DOCSLIB.ORG

(Sinoloji) Anabilim Dali

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
(Sinoloji) Anabilim Dali TÜRKİYE CUMHURİYETİ ANKARA ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ DOĞU DİLLERİ VE EDEBİYATLARI (SİNOLOJİ) ANABİLİM DALI ÇİN KAYNAKLARINDA TANG HANEDANLIĞI DÖNEMİ ANXİ (KUÇA) GENEL VALİLİĞİ VE ANTİK İPEK YOLU’NA ETKİLERİ Doktora Tezi Sema GÖKENÇ GÜLEZ Ankara – 2019 TÜRKİYE CUMHURİYETİ ANKARA ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ DOĞU DİLLERİ VE EDEBİYATLARI (SİNOLOJİ) ANABİLİM DALI ÇİN KAYNAKLARINDA TANG HANEDANLIĞI DÖNEMİ ANXİ (KUÇA) GENEL VALİLİĞİ VE ANTİK İPEK YOLU’NA ETKİLERİ Doktora Tezi Sema GÖKENÇ GÜLEZ Tez Danışmanı Doç. Dr. İnci ERDOĞDU Ankara – 2019 ÖNSÖZ Tang Hanedanlığı Çin’in altın çağını yaşadığı ve aynı zamanda doğu ve batı arasında etkileşimlerin yaşandığı bir dönem olmuştur. Söz konusu dönemde hanedanlık stratejik konuma sahip olan Batı Bölgesi politikasında önemli stratejiler izleyerek bazı tedbirler almıştır. Nitekim Tang Hanedanlığı’nın Batı Bölgesi’nde izlediği en önemli strateji Qiuci (Kuça) merkez olmak üzere kurduğu Anxi Genel Valilik birimi olmuştur. Bu çalışmada, Tang Hanedanlığı döneminde Batı Bölgesi’nde kurulan Anxi Genel Valilik birimi ve altında kurulan Anxi Dört Garnizon yapısının kapsamı, kuruluş amaçları ve Batı Bölgesi’ndeki faaliyetleri ile sonuçları ele alınacaktır. Aynı zamanda Tang Hanedanlığı’nın bölgede Anxi Genel Valilik birimini kurması doğrultusunda aldığı önlemlerin antik İpek Yolu’na etkileri incelenecektir. Tez çalışmam süresince yardımını esirgemeyerek destek olan danışman hocam sayın Doç. Dr. İnci Erdoğdu’ya teşekkürlerimi sunar, lisansüstü çalışmalarım süresince her türlü konuda destek olan ve deneyimlerini paylaşan sayın hocam Prof. Dr. Bülent Okay’a teşekkür ederim. Ayrıca doktora tez araştırması yapmak üzere bir yıllık süre ile bulunduğum Shanghai Fudan Üniversitesi’nde tez çalışma ve araştırmalarım ile kaynak tedariki konusunda yardımcı olan sayın Prof. Dr. Han Sheng hocama ve tez araştırmalarım konusunda değerli fikirlerini benimle paylaşan sayın Prof. Wu Yugui hocama teşekkürlerimi sunarım. i İÇİNDEKİLER ÖNSÖZ…………………………………………………………………………………..i GİRİŞ…………………………………………………………………………………....1 1. BÖLÜM ANXİ GENEL VALİLİK YÖNETİM BİRİMİ ARAŞTIRMALARI....9 1.1. Anxi Genel Valiliğin Önemi………….……………………………………...10 1.2. Araştırmada Kullanılan Kaynaklar………………………………………...16 1.2.1. 24 Tarih’te Yer Alan Kayıtlar…………………………………………...18 1.2.2. Çin Yıllıklarındaki Kayıtlar…………………………………………….24 1.2.3. Hatıra Notlarında Geçen Kayıtlar……………………………………….26 1.2.4. Arkeolojik Buluntular…………………………………………………..29 2. BÖLÜM BATI BÖLGESİ TERİMİNE DAİR………………………………….33 2.1. Han Hanedanlığı Dönemi Batı Bölgesi…………………………………..….42 2.1.1. Han Hanedanlığı Dönemi Siyasi Yapısı………………………………...42 2.1.2. Batı Han Hanedanlığı İmparatoru Wu Di ve Batı Bölgesi Politikası……47 2.1.3. Zhang Qian’in Batı Bölgesi Seyahatleri………………………………...61 2.2.Tang Hanedanlığı Dönemi Batı Bölgesi……………………………………...68 2.2.1. Tang Hanedanlığı Dönemi Siyasi Yapısı………………………………..68 2.2.2. Tang Hanedanlığı Dönemi Batı Bölgesi Politikası……………………...93 2.2.3. İmparator Gaozu Dönemi Batı Bölgesi Politikası…………………….....99 2.2.4. İmparator Taizong Dönemi Batı Bölgesi Politikası……………………102 2.2.5. İmparator Gaozong Döneminden An Lushan İsyanı Dönemine Kadar Batı Bölgesi Politikası……………………………………………………...106 ii 3. BÖLÜM ANXİ (KUÇA) GENEL VALİLİĞİ VE ANXİ DÖRT GARNİZON……………………………………………….