitioner or of a Buddha. On questions of philosophy they have no fundamental differences, according to the Fourteenth Dalai Lama. The Tibetan adjectival suffix -pa is translatable as "-ist" in English. Another common but trivial differentiation is into the Yellow Hat (Gelug) and Red Hat (non-Gelug) sects, a division that mirrors the distinction between the schools. Nyingma "The Ancient Ones" are the oldest Buddhist school, the original order founded by Padmasambhava and Śāntarakṣita. Whereas other schools categorize their teachings into the two yānas or "vehicles", Hinayana and Mahayana a, the Nyingma tradition classifies its teachings into Nine Yānas. Kagyu “Lineage of the (Buddha's) Word”. This is an oral tradition which is very much concerned with the experiential dimension of meditation. Its most famous exponent was Milarepa, an 11th-century mystic. In the 20th century it was represented by the teacher Kalu Rinpoche. Sakya The "Grey Earth" school represents the scholarly tradition. Headed by the Sakya Trizin, this tradition was founded by Khön Könchok Gyelpo (1034–1102), a disciple of the great lotsāwa Drogmi Shākya and traces its lineage to the mahasiddha Virūpa. -
On the Torgud (Kalmyks of the Volga Region) Banner in Western Qalqa During the Middle Years of the Yongzheng Reign (1728-1731)
On the Torgud (Kalmyks of the Volga Region) Banner in Western Qalqa during the Middle Years of the Yongzheng Reign (1728- 1731) Tsongol B. Natsagdorj Mongolian Academy of Sciences, Mongolia Volume 13, 2015 As the result of the first Qing- Dzungar confrontation at the end of the 17th century, different Oyirad groups were incorporated into the empire. This essay discusses one Torgud (Kalmyk) jasaγ-banner among them, which, unlike its better-known counter- part on the Etsina River, has remained virtually unknown to scholarship. The Qing government, hoping to ally against the Dzungars with the Kalmyk- Torgud polity in the Ural- Volga region, offered favorable treatment to Torguds who entered its territory. The formation of this second, little-known Torgud jasaγ- banner was a manifestation of this policy. However, this policy failed when the strains of war caused their loyalty to fellow Oyirads to overcome that owed to the Qing government. 论雍正中期西喀尔喀蒙古的土尔扈特部(伏尔加地区的卡尔梅克人) (1728- 1731) Tsongol B. Natsagdorj 那楚克道尔吉 蒙古科学院 十七世纪末清朝与准噶尔部之间的首次战争,使得卫拉特蒙古的 诸多部落并入了大清帝国的疆域。本文将讨论这些部落中的土尔扈特(卡尔 梅克)札萨克旗;有别于著名的额济纳流域的土尔扈特部,这支部落在学术 界迄今无人提及。为了联合乌拉尔山— 伏尔加河地区的卡梅尔克— 土尔扈特 政权共同对抗准噶尔部,清朝政府向进入其疆域内的土尔扈特部提供了优渥 的待遇。这支鲜为人知的土尔扈特札萨克旗的形成,即是清廷该项政策的产 物。不过,当战争的压力使得他们对卫拉特部同胞的忠诚压倒了对清廷的忠 诚,这项政策最终宣告失败。 http://dx.doi.org/10.3998/saksaha.13401746.0013.001 1 Saksaha Vol. 13 論雍正中期西喀爾喀蒙古的土爾扈特部(伏爾加地區的卡爾梅克人) (1728- 1731) Tsongol B. Natsagdorj 那楚克道爾吉 蒙古科學院 十七世紀末清朝與準噶爾部之間的首次戰爭,使得衛拉特蒙古的諸多部 落並入了大清帝國的疆域。本文將討論這些部落中的土爾扈特(卡爾梅克) 札薩克旗;有別於著名的額濟納流域的土爾扈特部,這支部落在學術界迄今 無人提及。為了聯合烏拉爾山— 伏爾加河地區的卡梅爾克— 土爾扈特政權共 同對抗準噶爾部,清朝政府向進入其疆域內的土爾扈特部提供了優渥的待 遇。這支鮮為人知的土爾扈特札薩克旗的形成,即是清廷該項政策的產物。 不過,當戰爭的壓力使得他們對衛拉特部同胞的忠誠壓倒了對清廷的忠誠, 這項政策最終宣告失敗。 When the Qalqa noblemen submitted to the Kangxi emperor in 1691, the Qing em- pire incorporated most of the eastern Mongols of the so- called Six Myriarchies of the time of Batu-Möngke Dayan Qaγan.