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Exploring Indonesia: Past and Present by Bjorn Schelander with illustrations by Ann Hsu IV[arch 2000 revision by Kirsten Brown Partially funded by the U.S. Department ofEducation Published by the Center for Southeast Asian Studies School of Ha-vvaiian, Asian and Pacific Studies IJniversity of Hawaii Original Publication, 1996 The Center for Southeast Asian Studies School of Hawaiian. Asian and Pacific Studies University of Hawai'i Honolulu, Hawai'j Copyright © Center for Southeast Asian Studies Table of Contents PREFACE CHAPTERl 1 INTRODUCTION TO THE LM'DS AND PEOPLES OF INDONESIA 1 THE GEOGRAPHY OF INDONESIA 1 The Southeast Asian Setting. 2 The Major Island Groups of Indonesia 3 The "Ring ofFire" 5 Climate 6 Fauna and Flora 8 Resources and Land Use 11 THE PEOPLE AND CULTURES OF INDONESIA 14 Major Ethnic Groups ofIndonesia 20 Languages and Dialects 26 Patterns ofReligious Beliefs 28 Music, Arts, and Crafts 32 Food and Drink 39 The Cycle ofLife 41 Summary: 43 EXERCISES 44 CHAPTER 2 49 EARLY INDONESIAN SOCIETIES 49 THE SOURCES OF EARLY INDONESIAN HISTORY 50 Linguistic Evidence 51 Early Inscriptions and Chronicles 52 Ethnographic Evidence: Studying Present-day Societies 53 Legends and Folk Tales 55 Accounts from Foreign Traders and Rulers 57 Weighing the Evidence 59 EARLY FOREIGN CONTACTS 61 China 61 India 62 Madagascar, Malaysia, and the Philippines 64 EARLY INDONESIAN EMPIRES 65 Srivijaya 65 Shailendra 70 Mataram 71 Majapahit 74 EXERCISES 76 CHAPTER 3 83 THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE SPICE TRADE AND THE COMING OF ISLAM 83 THE RISE OF MELAKA 83 THE WORLD OF SOUTHEAST ASIAN TRADE 84 The Spread ofMalay 87 The Spread ofIslam 88 THE WORLD OF INDONESIA IN THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY 92 EUROPEAN PARTICIPATION IN THE ASIAN TRADE ROUTES 97 Economic Motives: 97 Scientific Advances: 99 Religious Motives: 100 Portuguese Presence in Southeast Asia. 101 Other Early European Presence in Indonesia: 106 SUMMARY: 109 EXERCISES 111 CHAPTER 4 115 THE AGE OF MATARAM AND THE VOC 115 THE DEVELOPMENT OF INDONESIAN SOCIETIES 1600·1800 115 JAVA AT THE BEGINNING OF THE AGE OF MATARAM 116 SUNDA AND SOUTHERN SUMATRA 118 ACEH 121 MAKASSAR 123 THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE DUTCH EAST INDIA COMPANY (VOC) 125 THE VOC IN MALUKU 128 JAVA AND THE VOC 130 From Sunda Kelapa to Batavia 131 Amangkurat I 132 Amangkurat II 133 The Javanese Wars of Succession 134 VOC GAINS AND LOSSES 137 SUMMARY 138 EXERCISES 140 CHAPTER 5 145 DUTCH COLONIZATION AND THE GROWTH OF NATIONALISM: 1800-1940 145 BEGINNINGS OF THE DUTCH COLONIAL GOVERNMENT 145 THE BRITISH SEIZE CONTROL 147 THE DUTCH REGAIN THEIR COLONIES AND EXTEND CONTROL 150 Diponegoro and The Java War 151 The Cultivation System 154 The Liberal Period (1870.1900) 156 CHAPTERS (continued} The Outer Islands 157 THE NATIONALIST MOVEMENT 162 THE ETIlICAL POLICY (1900-1930) 163 NATIONALIST ORGANIZATIONS 165 SUMMARY 170 EXERCISES 171 CHAPTER SIX 177 THE ROAD TO INDEPENDENCE 177 WORLD WAR D 177 JAPANESE OCCUPATION 178 THE END OF WWII 181 STRUGGLE FOR FREEDOM 184 DUTCH ATTEMPTS TO REGAIN TIlE COLONY 186 NEGOTIATIONS 187 THE SUKARNO YEARS 189 ESTABLISHING A UNITED INDONESIA 190 Social Development 190 Economic Development 192 Political Development 193 THREATS TO UNITY 194 GUIDED DEMOCRACY 198 LIVING DANGEROUSLY 200 From West New Guinea to Irian Jaya 201 Confrontation with Malaysia 201 THE 30TH SEPTEMBER MOVEMENT 203 SUHARTO AND THE NEW ORDER 206 DEVELOPMENT AND THE ECONOMY 206 POLITICAL DIMENSIONS OF THE NEW ORDER 210 Structure of the Government 211 Domestic Issues 211 Foreign Policy Issues 213 SUMMARY 214 EXERCISES 216 Events in Indonesia Since 1996 (March 2000 Update) 232 CULTURAL APPENDIX: 237 KEY TO EXERCISES 243 BIBLIOGRAPHY 255 LIST OF MAPS 1.1 SOUTHEAST ASIA 2 1.2 GEOGRAPHICAL FEATURES OF INDONESIA 4 1.3 INDONESIA (MAJOR ISLANDS) 14 2.1 EARLY TRADE ROUTES 66 2.2 SRJVIJAYA 67 2.3 EARLY HISTORICAL SITES IN JAVA 74 3.1 MAJOR SEA ROUTES OF THE SPICE TRADE 85 3.2 PASISIR (NORTH COAST) JAVA 93 3.3 PORTUGUESE TRADE STATIONS 102 4.1 JAVA DURING THE AGE OF MATARAM 118 4.2 SUMATRA 119 4.3 SULAWESI AND THE SPICE ISLANDS 124 4.4 GROWTH OF DUTCH CONTROL IN JAVA 137 5.1 INDONESIA 150 6.1 PROVINCES OF INDONESIA 213 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS KENONG (GONG) REBAB (STRINGED INSTRUMENT) 36 KRIs (WAVY BLADED DAGGER) 39 KENDANG (DRUM) 55 BOROBUDUR 70 NUTMEG 86 CLOVE 96 PEPPER 98 MASK AND NAGA (SERPENT) ORNAMENTATION AT PALACE OF YOGYAKARTA 130 MUSIC PAVILLION AT PALACE OFYOGYAKARTA 153 WOMEN PLANTING RICE 156 MINANGKABAU HOUSE 191 BEMO (MINIBUS) 199 Preface The land of Indonesia is home to a rich diversity of people and cultures and has a long and fascinating history. It would be impossible in this book to present more than a brief sketch of some of the most important of Indonesia's people, places and events. The reader is encouraged to consult additional