……………………..110 3.1.Genel Valilik Yönetim Birimi…………………………………………….....110 3.2. Antik İpek Yolu Kavşak Noktası: QIUCI (KUÇA)…………………….....112 3.2.1. Anxi Genel Valiliğin Kurulması ve Yönetimi……..…………………..114 3.2.2. İmparator Taizong Dönemi Anxi Genel Valilik Politikası…………….121 3.2.3. İmparator Gaozong Dönemi Anxi Genel Valilik Politikası……………125 3.2.4. Qiuci’da (Kuça) Tang Hanedanlığı – Tibet Çatışması…………………132 3.3. İpek Yolu Vaha Başkenti, Yeşim Taşı Diyarı: YUTIAN (HOTEN)...........140 3.3.1. Tang Hanedanlığı ve Yutian (Hoten) İlişkileri...………………......…..146 3.3.2. Yutian (Hoten) Garnizonu Askeri Savunma Sistemi….…….…………150 3.3.3. Yutian’in (Hoten) Anxi Dört Garnizondaki Yeri ve Önemi…..…….....158 3.4. Doğu -Batı Ticaret ve Savunma Merkezi: YANQI (KARAŞEHER)….....161 3.4.1. Tang Hanedanlığı ve Yanqi (Karaşeher) İlişkileri…………........……..164 3.4.2. Yanqi (Karaşeher) Askeri Tarım Topluluğu (Tuntian) Sistemi……….171 3.4.3. Yanqi’nin (Karaşeher) Anxi Dört Garnizondaki Yeri ve Önemi…....…182 3.5.Asya ve Avrupa Stratejik Kavşağı: SHULE (KAŞGAR).………..………..185 3.5.1. Orta Asya - Avrupa Ulaşım ve Etkileşimindeki Köprü: Pamir………...190 3.5.2. Tang Hanedanlığı - Tibet Çatışmasında Shule (Kaşgar)…...…….……200 3.5.3. Doğu – Batı Etkileşiminde Shule’nın (Kaşgar) Yeri ve Önemi……..…206 4. BÖLÜM ANXİ GENEL VALİLİĞİNİN ANTİK İPEK YOLUNA ETKİLERİ………………………………………..…..……………………….....210 4.1.Tang Hanedanlığı Dönemi İpek Yolu Stratejisi……………………..………..214 4.2.Posta Teşkilatı Sistemi……………...………………………………………...224 4.3.Ticaret Yönetmeliği ve Geçiş İzni Sistemi……………………………………234 4.4. Askeri Tarım Topluluğu (Tuntian) Sistemi…………………………………..246 iii 4.5. Gözetleme ve İşaret Kuleleri …………….………………………………….251 SONUÇ………………………………………………………………………...……..257 ÖZET……………………………………………………………………………...….266 ABSTRACT……………………………………………………………………...…..267 KAYNAKÇA…………………………………………………………………………268 EKLER…………………………………………………………………………….…290 EK-1 TABLOLAR…………………………………………………………...………290 EK-2 HARİTALAR...………………………………………………………………..310 EK-3 RESİMLER………………………..…………………………………………..322 iv GİRİŞ 4000 yıllık yazılı tarihe sahip olan Çin, farklı dönemlerde hem iç kesimlerinde hem de sınır bölgelerinde farklı politikalar izlemiştir. Çin’in izlediği politikalar dönemin imparatorunun belirlediği strateji kapsamında değişiklik göstermiştir. İmparatorun belirlediği strateji kapsamında izlenilen politikalar sonucunda, Çin kimi zaman sınırlarını ve kontrol alanını genişletmiş, kimi zaman iç kesimlerinde kaos hakim olmuştur. Nitekim izlenilen stratejiler hanedanlık için tehdit teşkil eden ya da aynı amaç uğruna karşı karşıya geldiği uluslara karşı belirlenmiştir Tarih boyunca Çin’in sürekli olarak odaklandığı ve kontrol altına almak istediği bölge şüphesiz ki ‘‘Batı Bölgesi (西域)’’1 olmuştur. Batı Bölgesi terimi geniş anlam 1 Batı Bölgesi terimi Çin kaynaklarında Xīyù (西域) olarak geçmektedir. Çinlilerin kullandıkları Hsi-yü yani “Batı Toprakları” adını Han sülalesi devrinde (M.