DOCSLIB.ORG

The West Papua Dilemma Leslie B

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The West Papua Dilemma Leslie B University of Wollongong Research Online University of Wollongong Thesis Collection University of Wollongong Thesis Collections 2010 The West Papua dilemma Leslie B. Rollings University of Wollongong Recommended Citation Rollings, Leslie B., The West Papua dilemma, Master of Arts thesis, University of Wollongong. School of History and Politics, University of Wollongong, 2010. http://ro.uow.edu.au/theses/3276 Research Online is the open access institutional repository for the University of Wollongong. For further information contact Manager Repository Services: [email protected]. School of History and Politics University of Wollongong THE WEST PAPUA DILEMMA Leslie B. Rollings This Thesis is presented for Degree of Master of Arts - Research University of Wollongong December 2010 For Adam who provided the inspiration. TABLE OF CONTENTS DECLARATION................................................................................................................................ i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................................................. ii ABSTRACT ...................................................................................................................................... iii Figure 1. Map of West Papua......................................................................................................v SUMMARY OF ACRONYMS ....................................................................................................... vi INTRODUCTION ..............................................................................................................................1 Expectations for West New Guinea .................................................................................................3 Initiation of Thesis ...........................................................................................................................7 CHAPTER ONE ................................................................................................................................9 THE MELANESIANS ...................................................................................................................9 Ethnic Groups ................................................................................................................................16 Asmat .........................................................................................................................................17 Korowai......................................................................................................................................20 Dani ............................................................................................................................................22 Amungme ...................................................................................................................................26 Conclusion .................................................................................................................................28 CHAPTER TWO .............................................................................................................................30 SOVEREIGNTY OF WEST PAPUA ............................................................................................ TRANSITIONAL POLITICAL CONSIDERATIONS ............................................................30 Early Colonialism – Foundational Developments .....................................................................30 The Fundamentals of the Conflict ..............................................................................................33 Historical Background 1945-1969 .............................................................................................36 Principal Developments in the Dispute for Control of West Papua ...........................................37 The Linggarjati Agreement ........................................................................................................37 The Renville Agreement ............................................................................................................39 The Round Table Conference ....................................................................................................41 The Luns Plan ............................................................................................................................43 The Bunker Plan ........................................................................................................................46 Sukarno Dynamics 1945-1965 ...................................................................................................49 Australia and Vacillating Policy ................................................................................................52 CHAPTER 3 .....................................................................................................................................56 TRANSFER OF SOVEREIGNTY ................................................................................................56 Processing the Solution ..............................................................................................................56 The Act of Free Choice ..............................................................................................................59 Overview of Suharto Administration .........................................................................................64 Suharto and West Irian ...............................................................................................................66 Suharto’s Development Policy ...................................................................................................68 Post-Suharto Era ........................................................................................................................73 CHAPTER 4 .....................................................................................................................................81 WEST PAPUAN NATIONALISM ...............................................................................................81 Nations and Nationalism ................................................................................................................82 Nations, States and Nation-States ..............................................................................................83 Nationalism and Ethnicity ..........................................................................................................86 Primordialism versus Modernism ..............................................................................................88 