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Indonesia Beyond Reformasi: Necessity and the “De-Centering” of Democracy
INDONESIA BEYOND REFORMASI: NECESSITY AND THE “DE-CENTERING” OF DEMOCRACY Leonard C. Sebastian, Jonathan Chen and Adhi Priamarizki* TABLE OF CONTENTS I. INTRODUCTION: TRANSITIONAL POLITICS IN INDONESIA ......................................... 2 R II. NECESSITY MAKES STRANGE BEDFELLOWS: THE GLOBAL AND DOMESTIC CONTEXT FOR DEMOCRACY IN INDONESIA .................... 7 R III. NECESSITY-BASED REFORMS ................... 12 R A. What Necessity Inevitably Entailed: Changes to Defining Features of the New Order ............. 12 R 1. Military Reform: From Dual Function (Dwifungsi) to NKRI ......................... 13 R 2. Taming Golkar: From Hegemony to Political Party .......................................... 21 R 3. Decentralizing the Executive and Devolution to the Regions................................. 26 R 4. Necessary Changes and Beyond: A Reflection .31 R IV. NON NECESSITY-BASED REFORMS ............. 32 R A. After Necessity: A Political Tug of War........... 32 R 1. The Evolution of Legislative Elections ........ 33 R 2. The Introduction of Direct Presidential Elections ...................................... 44 R a. The 2004 Direct Presidential Elections . 47 R b. The 2009 Direct Presidential Elections . 48 R 3. The Emergence of Direct Local Elections ..... 50 R V. 2014: A WATERSHED ............................... 55 R * Leonard C. Sebastian is Associate Professor and Coordinator, Indonesia Pro- gramme at the Institute of Defence and Strategic Studies, S. Rajaratnam School of In- ternational Studies, Nanyang Technological University, -
50 Years Since 30 September, 1965: the Gradual Erosion of a Political Taboo
ISSUE: 2015 NO.66 ISSN 2335-6677 RESEARCHERS AT ISEAS – YUSOF ISHAK INSTITUTE SHARE THEIR UNDERSTANDING OF CURRENT EVENTS Singapore | 26 November 2015 50 Years since 30 September, 1965: The Gradual Erosion of a Political Taboo. By Max Lane* EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This year marks the 50th anniversary of the events of 30 September, 1965 and its aftermath. Amidst heightened discussion of the matter, President Widodo, on behalf of his government, stated that there would be no state expression of being sorry for the large scale massacres of 1965. He attended conventional activities on the anniversary consistent with the long-term narrative originating from the period of Suharto’s New Order. At the same time, there are signs of a gradual but steady erosion of the hegemony of the old narrative and an opening up of discussion. This is not driven by deliberate government policy, although some government decisions have facilitated the emergence of a generation for whom the hegemonic narrative holds less weight. The processes weakening the old hegemony have also been fostered by: a) Increased academic openness on the history of the period, both in and outside of Indonesia. b) More activity by lawyers, activists, researchers as well as former political prisoners demanding state recognition of human rights violations in 1965 and afterwards. c) A general attitude to educational processes no longer dominated by indoctrination concerns. 1 ISSUE: 2015 NO.66 ISSN 2335-6677 Hegemony may be slowly ending, but it is not clear what will replace it. *Max Lane is Visiting Senior Fellow with the Indonesia Studies Programme at ISEAS- Yusof Ishak Institute, and has written hundreds of articles on Indonesia for magazines and newspapers. -
Indonesia and the Mass Killings of 1965-1966 Indonesia Indonesia
Indonesia and the Mass Killings of 1965-1966 Indonesia Indonesia Location: Southeast Asia; consists of 5 large islands and about 13,677 smaller islands; Capital city: Jakarta Fourth largest Asian country after China, India, and Saudi Arabia – by 2050, will have the 4th largest world economy Topography: Islands filled with active and inactive volcanoes; earthquakes and tsunamis often devastate Indonesia (1992, 2004) Indonesia Population: 221,932,000; #4 in population among the 193 nations in the world Primary language: Bahasa Indonesia; secondary languages: Malay, Javanese, English, Dutch, among many others Indonesia Religion: Islam (over 88%) Protestant (over 5%) Roman Catholic (over 3%) Hindu (almost 2%) Buddhist (almost 1%) Indonesia Colonial influences: Dutch; Portuguese Beginning 20th century – first steps were taken