Index

Abbasid Caliphate (750–1258), “animal-style art,”54 Beijing, 182–183, 231, 233, 154, 207 Annam, 216, 231 236, 250, 252, 278, Abaoji (872–926), Emperor Anti-Rightist campaign, 361 317, 324, 356, 372, Taizu of Liao dynasty 182 Anyang, 15–16, 20 381–382, 393 economic policies, 182, 184 apsaras, 112 Beijing opera, 246 government structure Ardebil shrine, 235 Beijing Man (Sinanthropus and, 184 arhat, 107 pekinensis), 6 written script and, 182 Arigh Böke, 208 Beijing University, 310, Abu Said of Siraf, 157 Arrow, 283 324–327, 331–334, 337 Academia Sinica, 325 Autumn Harvest Beilitung discovery, 163–164 Afghanistan, U.S. invasion, 380 Uprising, 332, 337 Belt and Road Initiative, 384 agrarian reform, 346 Avalokitesvara (Guanyin), 108 Bencao gangmu (Compendium Aguda, Emperor Taizu of Jin of Materia Medica), 249 dynasty, 186 Ba Jin (1904–2005), 336, 361, bi ring, 19 Ahmad, 216 369, 373 Bilingsi, 112 Ai Qing (1910–1996), 388 backyard steel furnaces, birth control campaign, Ai Weiwei (1957–), 388 363, 366 361, 373–374 Aigun, Treaty of, 284, 297 baihua, 324–325 Blue Shirts, 337 Aksu, 393 Bakunin, Mikhail, 336 Bo Juyi (772–846), 161 Alexander II, Tsar of Russia, 296 Bamiyan, 101 Bo Xilai (1949–), 381 alfalfa, 72, 90 Ban Biao (3–54)86 Bo Yibo (1908–2007), 381 Alamut, 207 Ban Chao (32–102), 81 Bodhi tree, 106 Altan Khan, 250 Ban Gu (32–92), 81 Bodhidharma, 141–142 amban, 270 Ban Zhao (45-ca. bodhisattvas, 108–109, 112, Amitabha (Buddha of Infinite 116), 81, 91–92 140, 142, 144 Light, Buddha of WesternCOPYRIGHTED Han history, 86 MATERIALBogdo Gegen, 268, 270, 297 Paradise), 108, 142, 247 women and, 84 Bogue, Treaty of, 282 Amur River, 297 Bandung Conference, 360 Bohai Kingdom, 183, 185 An Lushan (703–757), 150 Bangkok, 393 Book of Documents Yan dynasty, 153, 158, 161 Banners, 259, 292 (Shujing), 52, 63 An Qingzu, 150 Banpo, 7–9 Book of Odes An Shigao (?-168), 109 barefoot doctors, 389 (Shujing), 51–53, 63 Analects (Lunyu), 42, 46 baojia, 176–177 daya and, 51 Andersson, J. G., 6 begs, 293 xiaoya and, 51

A History of China, Second Edition. Morris Rossabi. © 2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Published 2021 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

397

bindex.indd 397 05-02-2021 17:08:39 Index

Borodin, Mikhail (1884–1951), Changan, 70, 93, 98, 124, 150, Chu ci (Songs of the South or 328–329, 331 156–158, 168–169 Songs of Chu), 39 Boxers (Yihequan; Changsha ware.163 Chuanqi, 245 Society of Righteous chariots, 32, 34 Churchill, Winston, 346 and Harmonious Chefoo Convention, 302 Ci Xi (1835–1908), Empress Fists), 311–312 Chen dynasty, 97 Dowager of Qing dynasty, Boxer Indemnity, 334–335 Chen Baxian (503–559), 97 300–302, 310, 313 Boxer Protocol, 313–315 Chen Cheng (d. civil service examinations, British East India Company, 1457), 229–230 146, 171, 174, 218, 268, 278, 281 Chen Duxiu (1879–1942), 227, 243, 313 bronzes, 18–19, 34, 89 326–328 Clinton, William, 377 inscriptions and, 53–54 Chen Youliang (1320–1363), Clubb, O. Edmund Broomhall, Marshall, 303 224–226 (1901–1989), 556 Buddha (Siddhartha Gautama, Chen Zilong (1608–1647), 246 Clunas, Craig, 234 Shakyamuni) (ca. 563–483 Cheng Hao (1032–1085), 173 Cohong, 278, 282 BCE)105–106, 108–109 Cheng Tang, founder of communes, 364, 374–375 Buddhism, 35, 222 Shang, 13, 15 Communist International Ming dynasty and, 246–247 Cheng Yi (1033–1107), 173 (Comintern), suppression of, 155–156 Chengde, 271 327–328, 331 Bukhara, 294 Chengdu, 94 compradors, 309, 315, 328 Bund (Shanghai), 334 Chengzhou, 24 Confucianism as State Bureau of Academicians, 172 Chengziya, 10 Cult, 81–83, 91 Bureau of Military Affairs, 172 Chennault, Claire Lee (1893– Confucius, (551–479 BCE) Burhan Shahidi 1958), 343–344 30, 35, 38–40 (1894–1989), 353 Chiang Ching-kuo, 392 Analects (Lunyu) and, 42, 46 Chiang Kai-shek (1887–1975), Book of Odes and, 52 Cai Jing (1047–1126), 179 292, 322, 329, 339–340, education and, 43 Cai Yuanpei (1868–1940), 342–344, 346, 392 life of, 41 324–327 China Merchants’ Steam social change and, 41 Canton Commune, 332, 337 Navigation Company, 300 virtues and, 42 Cao Cao (155–220), 80 Chinese Buddhist Convention of Peking, 298 Cao Pi (187–226), 80, 93 Association, 359 Council of State (Song Cao Xueqin (1715 or 1724– Chinese Islamic dynasty), 171 1763–1764), 273–274 Association, 359 cowry shells, 22 Cao Yin 273 Chinese Eastern Railway, 315 Crimean War, 294 Castiglione, Guiseppe Chinese Educational (1688–1761), 267 Mission, 299 Da Li (1897–1946), 337 cavalry, 32, 34 Chinese Exclusion Act, 285 Da Ming lü, 227 celadon ware, 192 Chinggis Khan (ca. 1162–1227) Da Ming yitongzhi, 248 Censorate, 172 66, 203–204, 271, 393 Da Tang Xiyuji (Record of the Central Committee of the campaigns, 204–205 Western Regions in the Chinese Communist foreign religions and, 205 Great Tang), 138 Party, 358 legacy of, 205 Da Xue (Great Learning), 162 Chabi (1227–1281), life of, 203 Daidu, 220 210–211, 216 military training, 203–204 Dalai Lama, 269–270, 354–355, Chahar Mongols, 261 support of written 365, 394–395 Champa (Vietnam), language, 204 Dali (Yunnan), 154 124, 216, 229 Choibalsan, Kh. Daodejing, 36–38 Chan Buddhism, 141–142, (1895–1952), 353 Daoism, 36–38, 222–224 191, 240, 247 Chongqing, 319, 342–344, 381 Daozhou (562–645), 142 Chancellery, 122, 172 Choson (Joseon) dynasty, 230 Daqing, 376 Chang, K. C.14 Chu, state of, 31, 34, 45 Datong, 101

