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DOCUMENT RESUME ED 421 444 SO 029 241 AUTHOR Schelander, Bjorn TITLE Exploring Indonesia: Past and Present. INSTITUTION Hawaii Univ., Manoa. School of Hawaiian, Asian, and Pacific Studies. SPONS AGENCY Department of Education, Washington, DC. PUB DATE 1996-00-00 NOTE 245p.; Illustrations by Ann Hsu. AVAILABLE FROM Center for Southeast Asian Studies, School of Hawaiian, Asian and Pacific Studies, 1890 East-West Road, Moore 416, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI 96822. PUB TYPE Guides Non-Classroom (055) EDRS PRICE EDRS Price MF01 Plus Postage. PC Not Available from EDRS. DESCRIPTORS Area Studies; *Asian History; *Asian Studies; Foreign Countries; Global Education; Instructional Materials; Multicultural Education; *Non Western Civilization; Secondary Education; Social Studies IDENTIFIERS *Indonesia ABSTRACT This book provides an overview of Indonesia's history and culture. The book begins with prehistoric times and continues through nationhood. Each chapter provides background information along with student activities and project suggestions. Chapters include: (1) "Introduction to the Lands and Peoples of Indonesia"; (2) "Early Indonesian Societies"; (3) "The Development of the Spice Trade and the Coming of Islam"; (4) "The Age of Mataram and the Voc"; (5) "Dutch Colonization and the Growth of Nationalism: 1800-1940"; and (6)"The Road to Independence." The volume concludes with an answer key to chapter exercises and a 50-item bibliography. (EH) **************************************************************:****************** Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document. ******************************************************************************** Exploring Indonesia Past and Present Bjorn Schelander Center for Southeast Asian Studies PERMISSION TO REPRODUCE AND U.S. DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION DISSEMINATE THIS MATERIAL IN MICROFICHE, Office of Educational Research and Improvement School of AND IN ELECTRONIC MEDIA FOR ERIC EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION COLLECTION SUBSCRIBERS ONLY, CENTER (ERIC) Hawaiian, C.) HAS BEEN GRANTED BY This document has been reproduced as received from the person or organization originating it. Asian and Fl onre rtc.E. 0 Minor changes have been made to improve reproduction quality. Pacific Studies u._)( Points of view or opinions stated in this University of Ci) TO THE EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES document do not necessarily represent 2A INFORMATION CENTER (ERIC) official OERI position or policy. Hawai'i 1996 Exploring Indonesia: Past and Present by Bjorn Schelander with illustrations by Ann Hsu Partially funded by the U.S. Department ofEducation Published by the Center for SoutheastAsian Studies School of Hawaiian,Asian and PacificStudies University of Hawai'i 1996 3 Acknowledgements Many thank- are due to all the faculty and staff at the Universityof Hawaii at Manoa who have helped with this project. In particular I wouldlike to acknowledge the support and guidance of Dr. Leonard Andayaand Dr. James Collins. both of whom have encouraged my study of Indonesian language, culture andhistory. A special note of gratitude is also reserved for Florence Lamoureux, coordinatorof the University of Hawaii's Center for Southeast Asian Studies textbookproject, for her patience, sound editorial advice and ever-present good humor. Finally,I would like to thank my wife Ann for all of her support and assistance during the writing of thisbook. Bjorn Schelander Honolulu. Hawaii March 1996 Batik design on front cover: Lung Kurda Table of Contents PREFACE CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION TO THE LANDS AND PEOPLES OF INDONESIA 1 THE GEOGRAPHY OF INDONESIA 1 The Southeast Asian Setting. 2 The Major Island Groups of Indonesia 3 The "Ring of Fire" 5 Climate 6 Fauna and Flora 8 Resources and Land Use 11 THE PEOPLE AND CULTURES OF INDONESIA 14 Major Ethnic Groups of Indonesia 20 Languages and Dialects 26 Patterns of Religious Beliefs 28 Music, Arts, and Crafts 32 Food and Drink 39 The Cycle of Life 41 Summary: 43 EXERCISES 44 CHAPTER 2 49 EARLY INDONESIAN SOCIETIES 49 THE SOURCES OF EARLY INDONESIAN HISTORY 50 Linguistic Evidence 51 Early Inscriptions and Chronicles 52 Ethnographic Evidence: Studying Present-day Societies 53 Legends and Folk Tales 55 Accounts from Foreign Traders and Rulers 57 Weighing the Evidence 59 EARLY FOREIGN CONTACTS 61 China 61 India 62 Madagascar, Malaysia, and the Philippines 64 EARLY INDONESIAN EMPIRES 65 Sri vijaya 65 Shailendra 70 Mat aram 71 Maj apahit 74 EXERCISES 76 5 CHAPTER 3 83 THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE SPICETRADE AND THE COMING OF ISLAM 83 THE RISE OF MELAKA 83 84 THE WORLD OF SOUTHEAST ASIAN TRADE The Spread of Malay 87 The Spread of Islam 88 THE WORLD OF INDONESIA IN THE SIXTEENTHCENTURY 92 EUROPEAN PARTICIPATION IN THE ASIAN TRADEROUTES 97 Economic Motives: 97 99 Scientific Advances: Religious Motives: 100 Portuguese Presence in Southeast Asia. 101 1 Other Early European Presence in Indonesia: 106 109 SUMMARY 111 EXERCISES CHAPTER 4 115 THE AGE OF MATARAM AND THEVOC 115 115 THE DEVELOPMENT OF INDONESIANSOCIETIES 1600-1800 1 116 JAVA AT THE BEGINNING OF THE AGE OFMATARAM 118 SUNDA AND SOUTHERN SUMATRA 121 ACEH 123 MAKASSAR THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE DUTCH EASTINDIA COMPANY (VOC) 125 128 THE VOC IN MALUKU 130 JAVA AND THE VOC From Sunda Kelapa to Batavia 131 132 Amangkurat I 1 133 Amangkurat lI 134 The Javanese Wars of Succession .137 VOC GAINS AND LOSSES 1 138 SUMMARY 140 EXERCISES 145 CHAPTER 5 145 DUTCH COLONIZATION AND THEGROWTH OF NATIONALISM:1800-1940 145 BEGINNINGS OF THE DUTCH COLONIALGOVERNMENT 147 THE BRITISH SEIZE CONTROL 150 THE DUTCH REGAIN THEIR COLONIES ANDEXTEND CONTROL Diponegoro and The Java War 151 154 The Cultivation System 156 The Liberal Period (1870-1900) 1 6 CHAPTER 5 (continuedl The Outer Islands 157 THE NATIONALIST MOVEMENT 162 THE ETHICAL POLICY (1900-1930) 163 NATIONALIST ORGANIZATIONS 165 SUMMARY 170 EXERCISES 171 CHAPTER SIX 177 THE ROAD TO INDEPENDENCE 177 WORLD WAR II 177 178 JAPANESE OCCUPATION 181 THE END OF WWII STRUGGLE FOR FREEDOM 184 DUTCH ATTEMPTS TO REGAIN THE COLONY 186 187 NEGOTIATIONS THE SUKARNO YEARS 189 ESTABLISHING A UNITED INDONESIA 190 190 Social Development Economic Development 192 Political Development 193 194 THREATS TO UNITY 198 GUIDED DEMOCRACY 200 LIVING DANGEROUSLY From West New Guinea to Irian Jaya 201 Confrontation with Malaysia 201 203 THE 30TH SEPTEMBER MOVEMENT 206 SUHARTO AND THE NEW ORDER DEVELOPMENT AND THE ECONOMY 206 POLITICAL DIMENSIONS OF THE NEW ORDER 210 Structure of the Government 211 211 Domestic Issues 213 Foreign Policy Issues 214 SUMMARY 216 .EXERCISES 222 KEY TO EXERCISES 235 BIBLIOGRAPHY 7 LIST OF MAPS 2 1.1 SOUTHEASTASIA 4 1.2 GEOGRAPHICALFEATURES OFINDONESIA 14 1.3 INDONESIA (MAJOR ISLANDS) 66 2.1 EARLYTRADE ROUTES 67 2.2 SRIVIJAYA 2.3 EARLY HISTORICAL SITES IN JAVA 74 3.1 MAJOR SEA ROUTES OF THE SPICE TRADE 85 93 3.2 PASISIR (NORTH COAST) JAVA 102 3.3 PORTUGUESE TRADE STATIONS 4.1 JAVA DURING THE AGE OF MATARAM 118 119 4.2 SUMATRA 124 4.3 SULAWESI AND THE SPICE ISLANDS 137 4.4 GROWTH OF DUTCH CONTROL IN JAVA 150 5.1 INDONESIA- 213 6.1 PROVINCES OF INDONESIA LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS KENONG (GONG) 36 REBAB (STRINGED INSTRUMENT) 39 KRIS (WAVYBLADEDDAGGER) 55 KENDANG (DRUM) 70 BOROBUDUR 86 NUTMEG 96 CLOVE 98 PEPPER 130 MASK AND NAGA (SERPENT) ORNAMENTATION ATPALACE OF YOGYAKARTA 153 MUSIC PAVILLION AT PALACE OF YOGYAKARTA 156 WOMEN PLANTING RICE 191 MINANGKABAU HOUSE 199 BEMO (MINIBUS) 8 Preface The land of Indonesia is home to a rich diversity of people and cultures and has a long and fascinating history. It would be impossible in this book to present more than a brief sketch of some of the most important of Indonesia's people, places and events. The reader is encouraged to consult additional works, such as those listed in the bibliography, for a more in depth coverage of specific topics. A Note on Indonesian Spelling and Names: The Indonesian language is easy to pronounce. In general one should try to pronounce Indonesian words as they are written, bearing in mind the followingfew rules: the letter "c" always represents the sound "ch" (as in chair, never like the "c" in cider or car), the letters "ng" are pronounced like the "ng" in singer, while "ngg" is pronounced like the "ng" in finger. However, there have been several changes in spelling conventions, which explains why one may find alternate spellings of the same name (eg. Suharto and Soeharto). For more information on spelling and language, consult a good Indonesian- English dictionary, such as that by Echols and Shadily. A Note to Teachers: This book has been designed so that it may be utilised in several ways. Used in its entirety it can serve as the main text for a course on Indonesian history or social studies. It can also be used as a supplementary source of material to be integrated intoother history or social studies courses. Selected chapters may be used in order to add aSoutheast Asian perspective or to highlight particular historical themes. Chapter 1 provides a brief overview of the country, including the geography, natural resources, and cultural diversity to be found