Ö. 206-M.S. 220) daha çok Tanrı dağlarının güneyinden kıvrılan yol üzerindeki Yü-men yani “Yeşim taşı Kapısı’nın batısındaki topraklar için kullandığı görülmektedir. (Bakınız: Kürşat Yıldırım, ‘‘İlk Çin Yıllıklarında Geçen Doğu Türkistan Tarihine Dair Bazı Hususi Terimler I’’, Avrasya Terim Dergisi, 2(2): 20- 25, s. 21, İstanbul, 2014) Batı Bölgesi 1 olarak Orta Asya bölgesine işaret ederken, dar anlamda ise günümüz Xinjiang2 bölgesine işaret etmektedir. Batı Bölgesi sahip olduğu stratejik konumu, doğu ve batı arasında bir köprü vazifesi görmesi, elverişli tarım toprakları, maden rezervleri ile sadece Çin’in değil Göktürk, Arap ve Tibet gibi ulusların da odak noktası olmuştur. Çin Batı Han Hanedanlığı döneminden itibaren Batı Bölgesi’ne karşı farklı politikalar belirlemiştir. Batı Han Hanedanlığı döneminde İmparator Wu Di izlediği stratejiler kapsamında bölgeye Zhang Qian adında bir elçi göndermiş ve Zhang Qian Batı Bölgesi’ne gerçekleştirdiği seyahatlerden sonra İmparatora Batı Bölgesi Raporunu sunmuştur. Zhang Qian’in seyahatleri, Çin’in daha önce yabancı olduğu bölgede daha yerinde stratejiler uygulamasını ve Çin’in mevcut İpek Yolu hattına dahil olmasını sağlamıştır. Ayrıca Çin, sınırları ötesindeki Batı Bölgesi’ni tanımış ve Çin’in merkezi iç kesimleri Zhongyuan (中 原) ile Batı Bölgesi ulusları arasında ticari ve kültürel etkileşim başlamıştır. Batı Han Geniş anlam olarak Orta Asya bölgesine işaret ederken, dar anlam olarak ise Xinjiang bölgesine işaret etmektedir. 2 Bugünkü Doğu Türkistan coğrafyası Çin Halk Cumhuriyeti sınırları içinde yer almakta ve Çin idari yapısı içinde “Xinjiang Uygur Özerk Bölgesi” olarak adlandırılmaktadır. Batısında Kazakistan, Kırgızistan, Afganistan ve Tacikistan; güney batısında Pakistan ve Hindistan; güneyinde Tibet; kuzeyinde Rusya ve Moğolistan ve doğusunda Çin ile komşudur. 4.500 kilometre uzunluğunda sınırı ve 1.626.000 km2 yüzölçümü vardır. (Kürşat Yıldırım, Çin Kaynaklarına Göre Hunlar Ve Gök-Türkler Döneminde Türkistan’ın Tarihî Coğrafyası (Yayınlanmış Doktora Tezi), İstanbul Üniversitesi, İstanbul, 2015, s. 91.) Çalışmanın ilerleyen kısımlarında ‘‘Xinjiang’’ olarak ifade edilecektir. 2 Hanedanlığı döneminde izlenilen Batı Bölgesi stratejisi Çin’in sonraki dönemlerde uygulayacağı stratejiler için bir temel niteliğinde olmuştur. Çin’in en parlak dönemini yaşadığı Tang Hanedanlığı döneminde, Çin belirlediği dış politikasında daha barışçıl bir yaklaşım sergilemiştir. Nitekim Tang Hanedanlığı döneminde Çin farklı uluslar ile kültürel, ekonomik ve ticari etkileşimlerde bulunmuştur. Bu sebeple kültürel ve ticari etkileşimlerin zirveye ulaştığı bu dönemde Çin’in Altın Çağı’nı yaşaması yadsınamayacak bir durumdur. Çin bu dönemde sınırlarını genişletmek, stratejik konuma sahip Batı Bölgesi topraklarını kontrol altına almak ve daha da önemlisi antik İpek Yolu güzergahlarında söz sahibi olmak amacıyla stratejiler izlemiş ve bu doğrultuda da çeşitli önlemler almıştır. (Batı Bölgesi Haritası için Bakınız: Harita 10) Tang Hanedanlığı döneminde Batı Bölgesi’nde alınan en önemli strateji ‘‘Anxi Genel Valilik (安西都护府 )’’ birimini ve daha sonrasında bu birim altında ‘‘Anxi Dört Garnizon’u (安西四镇)’’ kurmak olmuştur. Hanedanlık Batı Bölgesi stratejisinde sürekli olarak kuzeyden gelen göçebe ulus Batı Göktürkler, doğuya doğru genişleyen Araplar ve Tarım Havzası’nı kontrol
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Opening Essential Questions? Lesson Objectives