to give Indonesians participation in government 1945 – Independent republic of Indonesia under leadership of Sukarno and Mohammad Hatta Indonesia Sukarno became the first President of Indonesia; Hatta, Vice- President in 1949 In the next two decades, communist leadership and agitation would increase, resulting in the Mass Killings of 65- 66 September 30th Movement, 1965 Claimed to be protecting President Sukarno from right-wing faction of the army planning a coup of their own After Yani’s death, Major General Suharto took command of the army and on October 1st, launched a counter-attack Suharto’s success in removing rebel forces launched the decline in Sukarno’s leadership and the rise of Suharto Suharto and the Killings Suharto accused the Communist party (PKI) of masterminding the coup and used this rationale to exterminate anyone associated with the PKI Suharto’s military rounded up more than a million and a half people who were accused of being involved with the PKI (Roosa 4). -
Special Open Forum USINDO History Series Indonesia's September 30, 1965 Movement and the Beginning of the Suharto Era: Enhancin
Special Open Forum USINDO History Series Indonesia's September 30, 1965 Movement and the Beginning of the Suharto Era: Enhancing our Understanding Drawing on Recently Released U.S. Records November 29, 2017 Speaker: Dr. Bradley Simpson Associate Professor of History and Asian Studies, University of Connecticut Founder and Director, Indonesia and East Timor Documentation Project National Security Archive Discussants: Dr. Barbara Harvey Retired Foreign Service Officer and USINDO Advisor Ambassador Robert Pringle Historian of Southeast Asia, Retired Foreign Service Officer, former Ambassador to Mali www.usindo.org Introduction and background: It has been over 50 years since September 30, 1965, a date that dramatically changed Indonesian history. A small group of Indonesians identifying themselves as the September 30 Movement, believed to be working in collaboration with the Indonesian Communist Party (PKI), launched an overnight strike against Indonesian generals whom they alleged were planning a coup against President Sukarno. Six top generals were killed, but General Suharto, who was not targeted, thwarted the September 30 Movement and subsequently began a military-led program to crush the PKI, which resulted in the execution of both its leaders and followers. In the ensuing power struggle with President Sukarno over Indonesia's political and economic future, Suharto consolidated his control, leading to his New Order government that lasted for 32 years. The domestic and international environment in the period leading up to September 30; the events of the night itself; the extent and nature of the actions that followed; the roles and motivations of the parties; and the knowledge, stance, and actions of the U.S. -
Trusting Twittersphere As a Genuine Political Debate? the Case of Indonesian Election Hashtags
Selected Papers of #AoIR2019: The 20th Annual Conference of the Association of Internet Researchers Brisbane, Australia / 2-5 October 2019 TRUSTING TWITTERSPHERE AS A GENUINE POLITICAL DEBATE? THE CASE OF INDONESIAN ELECTION HASHTAGS Yearry Panji Setianto Department oF Communication Studies, Sultan Ageng Tirtayasa University Abstract This research in progress explores how political discussion on Indonesian Twittersphere could provide a genuine conversation on debates related to the upcoming 2019 national election in Indonesia. Taking the case oF the presidential and parliamentary election in the upcoming April 2019, the author uses social media data on Twitter to investigate whether the discussions are heavily lean into digital public sphere or more dominated by political buzzer and bots. The author examines this by creating Twitter network maps based on hashtags related to the election. Most oF the hashtags analyzed could attract hundreds oF small communities, created mini-publics, which in turn shows the degree oF willingness oF the Indonesian social media users to participate in this practice oF digital citizenship. Qualitative observations on the selection oF the most signiFicant actors within the network and the words they posted are employed to understand iF the conversations were not led by either dominant political actors or political buzzers/bots, and thus, suggest the citizens’ honest Form oF political communication. Despite the limitations oF studying Twitter data, the author suggests that by taking a closer attention to how political conversation in non-English/Western political environment, this study might provide valuable insights on the development oF genuine utilization oF (and trust on) the social media platForms For political engagement. -
