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The Making of Middle Indonesia Verhandelingen Van Het Koninklijk Instituut Voor Taal-, Land- En Volkenkunde

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The Making of Middle Indonesia Verhandelingen Van Het Koninklijk Instituut Voor Taal-, Land- En Volkenkunde The Making of Middle Indonesia Verhandelingen van het Koninklijk Instituut voor Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde Edited by Rosemarijn Hoefte KITLV, Leiden Henk Schulte Nordholt KITLV, Leiden Editorial Board Michael Laffan Princeton University Adrian Vickers Sydney University Anna Tsing University of California Santa Cruz VOLUME 293 Power and Place in Southeast Asia Edited by Gerry van Klinken (KITLV) Edward Aspinall (Australian National University) VOLUME 5 The titles published in this series are listed at brill.com/vki The Making of Middle Indonesia Middle Classes in Kupang Town, 1930s–1980s By Gerry van Klinken LEIDEN • BOSTON 2014 This is an open access title distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution‐ Noncommercial 3.0 Unported (CC‐BY‐NC 3.0) License, which permits any non‐commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited. The realization of this publication was made possible by the support of KITLV (Royal Netherlands Institute of Southeast Asian and Caribbean Studies). Cover illustration: PKI provincial Deputy Secretary Samuel Piry in Waingapu, about 1964 (photo courtesy Mr. Ratu Piry, Waingapu). Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Klinken, Geert Arend van. The Making of middle Indonesia : middle classes in Kupang town, 1930s-1980s / by Gerry van Klinken. pages cm. -- (Verhandelingen van het Koninklijk Instituut voor Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde, ISSN 1572-1892; volume 293) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-90-04-26508-0 (hardback : acid-free paper) -- ISBN 978-90-04-26542-4 (e-book) 1. Middle class--Indonesia--Kupang (Nusa Tenggara Timur) 2. City and town life--Indonesia--Kupang (Nusa Tenggara Timur) 3. Kupang (Nusa Tenggara Timur, Indonesia)--Social conditions. 4. Kupang (Nusa Tenggara Timur, Indonesia)--Economic conditions. I. Title. HT690.I5K55 2014 305.5’50959868--dc23 2013043761 This publication has been typeset in the multilingual “Brill” typeface. With over 5,100 characters covering Latin, IPA, Greek, and Cyrillic, this typeface is especially suitable for use in the humanities. For more information, please see www.brill.com/brill-typeface. ISSN 1572-1892 ISBN 978-90-04-26508-0 (hardback) ISBN 978-90-04-26542-4 (e-book) Copyright 2014 by Gerry van Klinken. This work is published by Koninklijke Brill NV. Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill, Brill Nijhoff, Global Oriental and Hotei Publishing. Koninklijke Brill NV reserves the right to protect the publication against unauthorized use and to authorize dissemination by means of offprints, legitimate photocopies, microform editions, reprints, translations, and secondary information sources, such as abstracting and indexing services including databases. Requests for commercial re-use, use of parts of the publication, and/or translations must be addressed to Koninklijke Brill NV. This book is printed on acid-free paper. <UN> <UN> Power springs up between men when they act together and vanishes the moment they disperse. (Arendt 1958:200) <UN> <UN> <UN> <UN> CONTENTS Preface ........................................................................................................................ xi List of Figures .........................................................................................................xvii 1. Some Hidden Strength ...................................................................................... 1 Two Indonesias .................................................................................................... 2 Middle Indonesia ................................................................................................ 5 Associational Power .........................................................................................11 Intermediate Classes ........................................................................................13 One Town ............................................................................................................18 Chapter Outline .................................................................................................24 2. A Historical Synthesis ......................................................................................27 Towns ...................................................................................................................30 Bureaucracy ........................................................................................................36 Social Forces .......................................................................................................40 The Town Today .................................................................................................47 3. A Researcher’s Notes ........................................................................................49 Sources .................................................................................................................57 Establishment ....................................................................................................60 Don’t Write This .................................................................................................62 Mobility at a Price .............................................................................................70 4. Betting on the Rajas (1930s)..........................................................................73 The Land ..............................................................................................................74 ‘Traditional’ Rule ...............................................................................................79 The Town .............................................................................................................85 A Setting for Change ..................................................................................... 102 5. Elite Brokers (1934–1950) .......................................................................... 103 Dressing Nicely ............................................................................................... 106 Golden Boy ...................................................................................................... 111 More Regime Changes .................................................................................. 118 Liaison Brokers ............................................................................................... 123 <UN> <UN> viii contents 6. Authority (1950s–1970s) .......................................................................... 127 Maps ................................................................................................................ 128 Bureaucracy .................................................................................................. 135 The Military ................................................................................................... 140 The Church .................................................................................................... 142 How the Big People Eat ......................................................................... 146 Disconnected ................................................................................................ 149 7. The Seductress (1955–1965) ................................................................... 153 Insurrection................................................................................................... 154 Political Parties ............................................................................................. 156 Anti-Feudal Movements ............................................................................ 158 PKI ................................................................................................................... 171 Emancipatory Connections ...................................................................... 181 8. The Gatekeeper (1950s–1970s) .............................................................. 183 Indonesianisasi ............................................................................................ 185 Localism ......................................................................................................... 188 White Collar Crime ..................................................................................... 197 Militarization ................................................................................................ 202 Gatekeepers ................................................................................................... 205 9. The Making of Middle Indonesia (1962–1965) ................................. 209 Mobilizing the Poor .................................................................................... 210 Sam Piry .................................................................................................... 217 Reaction ......................................................................................................... 218 Betting on the Strong .................................................................................. 226 10. A Killing Town (1965–1967) .................................................................... 229 Military ........................................................................................................... 230 ‘Wild’ Killings ................................................................................................ 233 Institutionalized Killing ............................................................................
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