398

bindex.indd 398 05-02-2021 17:08:39 Index

Davies, John Paton Duke of Zhou, 53 Feng Guifen (1809–1874), 299 (1908–1999), 356 Dunhuang 112, 138, 144, 163 Feng Menglong Dawenkou culture, 9–10 Buddhist painting and (1574–1646), 244 Dehua ware, 235 sculpture and, 144 Ferghana, 72, 148, 380 Demchugdongrob (1902–1966), Dutch East India Ferguson, John 341, 342, 347 Company, 254 (1890–1975), 335 Democracy Wall, 377 dynastic cycle, 34 feudalism, 24–28 Deng Xiaoping (1904–1997). filial piety (xiao), 43 365, 372–379 East Turkistan Republic, Five Emperors (Wudi), 12 Department of State 347, 353–354 Five Pecks of Rice, 80 Affairs, 122 Eastern Jin dynasty (317–420), Five Year Plan, 359 Deshima, 266 95–96, 110 Flying Tiger, 343 Dewey, John (1895–1952), Eastern and Western foot-binding, 163, 180–181, 325, 335 Khaghanates, 124, 309, 313 Dezong (742–805), Emperor 126, 128, 132 Former Qin dynasty, 99 of Tang dynasty, 154–155 Eight Banners, 254 Fotuteng, 110 Dharamsala, 365, 394 “eight legged essay,”235 Four Noble Truths, 106 dharma, 106 Eightfold Path, 106 Four Anti-Campaign, 358, 364 Dharma sect (Faxiang), 139 Elliot, Charles Four Modernizations, 374 Di, 17 (1801–1875), 281 Four Pests, 357 Diamond Sutra, 163 Empress nee Lü, 69–70 Fryer, John (1838–1928), 299 Dian (Yunnan), 74 Ennin (793 or 794–864), 156 fu (prose poem), 88 Diary of a Madman (Kuangren equal field system 123, 128, Fu Jian (337–385), 99 Riji), 326 130, 133, 143 fubing, 147 Ding Ling (Jian Dingzhu Erlitou, 13–15 Fujian, 308, 321 (1904–1986), 361, 373 Esen, 233 Funan, 114 Dingzhou, 192 eunuchs, 153 Fuzhou, 192, 261 Disciplinary sect Han dynasty and, 75, 79–80 Fuxi, 12 (Luzong), 139 Ming dynasty, 232, 236–237, Dong Qichang (1555–1636), 249–250, 252 Galdan (1644–1697), 269 238–239 Tang dynasty and, 156–158 Gamble, Sidney Dong Yuan (ca. 934-ca. 982), “ever-normal granary,”77 (1890–1968), 335 190 Ever Victorious Army, 292 Gang of Four, 370–373 Dong Zhongshu (179–104 export-led growth, 375 Gao Gang (1905–1954), 359 BCE), 75, 82 extraterritoriality, 282 Gao Jiong (d. 607), 121 Mandate of Heaven eyeglasses, 247 Gao Ming (1305-ca. and, 82–83 Fairbank, John King 1370), 245 Donghu, 71 (1907–1991), 356–357 Gao Xianzhi (d. 756), 148, 150 Donglin Academy, 251–252 Falungong, 380 Gao Xingjian (1940–), 388 Doolittle, James Family (Jia), 336 gazetteers, 114, 162 (1896–1993), 345 Fan Kuan (fl. 990–1020), dGelugs-pa (Yellow Dorgon, 261–262 189–190 Sect), 230, 247 Dou Gu (d. 88)81, 85–86 Fan Zhongyan (985–1052), Gentlemen’s Agreement, 341 Dou Wan, 88–89 174–175 Geography of China, 3–5 Dragon Boat Festival, 40 Fang Guozhen Gerbillon, Jean Francois dragon robes, 236 (1319–1374), 224 (1654–1707), 266–267 Du Fu (712–77), Fanyang (Shanxi), 150 gewen, 162 159, 161–162 Faxian (337-ca. 422), 138 geyi (matching concepts), 110 Du Huan, 162 Faxing (634–712), 140 Ghiyath al-Din Naqqash, 230 Du You (735–812), 162 Fei River battle, 99 ginseng, 253 Du Yuesheng Fei Xiaotong glasnost, 379 (1888–1951), 331 (1910–2005), 361 glass, 90