    Silk Road Curriculum Project 2018-2019 Ingrid Herskind Title of Lesson Plan: Silk Road: Cartography and Trade in Ancient and Modern China Ingrid Herskind, Flintridge Prep School, La Canada, CA Lesson Overview: Students will explore the “Silk Road” trade networks by investigating a route, mapping the best path, and portraying a character who navigated the route. Opening essential questions? How did the Silk Road routes represent an early version of worldwide integration and development? How does China’s modern One Belt, One Road project use similar routes and methodologies as the earlier Silk Road project? How is this modern project different? Lesson Objectives: Students will be able to: Students will also apply skills from the Global Competence Matrix and will: • Investigate the world beyond their immediate environment by identifying an issue, generating a question, and explaining its significance locally, regionally, and globally. • Recognize their own and others’ perspectives by understanding the influences that impact those perspectives. • Communicate their ideas effectively with diverse audiences by realizing how their ideas and delivery can be perceived. • Translate their ideas and findings into appropriate actions to improve conditions and to create opportunities for personal and collaborative action. 1 1 World Savvy, Global Competence Matrix, Council of Chief State School Officers’ EdSteps Project in partnership with the Asia Society Partnership for Global Learning, 2010 1 Silk Road Curriculum Project 2018-2019 Ingrid Herskind Length of Project: This lesson as designed to take place over 2-3 days (periods are either 45 min or 77 min) in 9th Grade World History. Grade Level: High School (gr 9) World History, variation in International Relations 12th grade Historical Context: • China was a key player in the networks that crossed from one continent to another.
    [Show full text]
  • Mirror, Death, and Rhetoric: Reading Later Han Chinese Bronze Artifacts Author(S): Eugene Yuejin Wang Source: the Art Bulletin, Vol
    Mirror, Death, and Rhetoric: Reading Later Han Chinese Bronze Artifacts Author(s): Eugene Yuejin Wang Source: The Art Bulletin, Vol. 76, No. 3, (Sep., 1994), pp. 511-534 Published by: College Art Association Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3046042 Accessed: 17/04/2008 11:17 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use, available at http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp. JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use provides, in part, that unless you have obtained prior permission, you may not download an entire issue of a journal or multiple copies of articles, and you may use content in the JSTOR archive only for your personal, non-commercial use. Please contact the publisher regarding any further use of this work. Publisher contact information may be obtained at http://www.jstor.org/action/showPublisher?publisherCode=caa. Each copy of any part of a JSTOR transmission must contain the same copyright notice that appears on the screen or printed page of such transmission. JSTOR is a not-for-profit organization founded in 1995 to build trusted digital archives for scholarship. We enable the scholarly community to preserve their work and the materials they rely upon, and to build a common research platform that promotes the discovery and use of these resources. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. http://www.jstor.org Mirror, Death, and Rhetoric: Reading Later Han Chinese Bronze Artifacts Eugene Yuejin Wang a 1 Jian (looking/mirror), stages of development of ancient ideograph (adapted from Zhongwendazzdian [Encyclopedic dictionary of the Chinese language], Taipei, 1982, vi, 9853) History as Mirror: Trope and Artifact people.