works, such as those listed in the bibliography, for a more in depth coverage of specific topics. A Note on Indonesian Spelling and Names: The Indonesian language is easy to pronounce. In general one should try to pronounce Indonesian words as they are written, bearing in mind the following few rules: the letter "c" always represents the sound "ch" (as in chair, never like the "c" in cider or car), the letters "ng" are pronounced like the "ng" in singer, while "ngg" is pronounced like the "ng" in finger. However, there have been several changes in spelling conventions, which explains why one may fmd alternate spellings of the same name (eg. Suharto and Soeharto). For more information on spelling and language, consult a good Indonesian­ English dictionary, such as that by Echols and Shadily. A Note to Teachers: This book has been designed so that it may be utilised in several ways. Used in its entirety it can serve as the main text for a course on Indonesian history or social studies. It can also be used as a supplementary source of material to be integrated into other history or social studies courses. Selected chapters may be used in order to add a Southeast Asian perspective or to highlight particular historical themes. Chapter 1 provides a brief overview of the country, including the geography, natural resources, and cultural diversity to be found in Indonesia. Chapter 6 discusses the politics and economy of modem Indonesia. Taken together, these two chapters may be used to provide a general country profIle of Indonesia. Chapters 2 through 5 concentrate on the historical development of Indonesian society. Individual chapters may be selected to provide examples of general themes that are covered in a world history course. For example, chapter 2 focuses on describing early societies, the role of inter-regional trade, and the challenges of historiography. This chapter deals with the question of "what is history?" and with the need to evaluate critically the sources of information used to build a reconstruction of past events. Chapter 3 continues with the themes of international trade. It also introduces the role of Islam, both as an influence within Indonesia and as a dynamic religious force throughout the Asian region. The opposition of Islam and Christianity (in historical terms) is highlighted by the collision of the Western and indigenous Southeast Asian cultures, and the European "Age of Exploration" is covered from an Asian perspective. Chapter 4 may be used to highlight the confrontation of Western and Asian interests, especially in the realm of commerce, and the development of a colonial system. Chapter 5 continues with the theme of colonization, and focuses on its political aspects. Resistance movements are also discussed, as is the growth of a unified opposition and the development of a national consciousness. Additionally, this chapter stresses the role of primary sources in studying history. Each chapter has a set of exercises which may be used to test the students' comprehension of the information presented in that unit. There are always several exercises that test recall of factual material (Le. multiple choice, true/false, or fIll in the blanks) and several exercises that provide an opportUnity for critical thinking and essay writing. In order to spark the students' imagination and to help bring history alive, there are topics for creative writing. Additionally there are several sections devoted to map skills and geography. A Note to Students: This book is designed to give you an overall picture of Indonesian history and society. As with any textbook, it may seem like there is a lot of new information for you to absorb. As you read the material try to concentrate on the main themes. Try to compare what you learn about Indonesian history with what you already know about Asian history and/or about the history of your own country. Use the chapter summaries to review information and test your knowledge by completing the exercises at the end of every chapter. Most of all, try to enjoy the challenge of learning more about this beautiful and interesting country. Take advantage of the resources in the library of your school or local community. In addition to reference works and history books, you may also check the index listings for magazines and journals, such as National Geographic, for articles on Indonesia. There are also a number of video documentaries which deal with various aspects of Indonesian culture, natural history and modern affairs. 11 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION TO THE LANDS AND PEOPLES OF INDONESIA THE GEOGRAPHY OF INDONESIA ndonesia has been described by some as a string of emeralds cast upon the Indian ocean. Others call it part of a ring of fire. These poetic names sound Tvery different from each other but both suggest something about the physical characteristics of this island chain.
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