The Warwick Debates – Nations and Nationalism ....................................................................90 The Implications of Theories of Nationalism ............................................................................93 An Alternative Perspective ............................................................................................................97 Religion and Nationalism...........................................................................................................97 Future Considerations ..............................................................................................................101 The Origins and Activities of the Separatist Movement ..............................................................103 The OPM and West Papuan Nationalism.................................................................................108 The OPM and West Papuan Politics ........................................................................................108 CHAPTER 5 ...................................................................................................................................112 WEST PAPUAN POLITICS .......................................................................................................112 A Formative Year ....................................................................................................................112 Regional Autonomy .................................................................................................................116 Definitions....................................................................................................................................118 Decentralisation .......................................................................................................................118 Fiscal Decentralisation .............................................................................................................118 Devolution ................................................................................................................................119 Revision of Law 22/1999 and Law 25/1999 ............................................................................123 Figure 2. Framework of Government According to Law 22/1999 .........................................124 Political Parties ........................................................................................................................126 Special Autonomy ....................................................................................................................127 CHAPTER 6 ...................................................................................................................................134 INDONESIANISATION ...........................................................................................................134
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Past That Has Not Passed: Human Rights Violations in Papua Before and After Reformasi
    International Center for Transitional Justice The Past That Has Not Passed: Human Rights Violations in Papua Before and After Reformasi June 2012 Cover: A Papuan victim shows diary entries from 1969, when he was detained and transported to Java before the Act of Free Choice. ICTJ International Center The Past That Has Not Passed: Human Rights Violations in Papua for Transitional Justice Before and After Reformasi The Past That Has Not Passed: Human Rights Violations in Papua Before and After Reformasi www.ictj.org iii International Center The Past That Has Not Passed: Human Rights Violations in Papua for Transitional Justice Before and After Reformasi Acknowledgements The International Center for Transitional Justice and (ICTJ) and the Institute of Human Rights Studies and Advocacy (ELSHAM) acknowledges the contributions of Matthew Easton, Zandra Mambrasar, Ferry Marisan, Joost Willem Mirino, Dominggas Nari, Daniel Radongkir, Aiesh Rumbekwan, Mathius Rumbrapuk, Sem Rumbrar, Andy Tagihuma, and Galuh Wandita in preparing this paper. Editorial support was also provided by Tony Francis, Atikah Nuraini, Nancy Sunarno, Dodi Yuniar, Dewi Yuri, and Sri Lestari Wahyuningroem. Research for this document were supported by Canada Fund. This document has been produced with the financial assistance of the European Union. The contents of this document are the sole responsibility of ICTJ and ELSHAM and can under no circumstances be regarded as reflecting the position of the European Union. About the International Center for Transitional Justice ICTJ works to assist societies in regaining humanity in the wake of massive human rights abuses. We provide expert technical advice, policy analysis, and comparative research on transitional justice approaches, including criminal prosecutions, reparations initiatives, truth seeking and memory, and institutional reform.
    [Show full text]
  • Gender, Ritual and Social Formation in West Papua
    Gender, ritual Pouwer Jan and social formation Gender, ritual in West Papua and social formation A configurational analysis comparing Kamoro and Asmat Gender,in West Papua ritual and social Gender, ritual and social formation in West Papua in West ritual and social formation Gender, This study, based on a lifelong involvement with New Guinea, compares the formation in West Papua culture of the Kamoro (18,000 people) with that of their eastern neighbours, the Asmat (40,000), both living on the south coast of West Papua, Indonesia. The comparison, showing substantial differences as well as striking similarities, contributes to a deeper understanding of both cultures. Part I looks at Kamoro society and culture through the window of its ritual cycle, framed by gender. Part II widens the view, offering in a comparative fashion a more detailed analysis of the socio-political and cosmo-mythological setting of the Kamoro and the Asmat rituals. These are closely linked with their social formations: matrilineally oriented for the Kamoro, patrilineally for the Asmat. Next is a systematic comparison of the rituals. Kamoro culture revolves around cosmological connections, ritual and play, whereas the Asmat central focus is on warfare and headhunting. Because of this difference in cultural orientation, similar, even identical, ritual acts and myths differ in meaning. The comparison includes a cross-cultural, structural analysis of relevant myths. This publication is of interest to scholars and students in Oceanic studies and those drawn to the comparative study of cultures. Jan Pouwer (1924) started his career as a government anthropologist in West New Guinea in the 1950s and 1960s, with periods of intensive fieldwork, in particular among the Kamoro.