    [Show full text]
  • The Later Han Empire (25-220CE) & Its Northwestern Frontier
    University of Pennsylvania ScholarlyCommons Publicly Accessible Penn Dissertations 2012 Dynamics of Disintegration: The Later Han Empire (25-220CE) & Its Northwestern Frontier Wai Kit Wicky Tse University of Pennsylvania, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations Part of the Asian History Commons, Asian Studies Commons, and the Military History Commons Recommended Citation Tse, Wai Kit Wicky, "Dynamics of Disintegration: The Later Han Empire (25-220CE) & Its Northwestern Frontier" (2012). Publicly Accessible Penn Dissertations. 589. https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/589 This paper is posted at ScholarlyCommons. https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/589 For more information, please contact [email protected]. Dynamics of Disintegration: The Later Han Empire (25-220CE) & Its Northwestern Frontier Abstract As a frontier region of the Qin-Han (221BCE-220CE) empire, the northwest was a new territory to the Chinese realm. Until the Later Han (25-220CE) times, some portions of the northwestern region had only been part of imperial soil for one hundred years. Its coalescence into the Chinese empire was a product of long-term expansion and conquest, which arguably defined the egionr 's military nature. Furthermore, in the harsh natural environment of the region, only tough people could survive, and unsurprisingly, the region fostered vigorous warriors. Mixed culture and multi-ethnicity featured prominently in this highly militarized frontier society, which contrasted sharply with the imperial center that promoted unified cultural values and stood in the way of a greater degree of transregional integration. As this project shows, it was the northwesterners who went through a process of political peripheralization during the Later Han times played a harbinger role of the disintegration of the empire and eventually led to the breakdown of the early imperial system in Chinese history.
    [Show full text]
  • UC GAIA Chen Schaberg CS5.5-Text.Indd
    Idle Talk New PersPectives oN chiNese culture aNd society A series sponsored by the American Council of Learned Societies and made possible through a grant from the Chiang Ching-kuo Foundation for International Scholarly Exchange 1. Joan Judge and Hu Ying, eds., Beyond Exemplar Tales: Women’s Biography in Chinese History 2. David A. Palmer and Xun Liu, eds., Daoism in the Twentieth Century: Between Eternity and Modernity 3. Joshua A. Fogel, ed., The Role of Japan in Modern Chinese Art 4. Thomas S. Mullaney, James Leibold, Stéphane Gros, and Eric Vanden Bussche, eds., Critical Han Studies: The History, Representation, and Identity of China’s Majority 5. Jack W. Chen and David Schaberg, eds., Idle Talk: Gossip and Anecdote in Traditional China Idle Talk Gossip and Anecdote in Traditional China edited by Jack w. cheN aNd david schaberg Global, Area, and International Archive University of California Press berkeley los Angeles loNdoN The Global, Area, and International Archive (GAIA) is an initiative of the Institute of International Studies, University of California, Berkeley, in partnership with the University of California Press, the California Digital Library, and international research programs across the University of California system. University of California Press, one of the most distinguished university presses in the United States, enriches lives around the world by advancing scholarship in the humanities, social sciences, and natural sciences. Its activities are supported by the UC Press Foundation and by philanthropic contributions from individuals and institutions. For more information, visit www.ucpress.edu. University of California Press Berkeley and Los Angeles, California University of California Press, Ltd.