in Indonesia. Chapter 6 discusses the politics and economy of modern Indonesia. Taken together, these two chapters may be used to provide a general country profile of Indonesia. Chapters 2 through 5 concentrate on the historical development of Indonesian society. Individual chapters may be selected to provide examples of general themes that are covered in a world history course. For example, chapter 2 focuses ondescribing early societies, the role of inter-regional trade, and the challenges of historiography. This chapter deals with the question of "what is history?" and with the need to evaluate critically the sources of information used to build a reconstruction of past events. Chapter 3 continues with the themes of international trade. It also introduces the role of Islam, both as an influence within Indonesia and as a dynamic religious force throughout the Asian region.
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    CAKALELEVOL. 2, :-f0. 2 (1991), PP. LOCAL TRADE NETWORKS IN MALUKU IN THE 16TH, 17TH, AND 18TH CENTURIES LEONARD Y. ANDAYA U:-fIVERSITY OF From an outsider's viewpoint, the diversity of language and ethnic groups scattered through numerous small and often inaccessible islands in Maluku might appear to be a major deterrent to economic contact between communities. But it was because these groups lived on small islands or in forested larger islands with limited arable land that trade with their neighbors was an economic necessity Distrust of strangers was often overcome through marriage or trade partnerships. However, the most . effective justification for cooperation among groups in Maluku was adherence to common origin myths which established familial links with societies as far west as Butung and as far east as the Papuan islands. I The records of the Dutch East India Company housed in the State Archives in The Hague offer a useful glimpse of the operation of local trading networks in Maluku. Although concerned principally with their own economic activities in the area, the Dutch found it necessary to understand something of the nature of Indigenous exchange relationships. The information, however, never formed the basis for a report, but is scattered in various documents in the form of observations or personal experiences of Dutch officials. From these pieces of information it is possible to reconstruct some of the complexity of the exchange in MaJuku in these centuries and to observe the dynamism of local groups in adapting to new economic developments in the area. In addition to the Malukans, there were two foreign groups who were essential to the successful integration of the local trade networks: the and the Chinese.
  • Designing Cities for Tsunami Impact Mitigation: Evaluating Physical Planning Using Structural Equation Models in Makassar City, Indonesia

    Designing Cities for Tsunami Impact Mitigation: Evaluating Physical Planning Using Structural Equation Models in Makassar City, Indonesia

    DESIGNING CITIES FOR TSUNAMI IMPACT MITIGATION: EVALUATING PHYSICAL PLANNING USING STRUCTURAL EQUATION MODELS IN MAKASSAR CITY, INDONESIA By FAHMYDDIN ARAAF TAUHID A DISSERTATION PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 2017 © 2017 Fahmyddin Araaf Tauhid To my mother Fatimah, and Father Habuddin To my wife Astuty, my son Reza, Raihan, Rifaat, my daughter Jasmine To my mother and father in-law To our big families in Makassar, thank you for your supports and prayers ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my Supervisor, Prof. Dr. Christopher Silver, AICP, for his excellent guidance, kindness and patience to provide me with an academic support for conducting my research. I would like also to thank my committee members Prof. Pierce H. Jones, PhD, Dr. Kathryn Frank, and Dr. Jocelyn Widmer for their guidance and insight for the past two years. Without the participation of my supervisor and committee members, I would not be able to complete my doctoral program. My sincere thanks go to the institutions and individuals that provided facilities or generous funding for my doctoral research: Fulbright Scholarships Indonesia and Directorate of Islamic Higher Education, The Ministry of religious affair of Indonesia, staff of The American Indonesian Exchange Foundation (AMINEF) in Jakarta Indonesia, Prof. Dr. Phil H. Kamaruddin, M.A (Directorate General of Islamic Education, The Ministry of Religious Affair of Indonesia), Dr. Wasilah, ST. MT. (Academic Vice Dean of Science and Technology, Islamic Alauddin University, Makassar, Indonesia). I would like to thank all the faculty members and administrators in the College of Design, Construction, and Planning, University of Florida.