    [Show full text]
  • MJT 28-1 Full OK
    Melanesian Journal of Theology 28-1 (2012) MANSINAM: CENTRE OF PILGRIMAGE, UNITY, AND POLARISATION IN WEST PAPUA1 Uwe Hummel Dr Uwe Hummel is a pastor of the Evangelical-Lutheran church, and, since April, 2010, has served as Lecturer in Theology at the Lutheran Highlands Seminary in Ogelbeng, near Mt Hagen Papua New Guinea. In previous years, he served as Coordinator of the German West Papua Netzwerk (2004-2009), and as Asia Secretary of the United Evangelical Mission (2007-2010). INTRODUCTION Annually, on February 5, especially in every round fifth year, thousands of pilgrims populate the tiny island of Mansinam in the Dorehri Bay in the Regency of Manokwari, West Papua, Indonesia. While the mainly Protestant Christians commemorate the arrival of the first missionaries in 1855, the local hotel industry has its peak season. Coming from Manokwari town on the mainland – some having travelled from neighbouring Papua New Guinea,2 or farther abroad – the pilgrims reach Mansinam by traditional canoe in less than 30 minutes. Because an islet of 450 hectares is not very well suited to accommodate thousands of people, the worshippers, often including the governors, and other VIPs, of 1 The author presented this paper in abbreviated form on June 23, 2011, during the Inaugural Conference of the Melanesian Association of Theological Schools (MATS), held from June 21-24, at the Pacific Adventist University in Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea. A special word of gratitude goes to Mr Wolfgang Apelt, librarian at the Archive of the Rhenish Mission/United Evangelical Mission (UEM) in Wuppertal Germany, who provided the author with some of the bibliographical data.
    [Show full text]
  • Itinerary 6 Student Trip Bali Indonesia
    STUDENT TRIP BALI - INDONESIA 15 Days| 14 Nights Uluwatu |Gili Air | Sanur ULUWATU Uluwatu is a popular beach destination on Bali’s spectacularly rugged Bukit Peninsula. The name Uluwatu, meaning “lands end rock”, was borrowed from the area’s famous Pura Luhur Uluwatu Temple, perched on a cliff on the peninsula’s southwest tip. Renowned as one of the best surf destinations in the world for surfers of all abilities, Uluwatu attracts surfers from around the globe as well as travelers eager to experience the area’s exceptionally luxurious cliff-top hotels and villas. Whether you come just for the day to play a round of golf, explore the temple and hit the swells; or settle in for a few days at an elegant villa overlooking the sea, there is always something to stimulate the senses in exquisite Uluwatu. GILI AIR Set in close proximity to the Lombok mainland, the laid-back Gili Air is a tropical-island explorer’s paradise. It is one of the renowned Gili Islands featuring sandy beaches dotted with bamboo bungalows and fringed by crystal clear waters. Visitors are welcomed with open arms and seamlessly blend into the local community as they step foot into this island paradise. Far from the hustle and bustle of the outside world, those looking for the quintessential Robinson-Crusoe experience will truly appreciate this wonderful retreat. Visitors can stroll along pristine white-sand beaches, enjoy the island-style nightlife and discover the underwater wonderland, accessible straight from the shoreline. Other popular activities include: snorkeling, swimming, diving, surfing and island hopping.
    [Show full text]
  • On the Limits of Indonesia
    CHAPTER ONE On the Limits of Indonesia ON July 2, 1998, a little over a month after the resignation of Indonesia’s President Suharto, two young men climbed to the top of a water tower in the heart of Biak City and raised the Morning Star flag. Along with similar flags flown in municipalities throughout the Indonesian province of Irian Jaya, the flag raised in the capital of Biak-Numfor signaled a demand for the political independence of West Papua, an imagined nation comprising the western half of New Guinea, a resource-rich territory just short of Indonesia’s east- ernmost frontier. During the thirty-two years that Suharto held office, ruling through a combination of patronage, terror, and manufactured consent, the military had little patience for such demonstrations. The flags raised by Pap- uan separatists never flew for long; they were lowered by soldiers who shot “security disrupters” on sight.1 Undertaken at the dawn of Indonesia’s new era reformasi (era of reform), the Biak flag raising lasted for four days. By noon of the first day, a large crowd of supporters had gathered under the water tower, where they listened to speeches and prayers, and sang and danced to Papuan nationalist songs. By afternoon, their numbers had grown to the point where they were able to repulse an attack by the regency police, who stormed the site in an effort to take down the flag. Over the next three days, the protesters managed to seal off a dozen square blocks of the city, creating a small zone of West Papuan sovereignty adjoining the regency’s main market and port.
    [Show full text]
  • Darwin/West Papua/Darwin Snorkel and Dive Perhaps the Richest Waters of All!
