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Appendix D Glossary of Acronyms and Terms

Glossary of Acronyms IMCO —Inter-Governmental Maritime Consultative Organization IMO —International Maritime Organization ABS —American Bureau of Shipping IREAPS —Institute for Research and ACVS —air-cushion vehicles Engineering Automation and AID —U.S. Agency for International Productivity in Development, Department of State ITB —integrated tug ANL —Australian National Line LASH —lighter aboard APL —American President Lines LDCS —less developed countries ASIB —Active Shipbuilding Industrial Base LNG —liquefied natural gas AWES —Association of West European LOILO —lift-on/lift-off Shipbuilders LPG —liquefied petroleum gas BLS —Bureau of Labor Statistics MarAd —U.S. Maritime Administration CAB —Civil Aeronautics Board MEL —Marine Equipment Leasing, Inc. CAD/CAM—computer-aided desigrdcomputer aided MSC —Military Command, U.S. Navy manufacturing MTN —Multilateral Trade Negotiations CAORF —Computer-Assisted Operations NACOA —National Advisory Committee on Research Facility Ocean and Atmosphere CCA —Controlled Carrier Act NSC —National Security Council CCF —Capital Construction Fund NSRP —National Shipbuilding Research CDS —construction differential subsidy Program CGRT —compensated gross registered OBO —oil, bulk ore c, i. f. —cost, insurance, and freight ODS —operating differential subsidy CMEA —Council for Mutual Economic OECD —Organisation for Economic Assistance Cooperation and Development CPES —centrally planed economies OPEC —Organization of Petroleum Exporting CPI —Consumer Price Index Countries DITI —proposed Department of International OPIC —Overseas Private Investment Trade and Industry Corporation DOD —U.S. Department of Defense OTA —Office of Technology Assessment DOT —U.S. Department of Transportation R&D —research and development dwt —deadweight tons ROIRO —roll-on, roll-off EEC —European Economic Community SAJ —Shipbuilders Association of Japan ETCA —Export Trading Company Act SCA —Shipbuilders Council of America Eximbank —Export-Import Bank SESS —surface effects FMC —U.S. Federal Maritime Commission SNAME —Society of Naval Architects and f.o.b. —free on board Marine Engineers FTC —U.S. Federal Trade Commission SWATH —small-waterplane-area twinhull vessels GATT —General Agreement on Trade and teu —twenty-foot equivalent units Tariffs U.N. —United Nations GDP —gross domestic product UNCTAD —United Nations Conference on Trade GNP —gross national product and Development grt —gross registered tons USCG —U.S. Coast Guard IATA —International Air Transport USTR —United States Trade Representative Association VLCCS —very large crude carriers Icc —U.S. Interstate Commerce Commission

221 222 An Assessment of Maritime Trade and Technology

Glossary of Terms Cuba, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Poland, Romania, and the Soviet Union. ABS—American Bureau of Shipping: A U.S.-based, cabotage policies: Reservation of a country’s coastal private classification, or standards-setting, society for (domestic) shipping for its own flag vessels. merchant ships and other marine systems. preference: Reserving some portion of a nation’s ASIB—Active Shipbuilding Industrial Base: The ma- imports and exports for their own flag vessels. jor U.S. shipbuilding and repair facilities engaged in carriers: Owners or operators of vessels providing trans- seeking contracts for construction of U.S. naval ships portation to shippers. The term is also used to refer and/or major oceangoing or merchant to the vessels. ships. Presently 26 yards are included and, for defense coastwise: Domestic shipping routes along a single purposes, are considered to be the core of the Nation’s coast. shipbuilding capability and a principal measure of the conference: An international group of ocean carriers U.S. ability to respond to a national emergency. serving common trade routes that collectively agree bare-boat charter: A charter agreement which stipu- on rates and service. lates that the charterer provides for all operating ex- : A vessel designed to carry standard con- penses including crew, fuel, maintenance, etc. tainers enabling efficient loading, unloading, and beneficial ownership: Designates the owner who re- transport to and from the vessel. ceives the benefits or profits from the operation. countertrade: A form of international bartering involv- breakbulk: A general, multipurpose, cargo ship that ing importing and exporting companies or countries. carries cargoes of nonuniform sizes, often on pallets, cross-trades: Foreign-to-foreign trade carried by ships resulting in labor-intensive loading and unloading. from a nation other than the two trading nations. bulk: Cargoes that are shipped unpackaged either dry, DITI—proposed Department of such as grain and ore, or liquid, such as petroleum and Industry: This proposed department would con- products. Bulk service generally is not provided on solidate existing ofllces and programs into a single a regularly scheduled basis, but rather as needed, on cabinet-level department. specialized ships, transporting a specific commodity. dwt—: The total lifting capacity CAD/CAM-computer-aided design/manufacturing: of a ship, expressed in tons of 2,240 lb. It is the dif- An industrial term referring to the development of ference between the light and the dis- specifications and design data, via computers, which placement loaded. later are used as manufacturing inputs and controls. domestic offshore trades: Domestic shipping routes CAORF—Computer-Assisted Operations Research serving Alaska and noncontinental U.S. States and Facility: A MarAd R&D facility. territories. CCF—Capital Construction Fund: A tax benefit for Eximbank—Export-Import Bank: A Federal agency operators of U.S.-built, U.S.-flag ships in the U.S. that aids in financing exports of U.S. goods and serv- foreign, Great Lakes, or noncontiguous domestic ices through direct loans, loan guarantees, and insur- trades, by which taxes may be deferred on income ance. deposited in a fund to be used for the replacement f.o.b. —free on board: Export term in which the price of vessels. quoted by the exporter does not include the costs of CDS—construction differential subsidy: A direct sub- ocean transportation, but does include loading on sidy paid to U.S. shipyards building U.S.-flag ships board the vessel. to offset high construction costs in American ship- flag of registry: The flag representing the nation under yards. An amount of subsidy (up to 50 percent) is de- whose jurisdiction a ship is registered. Ships are al- termined by estimates of construction cost differen- ways registered under the laws of one nation but are tials between U.S. and foreign yards. not always required to establish their home location CGRT—compensated gross registered tons: A meas- in that country. ure of shipbuilding output which modifies total gross flags of convenience: Sometimes referred to as flags of tonnage by allowances for differing levels of complex- necessity; denotes registration of vessels in foreign na- ity in ships being built. tions that ofter favorable tax structures and regula- c.i. f.—cost, insurance, and freight: Export term in tions. which the price quoted by the exporter includes the GDP—gross domestic product: The total value of costs of ocean transportation to the port of destina- goods and services produced by a nation over a given tion and insurance coverage. period, usually 1 year. CMEA—Council for Mutual Economic Assistance: GNP—gross national product: GDP plus the net in- A Soviet-bloc organization comprising: Bulgaria, come accruing from foreign sources. App. D—Glossary of Acronyms and Terms 223