    [Show full text]
  • Ban Zhao: Scholar of Han Dynasty China
    http://worldhistoryconnected.press.illinois.edu/9.1/lee.html From World History Connected Vol. 9, Issue 1. Viewed August 24, 2016 14:17 EDT Ban Zhao: Scholar of Han Dynasty China Yuen Ting Lee A woman (ought to) have four qualifications: (1) womanly virtue; (2) womanly words; (3) womanly bearing; and (4) womanly work. Now what is called womanly virtue need not be brilliant ability, exceptionally different from others. Womanly words need be neither clever in debate nor keen in conversation. Womanly appearance requires neither a pretty nor a perfect face and form. Womanly work need not be work done more skilfully than that of others. (Ban Zhao, Lessons for Women, chapter IV; translated by Nancy Swann) Ban Zhao (c. 45–120) was the first woman historian of China. She is known for her contributions to a masterpiece of Chinese historical writing, Han Shu (History of the Former Han Dynasty) and to an extant classic of Chinese women's education, Nü Jie (Lessons for Women or Admonitions for Women). Her works became standard reference for the education of daughters from Han China through the Qing period and, along with her other literary and educational accomplishments, won her the respectful traditional title of the "Venerable Madame Cao."1 Despite her scholarly contributions to Han China and to succeeding dynasties, Ban Zhao has not attracted much attention from Western scholars. Nancy Lee Swann wrote a much reprinted biography of Ban Zhao in 1932, but only recently has her career found its way into several publications in English.2 According to Paul Goldin, this revival of interest is attributable to the increasing importance of Chinese gender studies as a field of academic inquiry in general.3 If so, this current wave of interest is typical of the fluctuations in appreciation of her work over the centuries.
    [Show full text]
  • The Han Dynasty
    The Han Dynasty The Han dynasty was the second imperial dynasty of China (206 BCE–220 CE), preceded by the Qin dynasty (221–206 BCE) and succeeded by the Three Kingdoms period (220–280 CE). Spanning over four centuries, the Han period is considered a golden age in Chinese history. It was founded by the rebel leader Liu Bang, known posthumously as Emperor Gaozu of Han, and briefly interrupted by the Xin dynasty (9–23 AD) of the former regent Wang Mang. This interregnum separates the Han dynasty into two periods: the Western Han or Former Han (206 BCE – 9 CE) and the Eastern Han or Later Han (25–220 CE). The emperor was at the pinnacle of Han society. He presided over the Han government but shared power with both the nobility and appointed ministers who came largely from the scholarly gentry class. The Han Empire was divided into areas directly controlled by the central government using an innovation inherited from the Qin known as commanderies, and a number of semi-autonomous kingdoms. These kingdoms gradually lost all vestiges of their independence, particularly following the Rebellion of the Seven States. The Han dynasty was an age of economic prosperity and saw a significant growth of the money economy first established during the Zhou dynasty(c. 1050–256 BCE). The coinage issued by the central government mint in 119 BC remained the standard coinage of China until the Tang dynasty(618–907 CE). The Xiongnu, a nomadic steppe confederation, defeated the Han in 200 BCE and forced the Han to submit as a de facto inferior partner, but continued their raids on the Han borders.
    [Show full text]
  • Historical Romance and Sixteenth-Century Chinese Cultural Fantasies
    University of Pennsylvania ScholarlyCommons Publicly Accessible Penn Dissertations 2013 Genre and Empire: Historical Romance and Sixteenth-Century Chinese Cultural Fantasies Yuanfei Wang University of Pennsylvania, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations Part of the English Language and Literature Commons, and the History Commons Recommended Citation Wang, Yuanfei, "Genre and Empire: Historical Romance and Sixteenth-Century Chinese Cultural Fantasies" (2013). Publicly Accessible Penn Dissertations. 938. https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/938 This paper is posted at ScholarlyCommons. https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/938 For more information, please contact [email protected]. Genre and Empire: Historical Romance and Sixteenth-Century Chinese Cultural Fantasies Abstract Chinese historical romance blossomed and matured in the sixteenth century when the Ming empire was increasingly vulnerable at its borders and its people increasingly curious about exotic cultures. The project analyzes three types of historical romances, i.e., military romances Romance of Northern Song and Romance of the Yang Family Generals on northern Song's campaigns with the Khitans, magic-travel romance Journey to the West about Tang monk Xuanzang's pilgrimage to India, and a hybrid romance Eunuch Sanbao's Voyages on the Indian Ocean relating to Zheng He's maritime journeys and Japanese piracy. The project focuses on the trope of exogamous desire of foreign princesses and undomestic women to marry Chinese and social elite men, and the trope of cannibalism to discuss how the expansionist and fluid imagined community created by the fiction shared between the narrator and the reader convey sentiments of proto-nationalism, imperialism, and pleasure.