399

bindex.indd 399 05-02-2021 17:08:39 Index

Goa, 264 Gurkha and Nepal, 274–275 Manchus and devils gold and silver vessels, 164 Güyüg Khaghan, 206 and, 289–290 Golden Horde, 207 social policy of, 290 Gong,Prince (1833–1898), 298 Hahn, Emily women and, 290 gongan, 141 (1905–1997), 283 Hoppo, 278 Gongyang, 84 Hakka, 289–290 Hou Ji, 26 Gorbachev, Mikhail Hami, 81, 90, 132, 137, house churches, 359, 380 (1931–), 379 153–154, 233, 269 Hu Hanmin (1879–1936), 330 Gordon, Charles Han dynasty (206 BCE–220 Hu Jingyan (1582–1672), 243 (1833–1885), 292 CE)66–74 Hu Jintao (1942–), 380–381 grain shortages, 365 government and, 67–68 Hu Shi (1891–1962), 325–326 Grand Canal, 125, 231, Korea and, 74, 78 Cornell University and, 328 275, 287 Han (Chinese), 358–359 John Dewey and, 325 grapes, 72, 90, 136 Han Fei Zi (?280–233), 46, 50 life and, 325 Great Game, 295, 354 Xun Zi and, 50 Hu Weiyong (?–1380), 227 Great Leap Forward, Han Liner, 224 Hu Yaobang (1915–1989), 362–367, 375 Han Yu (768–824), 155, 162 374, 378 Great Proletarian Cultural Hangzhou (Linan), 179, 187, Hua Guofeng (1921–2008), Revolution, 368–373, 192–194, 208, 211, 220, 372–377 375, 378, 388 237, 242, 247, 348 Huai army, 288 Great Wall, 60–61, 124, Hankou, 315 Huang Chao, 157, 168 186, 250 Hanlin Academy, 213, 215 Greater Qi dynasty and, 158 Greater East Asia Hanshan, 161–162 Guangzhou and, 157 Co-Prosperity Hanshu (History of the Huang Xuan (903–965), 190 Sphere, 341 [Former] Han, 86 Huangdi (Yellow Green Gang, 331–334, 336 Hart, Robert, 299 Emperor), 12, 60 Gu Kailai (1958–), 381 Hay, John, 308 Huanyu tongzi, 248 Gu Kaizhi (344–406), 111 He Xinyin (1517–1579), 242 Huayiyiyu, 248 Guan Daosheng Herat, 229 Huduershi, 78 (1262–1319), 213 Heshen (1746–1799), 276 Huhanye, 76 Guangwu, Emperor of Han Hermitage Museum, 186 Hui (Chinese dynasty (r. 25–57), 78–79 Heywood, Neil, 381 Muslims), 288, 358 Guangxu Emperor of Qing Hideyoshi Toyotomi, 265 Huitongguan (College of dynasty (1871–1908), Hinayana Buddhism, 107 Interpreters), 248 309–310 Hiroshima, 346 Huizong (r. 1101–1126), Guangzhou, 136, 157, 278, 283 HIV-AIDS, 387 Emperor of Northern Guanyin (Avalokitesvara), 108, Hong Kong, 282, 371, Song dynasty, 175, 191 142, 180 375, 380, 392 hukou, 375 GuanYu (d. 219) Guan Di, 94, Hongloumeng (Dream of the Red Hülegü, 207 195, 243 Chamber), 273–274 Hunan, 332, 337 Guanzi (Master Guan), 31, 49 Hong Renkan Hundred Days of Reform, Guan Zhong (ca. 720–645 (1822–1864), 291 310–311, 316 BCE), 31, 49 Hong Taiji (1592–1643), Hundred Schools of guanxi (connections), 377, 387 254, 261 Thought, 35 Guifeng Zongmi (780–841), 140 Hong Tianguifu (1848–1864), Guliang, 84 290–291 Ili (Yili), 295–296 Guo Xi (c. 1020–ca. Hong Xiuquan IlKhanate, 207 1090), 188–189 (1814–1864), 289 Imperial Academy Guo Xiang (d. 312), 104 Christianity and, 289 (Taixue), 83–84 Guomindang, 320.327, civil service examinations India, 370 334–339, 343–349, and, 289 Infrastructure 358, 362 Confucianism and, 290–291 Investment Bank, 384

400

bindex.indd 400 05-02-2021 17:08:39 Index

Inner Mongolia, 321, 352–352, Judge Bao, 212 Koryo dynasty, 183–184 355, 392–393 junzi (gentleman), 41–43 Kowloon, 284 Inner Mongolian Autonomous Jurchens, 168, 179, 185, 204, Kropotkin, Pyotr Region 347, 352, 392 230, 253–254, 271 (1842–1921), 336 Islam, 144, 210 Kucha, 132, 138 horse administration, 144 Kaifeng, 168–169, 183, 190, Kumarajiva (344–414), 110 interpreters and, 144 193, 211, 266, 348 Kung, H.H. (1881–1967), Ismaili, 207 Kaiping coal mine, 300 331, 336 Iwakura Tomomi (1825–1883), kamikaze, 216 kunqu, 246 305–306 Kang Youwei (1858–1927), Kyongdok, King of Korea Isiha (fl. 1409–1451), 230 309–310 (r. 742–764), 148 Kangxi r. 1662–1722, Emperor Kyongju, 148 jade, 89 of Qing dynasty, 262–266, Kyrgyz, 152, 154, 354 jade and funerals, 54 271, 273 Jade Emperor, 40 Kangxi zidian, 263 lacquer, 90 Jamal al-Din, 210 Karabalghasun, 149, 151 land reform, 347 Japan, 126 Kashgar, 90, 132, 138, 148, Lang Shining, 267 borrowing from China, 148 269, 295, 387, 393 Later Jin dynasty, 154 invasion of Korea, 251 Kazakhs, 294, 353–354, Lao Zi, 35, 37–39, 64, Mongol invasions, 216 365, 393 104–105, 111, 131 Jasagh, 205 Khaidu, 217 Later Han (Chao) Java invasion, 217 Khalkha (Eastern) dynasty, 98, 110 Jesuits, 262, 264–265, 303 Mongols, 268 Lattimore, Owen (1900–1989), Jia Yi (201–169 BCE), 69 Khan Sulu 148 356–357 Jiang Qing (1914–1991), Khara Khorum, 205–206, 208, League of Left-wing 368, 370–373 211, 217, 227 Writers, 326, 336 Jiang Zemin (1926–), 379–380 Kharakhula, 268 League of Nations, 341 Jiangnan Arsenal, 299 Khara Kitai (see Western Liao Left Guomindang, 332 Jiangxi Soviets, 337–339, 372 dynasty), 185 Legalism 36, 48, 56, 59 Jie, 13, 15 Kharashahr, 132 Legge, James, 291 Jin dynasty (1127–1234), Khitans, 149, 150, 168–170, Lelang, 90 187–188, 204, 253, 271 174, 170 Lenin, V., 327–329, 352 examination system, 187 Khiva, 294 Lessons for Women (Nüjie), 84 relations with Song Khotan, 90, 132, 138, 393 Lhasa, 270, 354–355 dynasty, 187–188 Khrushchev, Nikita (1894– Li Bo (701–762), 159–162 written language, 187 1971), 360, 362 Turkic background of, 160 Jin, state of, 31 Khubilai Khan (1215–1294), wine and, 160 Jing Hao (855–915), 189 206, 208, 231 Li Cheng (919–967), 189 Jinchuan war, 274 Daidu (Bejing) Li Cunxu, Emperor of Late Jingdezhen, 215, 235, 271–272 and, 211, 216 Tang dynasy, 168 Jinggan Mountains, 337 founding of Yuan Li Dazhao (1889–1927), Jingzhou, 192 dynasty, 211 326–328, 331, 337 Jinpingmei (The Golden government and, 208–209 Li Deyu (787–50), 153, 155 Lotus), 244 religious toleration and, 210 Li Gonglin (1049–1106), jinshi, 172, 241 social policies of, 209 190–191 Jinsilu (Reflections on Things at support for merchants, Li He (790–816), 161 Hand), 173 209–210 Li Hongzhi (1951–), 380 Jochi, 207 Khuriltai, 205 Liji (Book of Rites) 46, 162 Joffe, Adolf (1883–1927), 328 Koguryo, 126, 132, 137 Li Kan (1245–1320), 213 John of Plano Carpini, 219 Kokand, 293–294 Li Keyong (856–908), 158 Jokkang temple, 132 Korea, invasion of, 251 Li Linfu (d. 753), Judaism, 143, 266 Korean War, 356–357 147, 149–151