    Wayag Island Ayau Atoll Manokwari Sorong Biak Fak Fak Cenderawasih Bay Ambon Darwin Return charter flights ex Darwin ARE INCLUDED in the cruise tariff. This itinerary is provided as example only – prevailing conditions and local arrangements may cause variation. Helicopter flights can be purchased additional to the cruise tariff as a package or individually. TheWhale Sharks of Cenderawasih Bay Darwin/West Papua/Darwin Snorkel and dive perhaps the richest waters of all! Day One North Star’s chartered aircraft for your short flight to Sorong – a logistics hub for Indonesia’s thriving eastern oil Your adventure begins amidst the tropical charm of and gas frontier (On Cruise 2, the arrival port will be Biak). Darwin. One of our crew members will escort you aboard Sorong is also where we will welcome you aboard the spearfishing to collecting eatable worms from the magnificent TRUE NORTH. powdery-white sand beaches. The atoll is surrounded by crystal clear water that is frequented by large pods of Enjoy a welcome aboard cocktail as we begin to cruise dolphins. The outer-reef drops sharply to over 1000m and through the equally magnificent Raja Ampat archipelago. clouds of beautiful fishes carpet the reef walls. We’ll have Located off the northwest tip of Bird’s Head Peninsula a chance to snorkel and dive at several sites around the on the island of New Guinea, in Indonesia’s West Papua atoll, or you can head off to the big-blue (outside the Ayau province, Raja Ampat, or the Four Kings, is an archipelago Marine Park) to try your luck at some deep water trolling.
    [Show full text]
  • Comparatives in Melanesia: Concentric Circles of Convergence Antoinette Schapper, Lourens De Vries
    Comparatives in Melanesia: Concentric circles of convergence Antoinette Schapper, Lourens de Vries To cite this version: Antoinette Schapper, Lourens de Vries. Comparatives in Melanesia: Concentric circles of conver- gence. Linguistic Typology, De Gruyter, 2018, 22 (3), pp.437-494. 10.1515/lingty-2018-0015. halshs- 02931152 HAL Id: halshs-02931152 https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-02931152 Submitted on 4 Sep 2020 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution - NonCommercial - NoDerivatives| 4.0 International License Linguistic Typology 2018; 22(3): 437–494 Antoinette Schapper and Lourens de Vries Comparatives in Melanesia: Concentric circles of convergence https://doi.org/10.1515/lingty-2018-0015 Received May 02, 2018; revised July 26, 2018 Abstract: Using a sample of 116 languages, this article investigates the typology of comparative constructions and their distribution in Melanesia, one of the world’s least-understood linguistic areas. We present a rigorous definition of a comparative construction as a “comparative concept”, thereby excluding many constructions which have been considered functionally comparatives in Melanesia. Conjoined comparatives are shown to dominate at the core of the area on the island of New Guinea, while (monoclausal) exceed comparatives are found in the maritime regions around New Guinea.
    [Show full text]
  • Duabio~Afi Terkait Supersemar
    Dll'ARTIMIK .... PUlf ~\.. ::. DAI IIAN II BADAi PIMBIIIAAII IIUIUN IWIIOICAL JL. MAYOi JIIDIRAL IU'IOYO-CILILI!AI JAIAl!A TIMUI SUHBII S1lJtltY·~ DuaBio~afi Terkait Supersemar Asvi Warman Adam Bujukan Dasaat di Pegangsaan, Jakarta. Baik Betulkah surat itu diberikan oleh Pre­ Dasaat maupun Hasjim dikenal dekat Ahli Peneliti UPI dan Visiting Fellow di KITLV Leiden siden dengan sukarela atas inisiatifnya dengan Bung Karno. sendiri? Kesaksian Wilardjito dari Yog­ Kedua pengusaha itu diminta oleh yakarta yang menghebohkan itu-pe­ Alamsjah untuk membujuk Presiden eskipun ada lfndang­ nyerahan surat itu melalui todongan Soekarno agar menyerahkan kekuasa­ undang yang menya­ senjata terhadap Bung Karno- bisa sa­ annya kepada Mayor Jenderal Soeharto. takan bahwa seseo­ ja dibantah. Namun tidak pelak lagi Terjadi perdebatan mengenai istilah rang yang menyimpan bahwa proses keluamya Supersemar di­ penyerahan kekuasaan atau pemerin­ arsip negara dapat warnai dengan bujukan dan tekanan. tahan. J adi Soekarno tetap berkuasa dihukum penjara, Hal ini terlihat pada dua biografi tokoh (sebagai Presiden) sedangkan yang men­ Mnaskah asli Supersemar (Surat Perintah yang terlibat dalam proses tersebut se­ j alankan pemerintahan adalah Soe­ 11 Maret) 1966 tak kunjung bersua. En­ belum tanggal 11 Maret yaitu Jenderal harto. Apa pun yang disepakati di ru­ tah siapa yang menyimpan dokumen Alamsjah Ratuprawiranegara (Perja­ mah itu, Soeharto telah menanti hasil­ yang begitu penting dalam proses per­ lanan Hidup Seorang Anak Yatim Pia- nya di tempat lain. alihan kekuasaan di Indonesia. Penelitian sejarah tentu tidak ter­ gantung semata-mata kepada adanya arsip yang otentik, tetapi juga menyang­ Penelitian sejarah tentu tidak tergantung kut antara lain tentang proses keluarnya surat perintah yang berdampak sangat semata-mata kepada adanya arsip yang otentik, besar dalam sejarah negara.