    [Show full text]
  • Chinese Foreign Aromatics Importation
    CHINESE FOREIGN AROMATICS IMPORTATION FROM THE 2ND CENTURY BCE TO THE 10TH CENTURY CE Research Thesis Presented in partial fulfillment of the requirements for graduation with research distinction in the undergraduate colleges of The Ohio State University. by Shiyong Lu The Ohio State University April 2019 Project Advisor: Professor Scott Levi, Department of History 1 Introduction Trade served as a major form of communication between ancient civilizations. Goods as well as religions, art, technology and all kinds of knowledge were exchanged throughout trade routes. Chinese scholars traditionally attribute the beginning of foreign trade in China to Zhang Qian, the greatest second century Chinese diplomat who gave China access to Central Asia and the world. Trade routes on land between China and the West, later known as the Silk Road, have remained a popular topic among historians ever since. In recent years, new archaeological evidences show that merchants in Southern China started to trade with foreign countries through sea routes long before Zhang Qian’s mission, which raises scholars’ interests in Maritime Silk Road. Whether doing research on land trade or on maritime trade, few scholars concentrate on the role of imported aromatics in Chinese trade, which can be explained by several reasons. First, unlike porcelains or jewelry, aromatics are not durable. They were typically consumed by being burned or used in medicine, perfume, cooking, etc. They might have been buried in tombs, but as organic matters they are hard to preserve. Lack of physical evidence not only leads scholars to generally ignore aromatics, but also makes it difficult for those who want to do further research.
    [Show full text]
  • CSORNAI, Katalin Where Huns´ Blood Drew
    July-September 2009 JOURNAL OF EURASIAN STUDIES Volume I., Issue 3. _____________________________________________________________________________________ CSORNAI, Katalin Where Huns´ Blood Drew The Xiongnu Abstract In the knowledge of the Han time sources we can conclude that the history of the Huns goes back in time as well as in territory much further than it has long been decided by mainstream scholars — their ancestors lived in Inner and Eastern Asia centuries before the Christian era, or regarding Sima Qian’s records on the Xia dynasty we might tentatively say millennia. Asian Huns are termed as Xiongnu in the Han chronicles. Undoubtedly the same sources do prove that parts of the Asian Huns, who had lived near the northern borders of the Han Empire in the centuries around the beginning of the Christian era, left their homeland in two directions — the Xiongnus of Zhizhi danhu moved west towards Europe, and other peoples who must have had Xiongnu blood in their veins went southwest towards the Indian subcontinent. The latter event occured in three waves: first by the Yuezhi in 204 B.C., after which the Kushan Emipre was founded; then in 176 B.C. by the Saka, whose relation to the Xiongnu is still debated; and finally by the Yuezhi and Wusun in 174 B.C. Introduction It is in fact a long time that our knowledge of the Huns has not been satisfactory due to the mainstream scholars using exclusively the Byzantine and European — occasionally the Arabic — sources for their researches. Accidentally one may at most find some references to Anonymus or Kézay. There have been some exceptions though, like De Groot or Béla Szász, who traced the history of the early Huns further back in time and in area, but they both have rather unduly been suppressed.
    [Show full text]
  • Norman Harry Rothschild
    NORMAN HARRY ROTHSCHILD Emerging from the Cocoon: Ethnic Revival, Lunar Radiance, and the Cult of Liu Sahe in the Jihu Uprising of 682-683∗ Closer examination of a Buddhist movement in Shaanxi 陕西 in the early 680s can help reveal the mechanics of the interplay between wealth, merit, faith and power in popular Buddhism during the early Tang. Bai Tieyu 白鐵余 evolved from a faith healer who amassed a huge fortune from Buddhist be- lievers wishing to gaze upon a planted bronze Buddha he had ‘discovered’ to a messianic deliverer, who, claiming that the mandate had been severed, set up a government and assumed an imperial title. By the spring of 683, Bai Tieyu’s local uprising in Suizhou 綏州 had grown to such proportions that the Tang court ordered general Cheng Wuting 程務挺 and commander-in-chief of con- tiguous Xiazhou 夏州 prefecture Wang Fangyi 王方翼 to suppress it. The uprising must be understood on three interrelated levels. First, it was a peasant rebellion, a response to abysmal socio-economic conditions. Second, it was a religious movement centred both upon local traditions of revivalist Buddhism and apocalyptic beliefs of popular Buddhism, particularly those surrounding Yueguang Wang 月光王 («Prince Lunar Radiance»), a lesser- known Buddhist deity. Third, it can be understood in terms of historical ethnic tensions between the Jihu 稽胡, a sedentary non-Chinese group that had long settled in Shaanbei 陝北 and Shanxi 山西, and the political centre. The analy- sis of the movement from the last two perspectives will require the introduc- tion of another figure, Liu Sahe 劉薩訶, a Jihu monk and folk hero.