Friend - Wahid
Foreign Policy Research Institute E-Notes A Catalyst for Ideas Distributed via Email and Posted at www.fpri.org January 2010 ABDURRAHMAN WAHID, THE INDONESIAN REPUBLIC, AND DYNAMICS IN ISLAM By Theodore Friend Abdurrahman Wahid, known as Gus Dur, died on 30 December 2009 at the age of sixty-nine. The genial complexity of his character, which drew millions to him, was not adequate to the pressures of the presidency. But his life, career, and elements of caprice contain abundant clues for anyone who would understand modern Sufism, global Islam, and the Republic of Indonesia. Premises of a Republic Wahid was five years old in 1945 at the time of Indonesia’s revolutionary founding as a multi-confessional republic. Sukarno, in shaping its birth, supplied the five principles of its ideology: nationalism, international humanity, consensus democracy, social justice, and monotheism. Hatta, his major partner, helped ensure freedom of worship not only for Muslims but for Catholics and Protestants, Hindus and Buddhists, with Confucians much later protected under Wahid as president. The only thing you could not be as an Indonesian citizen was an atheist. Especially during and after the killings of 1965-66, atheism suggested that one was a communist. In this atmosphere, greatly more tolerant than intolerant, Wahid grew up, the son of the Minister of Religious Affairs under Sukarno, and grandson of a founder of Nahdlatul Ulama (NU) in 1926—a traditionalistic and largely peasant-oriented organization of Muslims, which now claims 40 million members. Wahid himself was elected NU’s chairman, 1984-1999, before becoming, by parliamentary election, President of the Republic, 1999-2001. -
Effect of Particle Size and Pretreatment on Cellulose Degradation of Rice Straw from Agricultural Land in Malang International J
International Journal of ChemTech Research CODEN (USA): IJCRGG, ISSN: 0974-4290, ISSN(Online):2455-9555 Vol.10 No.4, pp 600-610, 2017 Effect of Particle Size and Pretreatment on Cellulose Degradation of Rice Straw from Agricultural Land in Malang Yanty Maryanty1,2*; Sutiman B. Sumitro3, Tri A.3 and Suharjono3 1Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Sciences, University of Brawijaya, Malang, Indonesia. 2Chemical Engineering, Politeknik Negeri Malang, Malang, Indonesia. 3Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Sciences, University of Brawijaya, Malang, Indonesia. Abstract : Rice straw is composed of 28-36 % cellulose, 12-16 % lignin, 15-20 % ash, and 9- 14 % silica with strong non-covalent and covalent cross linkages between molecules, which are very difficult to degrade. A pretreatment process is needed to degrade these components. The objective of this research is to evaluate the effect of pretreatment and particle sizes on cellulose degradation of rice straw. Rice straw pretreatment consists of no delignification, delignification with thermochemical pretreatment, and delignification with thermochemical pretreatment followed by microbial degradation, while rice straw particle sizes are 38, 53, and 112 µm. The final composition of substrates after pretreatment is observed using SEM and FTIR. The results show that variation of particle size with thermochemical pretreatment does not alter cellulose degradation, but microbial consortium are able to increase cellulose degradation. Rice straw thermochemical pretreatment followed by microbial degradation shows that smaller sizes of particle yield more effective degradation of cellulose. The percentage of cellulose degradation at particle sizes 38 µm, 53 µm and 112 µm are 71.96 %, 50.15 %, and 24.30 % respectively. -
The Politics of Military Reform in Post-Suharto Indonesia: Elite Conflict, Nationalism, and Institutional Resistance