    [Show full text]
  • Governing New Guinea New
    Governing New Guinea New Guinea Governing An oral history of Papuan administrators, 1950-1990 Governing For the first time, indigenous Papuan administrators share their experiences in governing their country with an inter- national public. They were the brokers of development. After graduating from the School for Indigenous Administrators New Guinea (OSIBA) they served in the Dutch administration until 1962. The period 1962-1969 stands out as turbulent and dangerous, Leontine Visser (Ed) and has in many cases curbed professional careers. The politi- cal and administrative transformations under the Indonesian governance of Irian Jaya/Papua are then recounted, as they remained in active service until retirement in the early 1990s. The book brings together 17 oral histories of the everyday life of Papuan civil servants, including their relationship with superiors and colleagues, the murder of a Dutch administrator, how they translated ‘development’ to the Papuan people, the organisation of the first democratic institutions, and the actual political and economic conditions leading up to the so-called Act of Free Choice. Finally, they share their experiences in the UNTEA and Indonesian government organisation. Leontine Visser is Professor of Development Anthropology at Wageningen University. Her research focuses on governance and natural resources management in eastern Indonesia. Leontine Visser (Ed.) ISBN 978-90-6718-393-2 9 789067 183932 GOVERNING NEW GUINEA KONINKLIJK INSTITUUT VOOR TAAL-, LAND- EN VOLKENKUNDE GOVERNING NEW GUINEA An oral history of Papuan administrators, 1950-1990 EDITED BY LEONTINE VISSER KITLV Press Leiden 2012 Published by: KITLV Press Koninklijk Instituut voor Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde (Royal Netherlands Institute of Southeast Asian and Caribbean Studies) P.O.
    [Show full text]
  • OCEANIA NEWSLETTER No. 100, December 2020 Published Quarterly by the Department of Anthropology and Development Studies, Radboud
    OCEANIA NEWSLETTER No. 100, December 2020 Published quarterly by the Department of Anthropology and Development Studies, Radboud University, P.O. Box 9104, 6500 HE Nijmegen, The Netherlands. The website of the newsletter is at: https://www.ru.nl/caos/cpas/publications/oceania-newsletter/. At this site you can download old and new issues of the newsletter in PDF-format. To receive or to stop receiving this newsletter in Word-format, contact the us at [email protected]. Our online database is at http://cps.ruhosting.nl/CPAS/public/index/. This database contains information on Pacific literature that has been listed in the issues of the Oceania Newsletter since 1993. From 1993 backwards we are adding titles of articles and books that have appeared and were reviewed in journals that supply anthropological information on the Pacific. The Pacific is Indigenous Australia, Melanasia, Micronesia and Polynesia. Literature on Asia is not included. CONTENTS 1. The "Third Expedition" to South New Guinea - A Review Essay 1-6 - by Anton Ploeg 2. Amua-gaig-e: The Ethnobotany of the Amungme of Papua, Indonesia - A Review 7-8 - by Anton Ploeg 3. Journal of New Zealand and Pacific Studies, 8(1), 2020: Table of Contents 8-10 4. New Books 10-22 5. Recent Publications 22-33 1. THE "THIRD EXPEDITION" TO SOUTH NEW GUINEA - A REVIEW ESSAY - by Anton Ploeg Versteeg, Gerard Martinus. 2020. Derde Zuid Nieuw-Guinea expeditie 1912-1913: Dagboek van Gerard Martinus Versteeg, arts [The Third South New-Guinea Expedition 1912-1913: Diary of Gerard Martinus Versteeg, Physician], Vol. I and II.