401

bindex.indd 401 05-02-2021 17:08:39 Index

Li Ling (d. 74 BCE), 85 Ling Mengchu (1580–1644), Ma Yuan (1160 or 1165–1225), Li Longji (685–762), Emperor 244–245 236–237 Xuanzong of Tang Liu Bang ( 256 or 247–195 Macao, 371, 375, 380 dynasty, 135–136 BCE), Emperor Gaozu of Macartney, George Li Mi (722–789), 154 Han dynasty, 66–69 (1737–1806), 279 Li Qingzhao (ca. 1081–1141), checks and balances, 67 Mahakala, 214 181, 191–192 government and, 67–68 Mahayana Buddhism, 107–110 Li Sao (Departing in Xiongnu and, 71 Maijishan, 112 Sorrow), 39 Liu Bei (161–223), 93–94 Maitreya (or Future) Li Shangyin (812–858), 162 Liu Guandao, 213 Buddha, 108, 135, 142, Li Shimin (599–649), Liu Kun (1536–1618), 241 218, 224, 277 Emperor Taizong of Tang Liu Shaoqi (1898–1969), maize, 248 dynasty, 128–130 365–366, 369, 389 Malaccas, 264 civil service examinations Liu Sheng (d. 113 Malaysia, 384 and, 129 BCE), 88–89 Malthus, Thomas (1766–1834), foreign campaigns of, Liu Shi, 246 361, 373 131–132 Liu Song dynasty Manchukuo, 341 legal code and, 130–131 (420–479), 96 Manchuria, 296–297, 306, support for religions, 131 Liu Xiaobo (1955–2017), 381 321, 323, 347–348, Li Shizhen (1518–1593), 249 Liu Yu, Emperor Wu 355, 359, 361 Li Si, (ca. 280–208), 46, (363–422), 96 Manchus, 252–254, 262, 50, 60, 63–64 Buddhism and, 96 271, 308, 314 Li Yu (1610–1680?), 246 Confucianism and civil service examinations Li Yuan (566–625), Daoism and, 96 and, 263 Emperor Gaozu of Tang Liu Zhiji (661–721), 162 language and, 262–263 dynasty, 127–128 Long March, 339–340, 372 mandalas, 139–140 Li Zhi (628–683), Emperor Longcheng, capital of Yan mandarin squares, 236 Gaozung of Tang dynasty, dynasty, 100 Mandate of Heaven, 27, 44, 133–134, 136 Longmen caves, 101, 148 52–53, 122, 225 Li Zhi (1527–1602), philoso- Longshan, 10–11 Manicheism, 136, 143, pher, 242, 245 identity, 10–11 151–152, 155, 222 Li Zicheng (1606–1645?), pottery, 10 Manjushri, 108 252–253, 261 Lord of Shang, Mamluks, 220 Liang dynasty (502–579), 49–51, 58–59, 63 mantras, 140 96–97 Lü Buwei (291?–235 Mao Yuanyi (1594–ca. Liang Qichao (1873–1929), BCE), 59–60, 63 1641), 249 309–310 Lu Xun (Zhou Shuren, Mao Zedong, 244, 312, 327, Liang Shuming 1881–1936), 326, 336 332, 337–338, 339–340, (1893–1988), 337 Lunheng (Discourses Weighed in 344–346, 349, 352–353, Liao dynasty (907–1115), the Balance), 82 355, 379 168–169 Luo Guanzhong (ca. culture and, 368 Liao Zhongkai 1330–1400), 94, 243 death of, 372, 383 (1877–1925), 330 Luoyang, 24, 29, 79, 93, 98, Great Leap Forward Liaodong peninsula, 101, 103, 109, 112, 125, and, 362–363 307–308, 398 128, 135–136, 146, 152, Hundred Flowers campaign Lifanyuan, 270, 298 156–157, 348 and, 361–362 Lighdan Khan, 261 Lushan Conference, 365 Mausoleum of, 373 likin, 293 swims in Yangzi River, 368 Lin Biao (1907–1971)339, Ma Wensheng Mao zuxi yulu (Quotations from 348, 368–370, 386 (1426–1510), 248 Chairman Mao Zedong; The Lin Zexu (1785–1850), Ma Yinchu (1882–1982), Little Red Book), 367 281–282 361, 373 Maodun, 71