    [Show full text]
  • Hellenes and Romans in Ancient China (240 BC – 1398 AD)
    SINO-PLATONIC PAPERS Number 230 August, 2012 Hellenes and Romans in Ancient China (240 BC – 1398 AD) by Lucas Christopoulos Victor H. Mair, Editor Sino-Platonic Papers Department of East Asian Languages and Civilizations University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, PA 19104-6305 USA [email protected] www.sino-platonic.org SINO-PLATONIC PAPERS FOUNDED 1986 Editor-in-Chief VICTOR H. MAIR Associate Editors PAULA ROBERTS MARK SWOFFORD ISSN 2157-9679 (print) 2157-9687 (online) SINO-PLATONIC PAPERS is an occasional series dedicated to making available to specialists and the interested public the results of research that, because of its unconventional or controversial nature, might otherwise go unpublished. The editor-in-chief actively encourages younger, not yet well established, scholars and independent authors to submit manuscripts for consideration. Contributions in any of the major scholarly languages of the world, including romanized modern standard Mandarin (MSM) and Japanese, are acceptable. In special circumstances, papers written in one of the Sinitic topolects (fangyan) may be considered for publication. Although the chief focus of Sino-Platonic Papers is on the intercultural relations of China with other peoples, challenging and creative studies on a wide variety of philological subjects will be entertained. This series is not the place for safe, sober, and stodgy presentations. Sino- Platonic Papers prefers lively work that, while taking reasonable risks to advance the field, capitalizes on brilliant new insights into the development of civilization. Submissions are regularly sent out to be refereed, and extensive editorial suggestions for revision may be offered. Sino-Platonic Papers emphasizes substance over form. We do, however, strongly recommend that prospective authors consult our style guidelines at www.sino-platonic.org/stylesheet.doc.
    [Show full text]
  • A Study of the History of the Relationship Between the Western and Eastern Han, Wei, Jin, Northern and Southern Dynasties and the Western Regions
    SINO-PLATONIC PAPERS Number 173 October, 2006 A Study of the History of the Relationship Between the Western and Eastern Han, Wei, Jin, Northern and Southern Dynasties and the Western Regions by Taishan YU Victor H. Mair, Editor Sino-Platonic Papers Department of East Asian Languages and Civilizations University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, PA 19104-6305 USA [email protected] www.sino-platonic.org SINO-PLATONIC PAPERS is an occasional series edited by Victor H. Mair. The purpose of the series is to make available to specialists and the interested public the results of research that, because of its unconventional or controversial nature, might otherwise go unpublished. The editor actively encourages younger, not yet well established, scholars and independent authors to submit manuscripts for consideration. Contributions in any of the major scholarly languages of the world, including Romanized Modern Standard Mandarin (MSM) and Japanese, are acceptable. In special circumstances, papers written in one of the Sinitic topolects (fangyan) may be considered for publication. Although the chief focus of Sino-Platonic Papers is on the intercultural relations of China with other peoples, challenging and creative studies on a wide variety of philological subjects will be entertained. This series is not the place for safe, sober, and stodgy presentations. Sino-Platonic Papers prefers lively work that, while taking reasonable risks to advance the field, capitalizes on brilliant new insights into the development of civilization. The only style-sheet we honor is that of consistency. Where possible, we prefer the usages of the Journal of Asian Studies. Sinographs (hanzi, also called tetragraphs [fangkuaizi]) and other unusual symbols should be kept to an absolute minimum.
    [Show full text]