    [Show full text]
  • Nonviolent Struggle in West Papua: “We Have a Hope” - Jason Macleod
    NONVIOLENT ALTERNATIVES FOR SOCIAL CHANGE – Nonviolent Struggle in West Papua: “We Have a Hope” - Jason MacLeod NONVIOLENT STRUGGLE IN WEST PAPUA: “WE HAVE A HOPE” Jason MacLeod Australian Centre for Peace and Conflict Studies, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia Keywords: West Papua, nonviolent action, strategic nonviolent action, strategy, pillars of support, self-determination movements, and oppositional consciousness. Contents 1. Introduction 2. Historical background 3. Root causes of the conflict in West Papua 4. The sources of the Indonesian Government’s power in West Papua 5. Armed resistance to Indonesian rule in West Papua 6. Contemporary nonviolent struggle in West Papua 7. Ways forward 8. Conclusion Acknowledgements Glossary Bibliography Biographical Sketch Summary A nonviolent struggle for self-determination has been occurring in West Papua, an Indonesian colony located on the Western rim of the Pacific. A previous Dutch colonial outpost that Indonesia took control of in 1963, West Papua has been the scene of one of the most protracted, complex, and volatile conflicts in the Pacific. The nonviolent struggle in West Papua has rarely been noticed or analyzed in depth by West Papuan scholars whose inquiries have focused on conventional politicking and armed resistance. Nor has nonviolent struggle in West Papua been investigated by those conducting research into the dynamics of nonviolent action. The nonviolent struggle for self- determination in West Papua has also received little sustained analytical attention from domesticUNESCO Indonesia media outlets adding – to widespreadEOLSS Indonesian ignorance about the causes of West Papuan grievances. A banning on foreign journalists traveling to West Papua has further contributed to West Papua’s marginalization in the international press.
    [Show full text]
  • The Making of Middle Indonesia Verhandelingen Van Het Koninklijk Instituut Voor Taal-, Land- En Volkenkunde
    The Making of Middle Indonesia Verhandelingen van het Koninklijk Instituut voor Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde Edited by Rosemarijn Hoefte KITLV, Leiden Henk Schulte Nordholt KITLV, Leiden Editorial Board Michael Laffan Princeton University Adrian Vickers Sydney University Anna Tsing University of California Santa Cruz VOLUME 293 Power and Place in Southeast Asia Edited by Gerry van Klinken (KITLV) Edward Aspinall (Australian National University) VOLUME 5 The titles published in this series are listed at brill.com/vki The Making of Middle Indonesia Middle Classes in Kupang Town, 1930s–1980s By Gerry van Klinken LEIDEN • BOSTON 2014 This is an open access title distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution‐ Noncommercial 3.0 Unported (CC‐BY‐NC 3.0) License, which permits any non‐commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited. The realization of this publication was made possible by the support of KITLV (Royal Netherlands Institute of Southeast Asian and Caribbean Studies). Cover illustration: PKI provincial Deputy Secretary Samuel Piry in Waingapu, about 1964 (photo courtesy Mr. Ratu Piry, Waingapu). Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Klinken, Geert Arend van. The Making of middle Indonesia : middle classes in Kupang town, 1930s-1980s / by Gerry van Klinken. pages cm. -- (Verhandelingen van het Koninklijk Instituut voor Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde, ISSN 1572-1892; volume 293) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-90-04-26508-0 (hardback : acid-free paper) -- ISBN 978-90-04-26542-4 (e-book) 1. Middle class--Indonesia--Kupang (Nusa Tenggara Timur) 2. City and town life--Indonesia--Kupang (Nusa Tenggara Timur) 3.
    [Show full text]