402

bindex.indd 402 05-02-2021 17:08:39 Index

Margary, Augustus (1846–1875), Mudras, 139–140 Nurhachi (1559–1622), 302–303 Mukden, 261 253, 261 Maritime Custom Service, 299 Muraviev, Nikolai, 297 Nuwa, 12 Marriage Law of 1931, 343 Music Bureau (Han), 86 Nguyen dynasty (1802–1945), Marriage Law of 1950, 357 304–305 Martin, W.A.P. Nagasaki, 346 (1827–1916), 298 Nanbeichao (Period of Oboi, Regent, 263 Mason, Isaac, 303 Northern and Southern Ögödei, Great Khan of the Al-Mas’ud, 157 Dynasties, 220–581), 95 Mongols (r. 1229–1241), Mawangdui (Changsha), 82 Nanjing (Jiakang), 95, 242, 185, 188, 205, 217 May Fourth 261, 291–292, 319, 333 Old China Hands, 356 Movement, 324, 334 Nanjing, Treaty of, one-child-per family, 373–374 Meiji Restoration, 305–307 1842, 282–283 One Hundred Flowers Meng Ke (372–289 Nanjing University, 335 campaign, 361–362 BCE; Meng Zi, Nanzhao (Yunnan)150, 154 Open Door Policy, 308 Mencius), 30, 44 nasij (cloth of gold), 215 opium, 280–281 Mandate of Heaven and, 44, National Palace Museum, 349 Opium Wars, 280–285, 295, 52–53 Neo-Confucianism, 162, 297–298, 301 rulers and, 44 172–174, 193, oracle bones, 10, 14, 17–18 well-field system and, 44 234, 239–241 Ottoman Empire, 262 Meng Tian (d. 210 Neolithic era, 6 Ouyang Xiu (1009–1072), BCE), 61–62 Nerchinsk, Treaty of, 174–175 Mengzi bitan, 196 267, 270, 297 overseas Chinese, 285 Mi Fu (1052–1109), 190–191 Nestorianism, 136, 144, Midnight (Ziye), 336 207, 219–220 Paekche, 126, 137 Military Affairs New Life Movement, 336 Painted Pottery Culture, 9 Commission, 377 New Man, New Pan Geng, 15 Ming, Emperor of Later Han Woman, 363–364 Pangu, 12 dynasty, 109 New Qing History, 259 Panthay Rebellion, 288 mingqi, 89 New Teachings, 293 Papa Ji (Lute Song), 245 Minyue, 74 New Youth, 326 paper, 91, 136 missionaries, 303–304 Nian rebellion, 288, 294 “paper tiger,”312 Mo Yan (1955– ), 388 Nirvana, 106, 110, 142, 247 Parhae (Bohai), 149 Mo Zi (ca. 470–391), Nixon, Richard M,. Pax Mongolica, 205 46–48, 242 (1913–1994), 362, 371 peanuts, 248 superstitions and, 48 Nobunaga Oda, 251, 265 pearls, 90 universal love and, 47 Nomonhan Peace Hotel (Shanghai), 334 utilitarianism and, 46 (Khalkhin Gol), 343 peasant distress, 333 warfare and, 46–48 North Atlantic Treaty Peasant Life in China, 361 Moghul Empire, 262 Organization Pegolotti, Francesco Mohism, 36 (NATO), 380 Balducci, 219, monasteries and secular Northern Expedition, 331 Pei Xiu, 114 activities, 143 Northern Han dynasty, 169 Peking Union Medical Möngke Khaghan, 207 Northern Wei dynasty College, 334–335 Mongolian People’s Republic, (386–534), 100–103 Peng Dehuai (1898– 352, 355, 370 Buddhism and, 101 1974), 339, 365 Mongols, 323, 352, 355 court religion, 102 People’s Liberation Army most-favored nation equal-field system, 102–103 (PLA), 340, 354, 358, clause, 282, 308 Northern Zhou dynasty, 369–370, 376 Mount Tai (Shandong), 82 121, 123, 127 Pepper Empire, 264 Mudaoting (Peony Noyan Ula, 90 Pereira, Tomás Pavilion), 245 Nübao magazine, 313 (1645–1708), 267

403

bindex.indd 403 05-02-2021 17:08:39 Index

perestroika, 379 Rabban Sauma, 219–220 Seoul, 356 Perry, Matthew, 305 Rectification Campaign, 244 Sepoy Mutiny, 283 ‘Phags-pa Lama (1235–1280), Red Eyebrows, 78 Service, John S, 210, 211 Red Guards, 369–370 (1909–1999), 356 Pingcheng, 100, 103 Red Turbans, 218, 224–226 Seven Sages of the Bamboo Pingfu (Art of War), 29 Renzong (r. 1311–1320) Gove, 104, 111 pipa (lute), 90, 114 Emperor of Yuan Seventeen Point Pitt, William (Lord Amherst, dynasty, 213 Agreement, 355 1773–1857), 279 responsibility system, 374–375 Severe Acute Respiratory Polo, Marco, 193–194, 196, rhubarb, 249 Syndrome (SARS), 381 217, 219–220, 342 Ricci, Matteo (1552–1610), 266 Shahrukh (1377–1447), 230 Pomet, M., 249 Roberts, Issachar shamanism, 39 Port Arthur, 308 (1802–1871), 290 Shandong, 218, 308, 311–312, Portsmouth, Treaty of, 341 Roman Empire, 90 321, 323–324, 326 Poyang Lake battle, 225–226 Rong, 58 Shang dynasty (ca. 1600–1027 printing, 163, 241–243 Roosevelt, Franklin, 343–347 BCE), 13, 15–17 Pruitt, Ida (1888–1985), 335 Roosevelt, Theodore, 341 Shangdu, 220 Production and Construction Rouran (Avars), 100 Shanghai, 348 Corps (bingtuan), 354 Ruizong (662–716), Emperor Shanghai Cooperation Przhewalski, Nikolai of Tang dynasty, 134–135 Organization (1839–1888), 297 Russia in Central Asia, 294 (SOCO), 380, 384 Pure Land Russian Orthodox Shanghai Expo, 381 Buddhism, 142, 247 Church, 270 shangren (merchants), 22 Puyi (1906–1967), Russian Revolution, 322 Shantao (613–681), 142 316, 341–342 Russo-Japanese War, shanyu, 69, 97 P’yongyang, 126, 137 1904–1905, 314–315, 341 Shanyuan, Treaty of, 170, Rusticello, 220 183, 185–186 Al-Qaeda, 380 Ryukyu Islands, 306 shastras, 107 Queen Mother of the West, 82 Shatuo Turks, 153, 158, 168 Qi, state of, 31, 45 St. Petersburg, Treaty Shen Gua (1031–1095), 196 qi and li, 174 of 1881, 296 Shen Yanbing (Mao Qiang, 77, 80 Saiyid Ajall Shams al-Din Dun, 1896–1981), qigong, 380 (1211–1279), 210 336, 369, 373 Qianlong (r. 1736–1796), Sakoku, 266 Shen Zhou (1427–1509), 239 Emperor of Qing dynasty, Samarkand, 137, sheng (musical 267, 270–271, 274, 278 204, 229, 294 instrument), 113 Qin dynasty (221–207 samsara, 108 Sheng Shicai BCE), 56, 372 sangha, 106, 247 (1897–1970), 353 burning of books and, 63 Sanguozhi yangyi (The Shennong, 12 centralization and, 60 Romance of the Three Shenzhen zone, 375 warfare and 58–59 Kingdoms), 94, 243 Shenzong, Emperor of weights and measures Schall von Bell, Adam Liao dynasty and, 63 (1592–1666), 266 (982–1031), 183 written language and, 63 “scramble for concessions,”308 Shenzong, Emperor of Song Qin, state of, 31–32, 40, 48–51 Secretariat, 122, 172 dynasty (r. 1068–1085), Qingming scroll, 190 Sect of God Worshippers, 290 175, 178–179 Qinling Mountains, 3 Sect of the Three Stages shi class, 33, 56 Qishan (1786–1854), 282 (Sanjie), 139 Shi Dakai (1831–1863), 290 Qiu Jin (1875–1907), 309 sedan chair, 114 Shi Hu (295–349), 98–99 Qu Yuan (343–278 BCE), 40 Self-Strengthening Shi Huangdi (246–210 BCE), Quanzhou, 136, 144 Movement, 299–300 60–64, 372 Quemoy and Matsu, 362 Sengge, 269 Shi Siming (703–761), 150

