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Formen Der Javanischen Pilgerschaft Zu Heiligenschreinen

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Formen Der Javanischen Pilgerschaft Zu Heiligenschreinen Formen der javanischen Pilgerschaft zu Heiligenschreinen Dissertation zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades der Geowissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Albert- Ludwigs- Universität Freiburg i. Br. vorgelegt von Klaus Fuhrmann aus Bad Hersfeld 2000 Referent: Prof. Dr. Seitz Koreferent: Prof. Dr. Käser Dekan: Prof. Dr. Behrmann Tag der Beschlussfassung des Promotionsausschusses: 10.5.2001 INHALT Verzeichnis der Illustrationen...........................................................................................VI Vorwort und Danksagung................................................................................................IX 1 EINLEITUNG ................................................................................................1 1.1 Die Erforschung des Pilgerwesens...........................................................1 1.2 Theoretische Perspektiven.......................................................................2 1.2.1 Das theoretische Modell von Victor Turner....................................................2 1.2.2 Turner-Kritik und neuere Ansätze....................................................................8 1.3 Schriftliche Quellen...............................................................................12 1.4 Zielsetzungen und Textgestaltung............................................................18 1.5 Orthographie, Zitierweise und Personennamen........................................20 1.6 Feldforschungsgeschichte.....................................................................21 2 JAVA: EINE EINFÜHRUNG IN GESCHICHTE UND KULTUR ...................................27 2.1 Historischer Überblick...........................................................................28 2.2 Kejawen-Weltbild und Handlungsprinzipien.............................................36 2.3 Javanische Traditionen in der modernen Welt.........................................41 3 GRUNDLAGEN DES HEILIGENKULTES ............................................................47 3.1 Vorstellungen über die jenseitige Welt ....................................................47 3.1.1 Geistervorstellungen.......................................................................................47 II 3.1.2 Tod, Ahnen und der Verbleib der Seele.......................................................53 3.1.3 Die Rolle der Vorfahren.................................................................................55 3.2 Rituale der Pilgerschaft .........................................................................59 3.2.1 Das slametan: Ein rituelles Festmahl ..........................................................59 3.2.2 wayang kulit: Das javanische Schattenspiel................................................63 3.2.3 nyekar: Blumenopfer für Geister, Ahnen und Heilige..................................64 3.2.3.1 Darbringung der Blumen....................................................................... 65 3.2.3.2 Symbolik................................................................................................ 68 3.2.4 Rituale der Dorfgemeinschaft........................................................................70 3.3 Rituelle Spezialisten ..............................................................................74 3.3.1 juru kunci: Wächter des Schlüssels .............................................................74 3.3.2 Wissende Alte, Geistermedien und Paranormale ......................................86 3.4 Heiligkeit und Machtgewinn....................................................................89 3.4.1 Der Machtbegriff.............................................................................................89 3.4.2 Wege zu Macht ...............................................................................................92 3.4.3 Heilige (wong sakti)........................................................................................99 4 PILGERSCHAFT UND HEILIGENKULT AUF JAVA.............................................. 104 4.1 Glaubensvorstellungen über Heiligenschreine........................................ 104 4.2 Lage und Erscheinungsbild von Heiligenschreinen................................. 111 4.3 Verhaltensnormen an Heiligenschreinen ............................................... 118 4.4 Kalendersysteme und ihre Anwendung im Rahmen der Pilgerschaft........ 125 4.5 Pilger und ihre Motive.......................................................................... 133 4.6 Wege von Erfolg und Misserfolg........................................................... 148 4.7 Politische Dimensionen des Heiligenkultes ............................................ 158 4.7.1 Vom Umgang mit der politischen Gefahr: Das Grab von Sukarno...................171 III 4.7.2 Legitimierung politischer Herrschaft: Das Mausoleum der Suhartos...............178 4.8 Pilgerschaft zu Heiligenschreinen als Gegenstand der öffentlichen Diskussion ......................................................................................... 185 5 FALLBEISPIELE ....................................................................................... 193 5.1 Gununng Kawi .................................................................................... 193 5.1.1 Einführung......................................................................................................193 5.1.2 Legenden.......................................................................................................194 5.1.2.1 Die Legende von Mbah Djoego und Imam Soedjono ......................... 194 5.1.2.2 Die Legende von Ong Hok Liang ........................................................ 199 5.1.3 Das Dorf Wonosari und seine heiligen Stätten.........................................201 5.1.4 Organisationsstruktur und Verwaltung der Pilgerstätte ............................206 5.1.5 Die Ziele der Pilgerschaft............................................................................209 5.1.5.1 Makam Mbah Djoego und Imam Soedjono......................................... 209 5.1.5.2 Das Haus von Imam Soedjono (Padepokan Imam Soedjono)........... 214 5.1.5.3 Die Chinesischen Tempel .................................................................. 216 5.1.5.4 Sumber Manggis ................................................................................. 221 5.1.5.5 Sumber Urip........................................................................................ 224 5.1.5.6 Pesanggerahan Mbah Djoego di Klopo Pang..................................... 225 5.1.5.7 Das Haus von Tan Kie Yam ............................................................... 227 5.1.5.8 Der Kraton........................................................................................... 228 5.1.5.9 Das Wohnhaus von Mbah Djoego (Padepokan Eyang Djoego) in Kesamben......................................................................................... 229 5.1.6 Der richtige Zeitpunkt...................................................................................230 5.1.7 Pilger und ihre Motive...................................................................................232 5.1.8 Spenden der Pilger ......................................................................................235 5.1.9 Rituale ............................................................................................................236 5.1.9.1 nyekar ................................................................................................. 236 5.1.9.2 slametan ............................................................................................. 240 5.1.9.3 khol (suran)......................................................................................... 250 5.1.9.4 wayang kulit......................................................................................... 254 IV 5.1.10 Gunung Kawi im Spiegel von Presse und Öffentlichkeit........................258 5.1.11 Interethnische Beziehungen am Gunung Kawi ........................................262 5.2 Die makam von Sèh Maulana Maghribi und Sèh Bela Belu..................... 266 5.2.1 Einführung......................................................................................................266 5.2.2 Legenden.......................................................................................................268 5.2.2.1 Schriftliche Traditionen ....................................................................... 269 5.2.2.2 Orale Traditionen ................................................................................ 273 5.2.3 Die Heiligenschreine in Pemancingan und ihr Umfeld .............................277 5.2.3.1 Makam Sèh Maulana Maghribi ............................................................ 281 5.2.3.2 Makam Sèh Bela Belu......................................................................... 286 5.2.4 Schreine außerhalb von Pemancingan......................................................289 5.2.5 Die juru kunci................................................................................................302 5.2.6 Geistermedien..............................................................................................305 5.2.7 Pilger, ihre Motive und der Weg zum Erfolg der Pilgerschaft..................310 5.2.8 Riten der Pilgerschaft...................................................................................314 5.3 Gunung Kemukus ............................................................................... 317 5.3.1 Versionen der Legende...............................................................................317
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