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Democracy and Human Security: Analysis on the Trajectory of Indonesia’S Democratization

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Democracy and Human Security: Analysis on the Trajectory of Indonesia’S Democratization Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research, volume 456 Proceedings of the Brawijaya International Conference on Multidisciplinary Sciences and Technology (BICMST 2020) Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research, volume 456 Proceedings of the Brawijaya International Conference on Multidisciplinary Sciences and Technology (BICMST 2020) Democracy and Human Security: Analysis on the Trajectory of Indonesia’s Democratization Rika Kurniaty Department of International Law Faculty of Law, University of Brawijaya Malang, Indonesia [email protected] The concept of national security has a long Abstract—Democracy institution is believed would history, since the conclusion of the thirty-year naturally lead to greater human security. The end of cessation of war set forth in the Treaties of Westphalia communism in the Soviet Union and other countries has in 1648. National security was defined as an effort been described as the triumph of democracy throughout the world, which quickly led to claims that there is now a aimed at maintaining the integrity of a territory the right to democracy as guide principles in international state and freedom to determine the form of self- law. In Indonesia, attention to the notion of democracy government. However, with global developments and developed very rapidly in the late 1990s. In Indonesia, after 32 years of President Suharto’s authoritarian increasingly complex relations between countries and regime from 1966 to 1998, Indonesia finally began the the variety of threats faced by countries in the world, democratization phase in May 1998. It worth noting that the formulation and practice of security Indonesia has experienced four different periods of implementation tend to be achieved together different government and political systems since its (collective security) becomes an important reference independent, and all those stage of systems claim to be for countries in the world. In its development, the democratic. However, this article maintains that the implementation of collective security is not only done Indonesian political system could be classified into two only to maintain the sovereignty of the country but periods: the authoritarian period and the democracy also to protect the security of citizens. The idea of period. President Sukarno’s Guided Democracy (from 1959 to 1965) and President Suharto’s Pancasila human security was introduced by the United Nations Democracy (from 1966 to 1998) were an authoritarian Development Program (UNDP) since the 1990s. period, while Parliamentary government (from 1950 to Human security is defined as protection for human 1957) and the post-Suharto era (from 1998 to present) survival, livelihood and dignity [29]. The concept of are considered as a democratic period. This paper aims human security consists of seven dimensions: to analytically elaborate democracy and human security economy, food, health, environment, personal by elaborating the development of Indonesia’s security, society, and politics. This security dimension democracy and the historical context of democratization is related to human rights to be free from fear, desire, in the country. This paper also discusses the and freedom to live in dignity. Security also means contemporary debate on structural approach and actor- centered approach on Indonesia’s democracy. being free from various risks. Freedom from fear focuses on protecting human rights, while freedom from desire, and emphasizes economic aspects that are Keywords—Democracy, human security, oligarchy, actor- at par with development. centered approach. Traditional international law has been neutral towards the concept democracy as part of human I. INTRODUCTION security. Based on the classic concept of sovereignty, Democracy and Human Security have a vital States are given full authority to elect their relationship. Many scholars are optimistic that the governments. However, since the early 1990s, adoption of democracy in a country can naturally lead democracy has become an interesting topic in law and to increased human security. This article ties human international relations. Many scholars claim the end of security to a series of welfare domains. Welfare refers communism in the Soviet Union and elsewhere has to the conditions under which human security is been described as the victory of global democracy. realized. This condition must reflect freedom from Many scholars, especially Western scholars, have three aspects: poverty, inequality, and vulnerability. discussed many the right to democracy. There is a Specifically, it includes income, health, education, consensus among them regarding the right to the environment or biodiversity, political freedom, and existence of democracy, also on the legitimacy of democracy. collective intervention for the restoration of Copyright © 2020 The Authors. Published by Atlantis Press SARL. This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC 4.0 license -http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/. 278 Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research, volume 456 Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research, volume 456 democracy. Some of them support unilateral constitutional democracy was adopted as an Indonesia interventions to protect democracy. If unilateralism is political system [2]. Parliamentary democracy was illegal under the provisions of article 2 of the UN adopted as a political system as a result of a lack of Charter, and contradicts the normative principle of choice [2]. parliamentary democracy persisted in collective security under which the UN system is Indonesia until around 1957 only because there was no established, scholars recognize that there is an other form of regime possible, there was no coherent international right to democracy that can be protected civilian bureaucracy, no dominant national political by the collective intervention [28]. In addition, global party emerges, and no professional and centralized and regional human rights instruments have also armed forces to control the archipelago. The ratified the right to democracy. parliamentary political system was also the result of an In Indonesia, since acquiring independence agreement between the government of the Republic of in 1945, Indonesia has experienced four different Indonesia and the Netherlands [2] [3]. periods of different government systems. All those Another reason in the parliamentary phases of governments claim to be democratic. How is democracy implementation is the notion that the the development of Indonesia's democratic process? Western model was the ideal political system for Are all phases of government truly democratic? This Indonesia. The notion came from a small elite group article aims to critically analyses and discusses the influenced by European liberalism and socialism that journey of democracy in Indonesia since its believed Western-style democracy could protect independent to date. After the fall of President Indonesia from turning to authoritarian rule and Suharto's authoritarian regime, the democratization fascism [2]. Parliamentary democracy with its people's process received considerable attention. Many representative system, including the electoral system scholars have tried to characterize politics in based on proportional representation [2] [4] was Indonesia. The analysis of patterns of accumulation viewed as a clear expression of societal supremacy and use of power has centered on the question of toward the state and consideration of Indonesian social whether the old elite figures of the authoritarian and cultural plurality [1]. Another reason for regime continue to control politics or whether groups implementing parliamentary democracy is the fact that marginalized during the dictatorship have gained Indonesia needs international support [2]. influence. Besides, these scholars tend to emphasize International support has encouraged the Indonesian more on material wealth and strength, as well as actors elite to build a democratic government. and agencies. Nevertheless, the implementation of parliamentary democracy only lasted seven years. the II. RESULT AND DISCUSSION: THE system that provided a channel for political aspirations JOURNEY OF INDONESIA’S through political parties caused social instability DEMOCRACY during the implementation of the 1950 Constitution [5]. None of the political parties became the majority A. Parliamentary Democracy in the cabinet even after the first Indonesia election in On August 17, 1945, Indonesia proclaimed 1955 [2]. Between 1950 and 1959, there were seven its independence from Dutch colonialism. The cabinet exchanges in Indonesia. Political unrest statement of independence was conveyed by two increased significantly after the 1955 elections. The nationalist politicians, Sukarno and Hatta. Both had an continued political divisions among the Indonesian official position as chairman and deputy chairman of elite during the period of parliamentary democracy the Committee for the Preparation of Indonesian were the main factors contributing to the emergence of Independence- a body which was formed by Japanese political unrest. government in an effort to gain support from the Besides, in this post-independence period, Indonesian people by promising that Japan would help Indonesia experienced a regional rebellion that the Indonesian independence process [1]. The threatened national unity and the role of the army committee later elected Sukarno and Hatta as president which
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