404

bindex.indd 404 05-02-2021 17:08:39 Index

Shiji (Records of the socialist art,363–364 Three People’s Grand Historian of Socrates, 35 Principles of, 320 China), 58, 85–86 Sokkuram, 148 Sunzi, 29 Shijing (Book of Song Jiang, 243 suona (musical Odes), 51–53, 63 Song Jiaoren (1882–1913), 320 instrument), 114 Shi Le (274–333), 98 Song Yingxing sutras, 107 Shi Tao (1642–1707), 273 (1587–1666), 249 Suzhou silk and gardens, 235, Shimabara Rebellion, 265 Soong. Charlie 237, 239–242 Shimonoseki, Treaty of, (1863–1918), 330 sweet potato, 248 307–308, 341 Soong Meiling Shitong, 162 (1898–2003), 330 Tai, 392 Shu Han dynasty, 93–94 Soong Qingling Tai Chi (1388–1462), 237 Shuihuzhuan (Water (1893–1981), 330 Taiping huiming heji jufang, 196 Margin), 179, 243 Soong, T.V. (1881–1967), Taiping, Princess (d. 713), 135 Shujing (Book of 331, 336 Taiping Tianguo (Heavenly Documents), 52, 63 Sorghaghtani Beki, 206–207 King of the Great Shun, 12–13, 53 South China Sea, Peace), 290, 380 Sichuan Basin, Spring and 377, 383–384 Taiwan, 307–308, 355–356, Autumn Period Southern Ming dynasty, 254 360, 362, 377 (722–481 BCE), 30 Southern Qi dynasty Taiyuan, 127 Sichuan earthquake, 387–388 (479–502), 96 Taiyuan Massacre 312–313 siege of foreign legations, 313 Sri Lanka, 384 Taizhou school, 241 Silk Roads, 72,74, 78, 80–81, Srivijaya, 139 Taizong (939–997), 90, 100, 109, 132, 138, Srong-btsan-sgam-po, King of Emperor of Song 143–144, 148, 150, 154, Tibet 605–649), 132 dynasty, 169 205, 233, 269 Stakhanovite, 363 Taklamakan Desert, 90 Silla, 126, 137, 148 Stalin Joseph (1878–1953), Talas River battle, 144, 150 Sima Guang (1019–1086), 329, 331, 339–340, 346, Tang dynasty culture, 176–178 352, 355, 360, 362 159–161 Sima Qian (ca. 145–ca. 86 State Council, 358 Tang Xianzu BCE), 58, 85–86 Sternberg, Baron Ungern von (1550–1616), 245 Sima Tan (ca. 165–110 (1881–1921), 352 Tangshan earthquake, 372 BCE), 85–86 Stilwell, Joseph (1883–1946), Tanguts, 168, 170, 177, 179, Sima Yan (236–290), Emperor 343–344 184, 186, 204 Wu of Western Jin Strike Hard, 390 Tantric or Esoteric dynasty, 95 Su Shi (Su Dongpo; Buddhism, 139–140 “single-whip system,”250–251 1037–1101), 191 Tao Yuanming (365–427), 111 Sino-Japanese War of Su Wei (542–623), 121 taotie mask, 18–19, 53–54 1894–1895, 301, Sufism, 293 Tarim Basin, 5, 148, 153 307–308, 325, 341 Summer Place Tavgach (Tuoba), 100–101 Sino-Soviet dispute, 366–367, (Yuanmingyuan), 283, tea, 115, 136, 175, 293 370–371 292, 298, 301 Temüjin (see Chinggis Khan) Manchuria and, 367, 370 Sun Fo (1895–1973), 332 Temür (Tamerlane, 1336–1405), Mongolia and, 367 Sun Quan (182–252), 93 229–230 Nerchinsk Treaty and, 367 Sun Shines Over the Sangkan Temür, grandson of Siyiguan (College of River (Taiyang zhaozai Khubilai Khan, 217 Translators), 248 sanggan heshang), 361 Ten Kingdoms, 158, 168 Smith, Adam, 278 Sun Yat-sen (1866–1925), 314, Tenggeri, Sky God, 204 Snow, Edgar, 348 316, 319, 322, 327–330, textiles in Yuan, 215 Socialist Education 332, 336 Theravada Campaign, 367 Japanese assistance and, 320 Buddhism, 107–110 Socialist Realism, 345 life of, 320 Thought Reform, 344–345

