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Designing Cities for Tsunami Impact Mitigation: Evaluating Physical Planning Using Structural Equation Models in Makassar City, Indonesia

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Designing Cities for Tsunami Impact Mitigation: Evaluating Physical Planning Using Structural Equation Models in Makassar City, Indonesia DESIGNING CITIES FOR TSUNAMI IMPACT MITIGATION: EVALUATING PHYSICAL PLANNING USING STRUCTURAL EQUATION MODELS IN MAKASSAR CITY, INDONESIA By FAHMYDDIN ARAAF TAUHID A DISSERTATION PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 2017 © 2017 Fahmyddin Araaf Tauhid To my mother Fatimah, and Father Habuddin To my wife Astuty, my son Reza, Raihan, Rifaat, my daughter Jasmine To my mother and father in-law To our big families in Makassar, thank you for your supports and prayers ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my Supervisor, Prof. Dr. Christopher Silver, AICP, for his excellent guidance, kindness and patience to provide me with an academic support for conducting my research. I would like also to thank my committee members Prof. Pierce H. Jones, PhD, Dr. Kathryn Frank, and Dr. Jocelyn Widmer for their guidance and insight for the past two years. Without the participation of my supervisor and committee members, I would not be able to complete my doctoral program. My sincere thanks go to the institutions and individuals that provided facilities or generous funding for my doctoral research: Fulbright Scholarships Indonesia and Directorate of Islamic Higher Education, The Ministry of religious affair of Indonesia, staff of The American Indonesian Exchange Foundation (AMINEF) in Jakarta Indonesia, Prof. Dr. Phil H. Kamaruddin, M.A (Directorate General of Islamic Education, The Ministry of Religious Affair of Indonesia), Dr. Wasilah, ST. MT. (Academic Vice Dean of Science and Technology, Islamic Alauddin University, Makassar, Indonesia). I would like to thank all the faculty members and administrators in the College of Design, Construction, and Planning, University of Florida. I express my gratitude to all Indonesian families and students in Gainesville for their supports and kindheartedness. My high appreciation also to my colleagues Sri Ersina, ST. MT., Mutmainnah, ST. MT., Prof. Baharuddin, S.T., M.Arch., Ph.D., Dr. Eng. Ihsan, ST., MT and Dahniar, S.T., M.T. for their supports. Finally, my deepest thank to my mother, Fatimah B, my father, Habuddin P, for their strong encouragement and moral support during my academic studies. My great thank to my wife Astuti; my son Reza, Raihan, and Rifaat; my daughter Jasmine; my mother in law Tieneke; my brother Faisal, and Fajar; my sisters, Halifah, and Hafnyrika; my brother in law, Iman, Irawan; my sister in-law, Minda and Wahyuni and the big families in Makassar, Indonesia. 4 TABLE OF CONTENTS page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ...............................................................................................................4 LIST OF TABLES ...........................................................................................................................8 LIST OF FIGURES .......................................................................................................................10 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ........................................................................................................15 ABSTRACT ...................................................................................................................................16 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................18 Research Objective .................................................................................................................25 Research Questions .................................................................................................................26 Significance of the Study ........................................................................................................26 Context of the Study ...............................................................................................................27 Analytical Approaches ............................................................................................................28 Research Process ....................................................................................................................29 Expected Output .....................................................................................................................31 Research Structures ................................................................................................................31 2 LITERATURE REVIEW .......................................................................................................32 Introduction .............................................................................................................................32 Natural Disaster: Trend and Impacts ......................................................................................32 Tsunami: Trend and Impacts ..................................................................................................44 Tsunami in Indonesia: Nature and Cause ...............................................................................50 Tsunami Risk Level in Indonesia ...........................................................................................51 Tsunami History in Indonesia .................................................................................................54 Tsunami in Makassar; Potential and History ..........................................................................59 General Introduction ........................................................................................................59 Tsunami Potential ............................................................................................................63 Cities and Tsunami Impact .....................................................................................................65 Theoretical Aspects of Disaster Management ........................................................................69 Interdisciplinary Approach for Tsunami Mitigation ...............................................................73 Spatial and Physical Planning in Indonesia .....................................................................73 Physical Planning ............................................................................................................80 Evaluating Physical Planning ..........................................................................................85 Theoretical Gap and Planning Implications ...........................................................................88 Tsunami Impact Mitigation Measures ....................................................................................91 Public Awareness ............................................................................................................92 Land Use and Development Regulation ..........................................................................95 5 Land and Property Acquisition ........................................................................................99 Transportation Plan .......................................................................................................100 Environmental Management Plan .................................................................................101 Housing Strategy ...........................................................................................................103 Fiscal and Taxation ........................................................................................................105 Public Emergency Infrastructure ...................................................................................107 Evacuation .....................................................................................................................109 Emergency Road Network Plan ....................................................................................112 Transportation Plan .......................................................................................................113 Coastal Forest ................................................................................................................114 Vital Infrastructure and Critical Facilities .....................................................................116 Warning Systems ...........................................................................................................118 Buildings Design and Construction ...............................................................................119 Conceptual Map ....................................................................................................................119 Statement of the Hypotheses ................................................................................................125 3 THE METHODOLOGY ......................................................................................................126 Study Variables .....................................................................................................................126 Sampling ...............................................................................................................................135 Analysis and Sample Size Calculations ................................................................................136 Data Collection .....................................................................................................................137 Survey Construction ......................................................................................................137
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