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Constructing and Reconstructing Images of Chinese Women in Lin Yutang's Translations, Adaptations and Rewritings

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Constructing and Reconstructing Images of Chinese Women in Lin Yutang's Translations, Adaptations and Rewritings CONSTRUCTING AND RECONSTRUCTING IMAGES OF CHINESE WOMEN IN LIN YUTANG'S TRANSLATIONS, ADAPTATIONS AND REWRITINGS by Fang Lu B.A., Beijing Normal University, 1987 M.A., Beijing Normal University, 1990 THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Under Special Arrangement Faculty of Arts & Social Sciences © Fang Lu 2008 SIMON FRASER UNIVERSITY Spring 2008 All rights reserved. This work may not be reproduced in whole or in part, by photocopy or other means, without permission of the author. Library and Bibliotheque et 1*1 Archives Canada Archives Canada Published Heritage Direction du Branch Patrimoine de I'edition 395 Wellington Street 395, rue Wellington Ottawa ON K1A0N4 Ottawa ON K1A0N4 Canada Canada Your file Votre reference ISBN: 978-0-494-46812-8 Our file Notre reference ISBN: 978-0-494-46812-8 NOTICE: AVIS: The author has granted a non­ L'auteur a accorde une licence non exclusive exclusive license allowing Library permettant a la Bibliotheque et Archives and Archives Canada to reproduce, Canada de reproduire, publier, archiver, publish, archive, preserve, conserve, sauvegarder, conserver, transmettre au public communicate to the public by par telecommunication ou par Plntemet, prefer, telecommunication or on the Internet, distribuer et vendre des theses partout dans loan, distribute and sell theses le monde, a des fins commerciales ou autres, worldwide, for commercial or non­ sur support microforme, papier, electronique commercial purposes, in microform, et/ou autres formats. paper, electronic and/or any other formats. The author retains copyright L'auteur conserve la propriete du droit d'auteur ownership and moral rights in et des droits moraux qui protege cette these. this thesis. Neither the thesis Ni la these ni des extraits substantiels de nor substantial extracts from it celle-ci ne doivent etre imprimes ou autrement may be printed or otherwise reproduits sans son autorisation. reproduced without the author's permission. In compliance with the Canadian Conformement a la loi canadienne Privacy Act some supporting sur la protection de la vie privee, forms may have been removed quelques formulaires secondaires from this thesis. ont ete enleves de cette these. While these forms may be included Bien que ces formulaires in the document page count, aient inclus dans la pagination, their removal does not represent il n'y aura aucun contenu manquant. any loss of content from the thesis. Canada APPROVAL Name: Fang Lu Degree: Doctor of Philosophy Title of Thesis: Constructing and Reconstructing Images of Chinese Women in Lin Yutang's Translations, Adaptations and Rewritings Examining Committee: Chair: Jonathan C. Driver Dean of Graduate Studies Dr. Jan Walls, Senior Supervisor Professor Emeritus, Humanities Dr. Kathy Mezei, Supervisor Professor, Humanities Dr. Roy Miki, Supervisor Professor, English Dr. Anne-Marie Feenberg-Dibon, Examiner Associate Professor, Humanities Dr. Patrick Hanan, External Examiner Victor S. Thomas Professor of Chinese Literature East Asian Languages and Civilizations Harvard University Date Defended/Approved: ^SOTN. «?S ^.Tiry-ygs SIMON FRASER UNIVERSITY SFU LIBRARY Declaration of Partial Copyright Licence The author, whose copyright is declared on the title page of this work, has granted to Simon Fraser University the right to lend this thesis, project or extended essay to users of the Simon Fraser University Library, and to make partial or single copies only for such users or in response to a request from the library of any other university, or other educational institution, on its own behalf or for one of its users. The author has further granted permission to Simon Fraser University to keep or make a digital copy for use in its circulating collection (currently available to the public at the "Institutional Repository" link of the SFU Library website <www.lib.sfu.ca> at: <http://ir.lib.sfu.ca/handle/1892/112>) and, without changing the content, to translate the thesis/project or extended essays, if technically possible, to any medium or format for the purpose of preservation of the digital work. The author has further agreed that permission for multiple copying of this work for scholarly purposes may be granted by either the author or the Dean of Graduate Studies. It is understood that copying or publication of this work for financial gain shall not be allowed without the author's written permission. Permission for public performance, or limited permission for private scholarly use, of any multimedia materials forming part of this work, may have been granted by the author. This information may be found on the separately catalogued