405

bindex.indd 405 05-02-2021 17:08:39 Index

Three Anti-Campaign, 357, 364 Tujue, 124 Wang Mang (ca. 45 Three Gorges Dam, 387 Tumu, 233 BCE–23 CE), 66, 77, Three Kingdoms, 93 tuntian, 76–77, 103 135, 146, 251 Three Sovereigns Turfan, 74, 81, 90, Xin dynasty and, (Sanhuang), 12 138, 269, 296 80, 86, 135 Tiananmen and disturbances, Tuyuhun, 124, 128 Wang Wei (699–759), 324, 373, 378–382, 393 Twenty-One Demands, 321 145, 159–160 Tiangong kaiwu, 249 Wang Xianzhi (d. 878), 157 Tianjin Massacre, 302 Ulanhu (1906–1988), Wang Xizhi (303–367), 112 Tianjin, Treaty of, 283 347, 352 Wang Yangming (142–1529), Tiantai, 140–141 “Umbrella Movement,”392 240–241 Tiantai Mountains, 162 united front, 327, Wang Yuanqi Tian Tan (Temple of 331, 339–340 (1642–1715), 273 Heaven), 232 Urumchi, 393 Wang Zhen (d. 1449), Tibet, 148, 153–154, 259, Uyghur script, 393 231–233 270–271, 347, 354–355, Uyghur Empire, 148–149, Wanli Emperor of Ming dynasty 358, 380–381, 394–395 151, 182 (r. 1563–1620), 266 revolt in, 365 Manicheism and, 151–152 War of Three Feudatories Tibetan Autonomous tribute from Tang dynasty, (1673–1681), 262 Region, 355 152, 154–155 Ward, Frederick Townsend tiyong, 299–300, 309 Uyghurs, 204, 393–394 (1831–1862), 292 tobacco, 248 Warring States period Toghto (fl. 1340–1355), Vairocana Buddha (403–221 BCE), 24, 28, Chancellor of Yuan (Cosmic), 108 31–33, 36, 54, 56, 68, 99, dynasty, 225 Verbiest, Ferdinand 114–115, 361 Tokugawa Ieyasu (1623–1688), 266 Washington Naval (1547–1616), 265 Versailles, 324, 326–327 Conference, 341 Tolui, 206–207 Victoria, Queen of watermills, 114 Tonghak rebellion, 307 England, 281 Watson, Burton, 38 Tongmenghui, 314, 316, 320 Vietnam wars, 1788–1789, Wei dynasty, 93–95, 97 Tongtian, 162 274, 366, 377 Wei, Empress of Tang Tongwenguan, 298 vinayas, 107 dynasty, 134–135 Tongzhi, Emperor of Qing Vladivostok, 315 Wei Jingsheng (1950–), 377 dynasty, 299 Voitinsky, Grigori Wei Yang (Gongsun Yang, Topkapi Museum, 235 (1893–1956), 327 Lord Shang) (d. 338), Tran dynasty, 231 49–51, 58–59, 63 Transcontinental Railroad, 285 Wallace, Henry, 78 Wei Zhongxian Transparency International 387 Wang Anshi (1021–1086), 146, (1568–1627), 252 Triads, 277, 380 175–179, 190–191, well-field system, 30, 44 tribute system.73–74, 92 196, 251 Wen, King of Zhou, 26 tricolored ceramics, economic reforms and, 176 Wen Zhengming 145–146, 163 merchants and, 175–176 (1470–1539), 239 Trotsky, Leon (1879–1940), New Reforms and, 175–178 Wencheng, Emperor of and Trotskyists, 329, Ten Thousand Word Northern Wei, 101 331, 339, 360 Memorial and, 175 Wencheng, Princess True Story of Ah Q (AQ Zheng Wang Bi (226–249), 104 (d. 680), 132 zhuan), 326 Wang Chong (27-ca. West Lake, 193, 196 Tsewang Rabtan (d. 1727), 270 100), 82, 91 Western Jin dynasty (265–316), Tsinghua University, 313 Wang Gen (1483–1541), 241 95, 97–98 Tsingtao, 308 Wang Ji (1498–1583), 241 Western Liao dynasty Tsong-kha-pa (1357–1419), Wang Jingwei (1883–1943), (1124–1211), 181 (see 230, 247 330, 332, 343 also Khara Kitai)