Policy Studies 23 The Politics of Military Reform in Post-Suharto Indonesia: Elite Conflict, Nationalism, and Institutional Resistance Marcus Mietzner East-West Center Washington East-West Center The East-West Center is an internationally recognized education and research organization established by the U.S. Congress in 1960 to strengthen understanding and relations between the United States and the countries of the Asia Pacific. Through its programs of cooperative study, training, seminars, and research, the Center works to promote a stable, peaceful, and prosperous Asia Pacific community in which the United States is a leading and valued partner. Funding for the Center comes from the U.S. government, private foundations, individuals, cor- porations, and a number of Asia Pacific governments. East-West Center Washington Established on September 1, 2001, the primary function of the East- West Center Washington is to further the East-West Center mission and the institutional objective of building a peaceful and prosperous Asia Pacific community through substantive programming activities focused on the theme of conflict reduction, political change in the direction of open, accountable, and participatory politics, and American understanding of and engagement in Asia Pacific affairs. The Politics of Military Reform in Post-Suharto Indonesia: Elite Conflict, Nationalism, and Institutional Resistance Policy Studies 23 ___________ The Politics of Military Reform in Post-Suharto Indonesia: Elite Conflict, Nationalism, and Institutional Resistance _____________________ Marcus Mietzner Copyright © 2006 by the East-West Center Washington The Politics of Military Reform in Post-Suharto Indonesia: Elite Conflict, Nationalism, and Institutional Resistance by Marcus Mietzner ISBN 978-1-932728-45-3 (online version) ISSN 1547-1330 (online version) Online at: www.eastwestcenterwashington.org/publications East-West Center Washington 1819 L Street, NW, Suite 200 Washington, D.C. -
The West Papua Dilemma Leslie B
University of Wollongong Research Online University of Wollongong Thesis Collection University of Wollongong Thesis Collections 2010 The West Papua dilemma Leslie B. Rollings University of Wollongong Recommended Citation Rollings, Leslie B., The West Papua dilemma, Master of Arts thesis, University of Wollongong. School of History and Politics, University of Wollongong, 2010. http://ro.uow.edu.au/theses/3276 Research Online is the open access institutional repository for the University of Wollongong. For further information contact Manager Repository Services: [email protected]. School of History and Politics University of Wollongong THE WEST PAPUA DILEMMA Leslie B. Rollings This Thesis is presented for Degree of Master of Arts - Research University of Wollongong December 2010 For Adam who provided the inspiration. TABLE OF CONTENTS DECLARATION................................................................................................................................ i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................................................. ii ABSTRACT ...................................................................................................................................... iii Figure 1. Map of West Papua......................................................................................................v SUMMARY OF ACRONYMS ....................................................................................................... vi INTRODUCTION ..............................................................................................................................1 -
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ICBS Conference Proceedings International Conference on Biological Science (2015), Volume 2017 Preface The 4th International Conference on Biological Science, ICBS 2015 is hosted by Fac- ulty of Biology Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia. The biennial ICBS has facilitated an international dialogue on biodiversity since 2009. In the fourth confer- ence, we continue this tradition of uniting the spirit of science with the endeavours of scientists. The relevance of the ICBS conference theme is “Towards the sustainable use of biodiversity in a changing environment: from basic to applied research”. This theme is reflected in the diverse range of papers that have been submitted for presentation. There are over 250 presenters from countries including Japan, Australia, Malaysia, Philippines, Ethiopia, Germany, Netherlands, The United Kingdom, South Korea, Saudi Arabia and Indonesia. This demonstrates the popularity of the ICBS for sharing ideas and findings with a truly international community. Among these papers for presentation, we have selected 