grt—gross registered tons: A common measurement noncontiguous: Domestic shipping routes serving Alas- of the internal volume of a ship with certain spaces ka and noncontinental U.S. States and territories. excluded. One ton equals 100 cubic feet. OBO—oil, bulk, ore: A combination carrier designed Government-impelled: Cargo owned by or subsidized to transport combinations of petroleum, ore and dry- by the Federal Government. bulk commodities. IMO—International Maritime Organization: For- ODS—operating differential subsidy: A direct sub- merly known as the Inter-Governmental Maritime sidy paid to U.S.-flag operators to offset the high Consultative Organization (IMCO), was established operating costs of U. S. -flag ships when compared to in 1958 through the United Nations to coordinate in- foreign-flag counterparts. ternational maritime safety and related practices. open registry: A term used in place of ‘ ‘flag of con- IREAPS—Institute for Research and Engineering venience’ or “flag of necessity” to denote registry Automation and Productivity in Shipbuilding: in a country which offers favorable tax, regulatory, IREAPS is a not-for-profit organization of ship- and other incentives to ship owners from other na- builders and other members of the maritime industry tions. set up to facilitate contracting and the dissemination RO/RO—roll-on/roll-off: Ships designed to allow of information from the National Shipbuilding Re- trucks or other vehicles to drive on with trailers of search Program. cargo. intercostal: Domestic shipping routes serving more Shipper’s Council: An organization of shippers formed than one coast. to collectively negotiate rates and services with the intermodalism: The concept of transportation as a conferences of ship operators. door-to-door service rather than port-to-port. Thus, Seabee: A carrier design similar to “LASH” but efficiency is enhanced by having a single carrier coor- which uses rollers to move the barges aboard the ship. dinating the movement and documentation among shippers: Individuals or businesses who purchase trans- different modes of transportation. portation services for their goods or commodities. intracoastal: Domestic shipping routes along a single teu—twenty-foot equivalent units: A measurement of coast. cargo-carrying capacity on a containership, referring Jones Act: Merchant Marine Act of 1920, Section 27, to a common container size of 20 ft in length. requiring that all U.S. domestic waterborne trade be title XI: A ship financing guarantee program, originally carried by U.S.-flag, U.S.-built, and U.S.-manned established in Title XI of the Merchant Marine Act vessels, of 1936, under which the government guarantees up LASH—: A barge carrier designed to 75 percent of the construction cost of vessels built to act as a shuttle between ports, taking on and dis- with CDS or up to 87.5 percent of the construction charging barges. cost of nonsubsidized vessels. Iandbridge: A system of through rates and service of- tramp service: Vessels operating without a fixed itin- fered by a carrier for cargo shipments from a foreign erary or schedule or charter contract. port to a U.S. port, across U.S. land to another U.S. USTR—United States Trade Representative: A Cab- port and finally by sea to a foreign port destination. inet-level ofllcial in the White House with responsi- lift-onflift-off (LO/LO): Ships designed to load and un- bilities for interagency coordination and representing load cargoes with cranes. the United States in international trade negotiations. liner service: Vessels operating on fixed itineraries or U.S. Effective Controlled Fleet: That fleet of merchant regular schedules and established rates available to ships owned by United States citizens or corporations all shippers. and registered under flags of ‘convenience’ or ‘ ‘ne- microbridge: A system of through rates and service of- cessity’ such as Liberia or Panama. The term is used fered by a carrier for cargo shipments from any in- to emphasize that, while the fleet is not U.S.-flag, land U.S. location to a port, by sea to a foreign port it is effectively under U.S. control by virtue of the and finally overland to foreign inland destination. ship’s owners and can be called to serve U.S. interests NSRP—National Shipbuilding Research Program: in time of emergency. A research program jointly sponsored by the Federal VLCCs-very large crude carriers: Crude oil tankers Government and members of the shipbuilding indus- between 200,000 and 400,000 dwt. try. neobulk: Shipments consisting entirely of units of a sin- gle commodity, such as cars, lumber, or scrap metal.