406

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Whampoa Military Xanadu, 220 Xun Zi (?312–230 Academy, 329, 337 Xi Jinping (1953–), 381–386, BCE), 44–45 Wheaton, Henry, 298 390, 393 nature of Man, 45 wheelbarrow, 114 Xi Jinping Thought, 383 Qin and, 45 White Cloud Society, 224 Xi Kang (223–262), 104, 111 White Lotus Society, 218, 222, Xiyouqi (Journey to the West; Yalta Conference, 346–347 224, 277, 287, 380 Monkey), 244 Yan dynasties (337–370), White Russians, 322, 353 Xia dynasty (ca. 982–1227), 186 99–100 William of Rubruck, 205, 219 Buddhism and, 186 Yan Fu (1854–1921), Wilson, Woodrow, law code of, 186 299–300 323–324, 326 printing and, 186 Yan Liben (ca. 600–673), 145 Witte, Sergei written script of, 186 Yan Xishan (1883–1960), (1849–1911), 315 Xia Gui (fl. 1195–1224), 322–323 women, 180–181, 194–195, 236–237 Yan’an, 339–340, 344, 355 234, 242, 246, Xiajing (Classic of Filial Piety) 42 Yang Guang (569–618), 284, 364–365 Xian, 24, 59, 67–68, 70, Emperor Yang of women’s rights, 309–310 127, 340 the Sui dynasty, World Trade Organization Xianbei, 80–81, 124–126 (WTO), 380 99–100, 103, 127 Yang Guozhong (d. 756), 150 Emperor Wu of Han dynasty Xiang Yu (232–202 BCE), 67 Yang Su (d. 606), 121 (r. 140–87 BCE), 65, Xiangyang, 208 Yang Xian, (541–604) 70–71, 74–75, 80, Xianyang, capital of Emperor Wen of Sui 83, 85–86, 88 Qin, 59–61, 65 dynasty, 121–124 fiscal policies and, 74–75 Xianzong (778–820), Emperor life of, 121 foreign policies and, 74 of Tang dynasty, 155 patronage of Buddhism, 121 Emperor Wu of Northern Wei Xiao clan, 184 Yang Xiuqing (d. dynasty (424–452), 101 Xiaotun, 16 1856), 290–291 Empress Wu (624–705) of Xie He, 111 Yang Yuhuan (Yang Gueifei) Tang dynasty, 66, Ximen Qing, 244 (719–756), 149–150, 212 133–136, 139, 185, 195 xin (“mind and heart”), 240 Yang Zengxing (1883–1960), civil service examinations Xinjiang, 293–295, 352–355, 322–323, 353 and, 135 358–359, 365, 387 Yangshao culture, 7, 9–10, 54 tomb of, 144–146 Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Yangzi River, 3–4, 93, 308, 387 life of, 133–134 Region (XUAR), 354, 393 Yao, 12–13, 53 support for Buddhism, 134 Xiongnu, 69, 71–74, 76, 78, Ya’qub Beg (Athalik Zhou dynasty and, 135 80–81, 85, 90, 97, 124, Ghazi), 293–296 Wu dynasty, 93–94, 114 152, 268, 270 Yarkand, 269 Wu, King of Zhou, 26–27 Xu Guangqi (1562–1633), 266 Ye Shengtao (1894–1988), 336 Wu school of painting, 239 Xu Jin (1437–1510), 248 Yellow River (Huang He), 8, Wubeizhi, 249 Xu Xi, 190 11, 13, 287 Wu Cheng’en (ca. Xuan, Emperor of Han floods and, 76, 78, 218, 225 1500–1582), 244 dynasty (74–49 Yellow Turbans, 80, 104 Wu Daozi (680–740), 44 BCE), 76–77 Yelü Chucai (1190–1244), Wu Han (1909–1969), 368 Xuanzang (596 or 602–664), 185, 206 Wu Sangui (1612–1678), 262 138–139, 244 Yelü Dashi (1087–1143), 185 Wuhan, 315–316, 332 Xuanzong, Emperor of Tang Yi Jing (635–713), 139 Wusun, 72 dynasty, 146–149 Yili (Record of Rituals), 43 wuwei, 38 Luoyang and, 146 Yin, capital of Shang Wuxi, 237 civil service examinations dynasty, 15–16 Wuyue, 169 and, 146 yin privilege 172–174 Wuzong (814–846), Emperor Xue Huaiyi (d. 694), 134 Yin-yang and Five of Tang dynasty, 155–156 Elements, 83, 89

407

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Yongzheng (1678–1735), Zhao Gao (d. 207 Zhu De (1886–1976), Emperor of Qing BCE), 64–65 338–339 dynasty, 273–274 Zhao Kuangyin (927–976) Zhu Di (1360–1424) Prince of Younghusband, Francis Emperor Taizu of Song Yan and Yongle Emperor (1863–1942), 354 dynasty, 169–171 of Ming dynasty, 228, 247 Yu and Great Flood, Zhao Mengfu (1254–1322), construction of 12–13, 53 213–214 Beijing and, 228 Yuan Shikai, 320–325 Zhao Ziyang (1919–2005), foreign policies of, 228–233 Yuezhi, 71 374–375, 378–379 Mongol campaigns of, 230 Yung Wing (1828–1912), Zhe River, 193 Zhu Rongji (1928– ), 379–380 298–299 Zheng Chenggong (Coxinga), Zhu school of painting, 237 Yungang caves, 101, 112, 148 1624–1662), 254, 261 Zhu Wen (852–912), 158, 168 Yunnan, 387 Zheng He (1371–1433), Zhu Xi (1130–1200)173, Yunqi temple, 247 229, 231 174, 240 Yuwen Rong (d. Zheng Lexing Zhu Yuanzhang (1328–1398). 730–731), 147 (1810–1863), 288 Emperor Hongwu of zhengmeng (rectify the Ming dynasty, 225 zaju (skits), 188 names), 43 civil service examinations Zanabazar (1635–1723), 297 Zhi Dun (314–366), 110 and, 227 Zeng Guofan (1811–1872), Zhi Miaoyin, 110 foreigners and, 226 288, 292, 296, 298–299 Zhiyi (538–597), 140–141 greater authority of, 226 Zeng Jize (1839–1890), 296 Zhongdu (see Beijing) life of, 225 Zhang Heng (78–139) and zhongren (ordinary people), 22 Zhu Yunwen (1377–1402?)228 seismograph, 83, 91 Zhongyang (“Mean”), 46 Zhuang Zi (Zhuang Zhou), Zhang Jue (d. 184), 80 Zhongzong 656–710, Emperor 38–39, 64, 104–105 Zhang Juzheng of Tang dynasty, 135 Zhuge Liang (181–234), 94 (1525–1582), 250 Zhou dynasty (1027–256 Zhukov, Gyorgy Zhang Qian (d. 114), BCE), 13 (1896–1974), 343 71–72, 74, 90 Zhou, King of Shang, 15–16 Zhurong, 12 Zhang Zai (1020–1077), 173 Zhou Enlai (1898–1976)329, Zola, Emile, 336 Zhangsun Wuji (ca. 339–340, 360, 372 Zongli Yamen, 298 600–659), 129 Zhou Shuren ( Lu Xun, Zoroastrianism, 35, 136, 143 Zhang Xueliang 1881–1936), 314 Zou Yan ((305–240 BCE), 82 (1901–2001), 340 Zhoukuodian, 6 Zunghar (Western) Zhang Zuolin (1875–1928), Zhu Biao (1355–1392), 226 Mongols, 268–270 331–332, 340 Zhu Da (Bada Shanren, ca. Zuo Zongtang (1812–1885), Zhanguoce (Intrigues of the 1626–1705), 273 288, 292, 294–296, 299 Warring States), 29 Zuo zhuan Zuo Commentary, 31

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