multimedia material and in the signed Partial Copyright Licence. While licensing SFU to permit the above uses, the author retains copyright in the thesis, project or extended essays, including the right to change the work for subsequent purposes, including editing and publishing the work in whole or in part, and licensing other parties, as the author may desire. The original Partial Copyright Licence attesting to these terms, and signed by this author, may be found in the original bound copy of this work, retained in the Simon Fraser University Archive. Simon Fraser University Library Burnaby, BC, Canada Revised: Fall 2007 ABSTRACT As an important modern Chinese writer and a cross-cultural personality, Lin Yutang (1895-1976) and his works have attracted considerable attention among literary critics both in China and in the West. However, the images of Chinese women that Lin constructed and reconstructed in his English translations, adaptations, and rewritings have not yet been systematically studied. This dissertation examines Lin's ideological intentions, as well as his cultural and. translational strategies in changing negative stereotypes of Chinese women. The representation of Chinese women to Western readers before Lin is presented through three cases: the missionary A.C. Safford, the bilingual Chinese intellectual Gu Hongming, and the American novelist Pearl Buck. Lin's rise and the formation of his feminist thought are addressed by investigating his familial, educational, cultural and political background. His article "Ancient Feminist Thought in China," the chapter "Women's Life" in his My Country and My People, and his only drama, Confucius Met Nanzi establish a context for the female images he reconstructed. Four of these images are selected for detailed examination: Yun in Six Chapters of a Floating Life, and three marginalized women in Widow. Nun and Courtesan. In addition, Lin's translation craft is examined by comparing his translation Six Chapters of a Floating Life to two other translations. His use of La Dame Aux Camelias as a cross-cultural analogue is highlighted in his rewriting of the courtesan Miss Du. This dissertation demonstrates that Lin was a pioneer in allowing stronger voices of Chinese women to be heard in the West. His success derived fundamentally from his selection of source materials and his strategies in presenting these materials. Lin's contribution in this area is much greater than generally believed in academia and remains invaluable today. This study further reveals that Lin's long-ignored translated, adapted and rewritten works function as a strong basis for his later more influential works. The m distinctive voice on women that Lin used in his English essays and novels developed and matured in the process of translating and adapting these works. Therefore, my investigation contributes to a more comprehensive genealogy of images of women in Lin's translingual literary practice. Keywords: Lin Yutang; cross-cultural; literary translation; literary adaptation; literary rewriting; Chinese women; missionary; post-colonial; feminism; modern Chinese literature Subject Terms: Lin Yutang; cross-cultural literary studies; translation, adaptation and rewriting; missionary translation; Chinese women; feminism; modern Chinese literature; comparative literature IV DEDICATION I dedicate this to my parents, whose Cove and support have given me the confidence to undertake this worh^ I dedicate this to my homefand, which is forever the source of my inspiration. V ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS My deep appreciation first and foremost goes to my senior supervisor, Professor Jan Walls. Without his intellectual guidance and unfailing support, this dissertation would not have been possible. He recognized the seed of this project, encouraged me to find my own voice, and painstakingly went through several drafts of this manuscript. His erudition and insights, his enduring patience, and his wit and humor, made my dissertation journey pleasurable and fruitful. I am deeply indebted to my supervisor Professor Kathy Mezei. Her profound knowledge of post-colonial translation theories, her constructive criticism on my drafts, her suggestions on the structure of the dissertation and her editorial advice, were truly inspirational and helpful. My sincere gratitude also goes to my supervisor Professor Roy Miki, who offered me thoughtful advice and has always been supportive and patient. I would like to thank my internal examiner, Professor Anne-Marie Feenberg Dibon, for her critical reading and insightful suggestions. My special thanks go to my external examiner, Professor Patrick Hanan, whose books and articles have often been inspirations for my research. His incisive comments and thought-provoking questions pointed me in directions I had not been able to see, and opened up a grand view for my future research. My sincere
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