35 papers to be published in KnE Life and Sciences. We believe that these selected papers have reflected the six themes of ICBS 2015 including molecular biology and biotechnology, structural and functional biology, ecology and bioconservation, evolution and systematics, biomedical and bioactive natural products as well as biomathematics and bioinformatics. Refereeing papers for an international conference such as ICBS 2015 is a complex process that relies on the goodwill of those people involved in the field. We invited seven researchers from related fields to referee papers for the presentation and then Received: 11 February 2017 followed by the paper selection to be published in KnE Life and Sciences. -
Duabio~Afi Terkait Supersemar
Dll'ARTIMIK .... PUlf ~\.. ::. DAI IIAN II BADAi PIMBIIIAAII IIUIUN IWIIOICAL JL. MAYOi JIIDIRAL IU'IOYO-CILILI!AI JAIAl!A TIMUI SUHBII S1lJtltY·~ DuaBio~afi Terkait Supersemar Asvi Warman Adam Bujukan Dasaat di Pegangsaan, Jakarta. Baik Betulkah surat itu diberikan oleh Pre Dasaat maupun Hasjim dikenal dekat Ahli Peneliti UPI dan Visiting Fellow di KITLV Leiden siden dengan sukarela atas inisiatifnya dengan Bung Karno. sendiri? Kesaksian Wilardjito dari Yog Kedua pengusaha itu diminta oleh yakarta yang menghebohkan itu-pe Alamsjah untuk membujuk Presiden eskipun ada lfndang nyerahan surat itu melalui todongan Soekarno agar menyerahkan kekuasa undang yang menya senjata terhadap Bung Karno- bisa sa annya kepada Mayor Jenderal Soeharto. takan bahwa seseo ja dibantah. Namun tidak pelak lagi Terjadi perdebatan mengenai istilah rang yang menyimpan bahwa proses keluamya Supersemar di penyerahan kekuasaan atau pemerin arsip negara dapat warnai dengan bujukan dan tekanan. tahan. J adi Soekarno tetap berkuasa dihukum penjara, Hal ini terlihat pada dua biografi tokoh (sebagai Presiden) sedangkan yang men Mnaskah asli Supersemar (Surat Perintah yang terlibat dalam proses tersebut se j alankan pemerintahan adalah Soe 11 Maret) 1966 tak kunjung bersua. En belum tanggal 11 Maret yaitu Jenderal harto. Apa pun yang disepakati di ru tah siapa yang menyimpan dokumen Alamsjah Ratuprawiranegara (Perja mah itu, Soeharto telah menanti hasil yang begitu penting dalam proses per lanan Hidup Seorang Anak Yatim Pia- nya di tempat lain. alihan kekuasaan di Indonesia. Penelitian sejarah tentu tidak ter gantung semata-mata kepada adanya arsip yang otentik, tetapi juga menyang Penelitian sejarah tentu tidak tergantung kut antara lain tentang proses keluarnya surat perintah yang berdampak sangat semata-mata kepada adanya arsip yang otentik, besar dalam sejarah negara. -
The Issue of Changing Identity
PERSONAL RECOLLECTIONS OF INDONESIA’S FIRST TWO DECADES OF INDEPENDENCE: THE ISSUE OF CHANGING IDENTITY THEE Kian Wie Economic Research Centre Indonesian Institute of Sciences (P2E-LIPI), Jakarta Early youth in the Netherlands Indies • Family background: typical Chinese Peranakan family, i.e. ethnic Chinese born in Indonesia for generations, and generally not speaking Chinese anymore • Father’s education at Hollands-Chinese Kweekschool (HCK) to become a teacher at a Dutch-Chinese primary school (HCS); Mother’s initial education at a Chinese school: Her father was co-founder of a Chinese primary and secondary school for girls (Tiong Hoa Li Hak Hau); my mother later switched to a Dutch high school (Drie-jarige HBS), and later went to the Netherlands to study as a teacher • Pre-school at a Catholic Froebel school at Jalan Batutulis (1940-41) • First year at European Primary School (Europese Lagere School, ELS, basically only open to European students)) of the Carpentier Alting Stichting (CAS), 1941-February 1942 because my father was a principal (schoolhoofd) at a HCS (Dutch –Chinese primary school) in Jakarta • Awareness of looming Japanese threat at school among the pupils of our first class at the above ELS and at home (overhearing father’s talks with Mr. Parijs, an Eurasian (in the Netherlands referred to as ‘Indische Nederlander’) married to a German woman • Construction of ‘phony’ houses which fascinated me on Waterlooplein (Lapangan Banteng) to lure Japanese bomb attacks? Was it a kind of Potemkin village? • Establishment of Luchtbeschermingsdienst (LBD, Air Defense Service) which my father had to join • After Japanese attack temporary flight with my mother, younger sister and younger brother to Bintang estate, owned by relatives near Cibadak, West Java.