Bacteria in Ballast Water: the Shipping Industry’S

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Bacteria in Ballast Water: the Shipping Industry’S BACTERIA IN BALLAST WATER: THE SHIPPING INDUSTRY’S CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE TRANSPORT AND DISTRIBUTION OF MICROBIAL SPECIES IN TEXAS A Thesis by ELIZABETH B. NEYLAND Submitted to the Office of Graduate Studies of Texas A&M University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE August 2009 Major Subject: Biology BACTERIA IN BALLAST WATER: THE SHIPPING INDUSTRY’S CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE TRANSPORT AND DISTRIBUTION OF MICROBIAL SPECIES IN TEXAS A Thesis by ELIZABETH B. NEYLAND Submitted to the Office of Graduate Studies of Texas A&M University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE Approved by: Co-Chairs of Committee, Robin Brinkmeyer Susan Golden Committee Members, Michael Benedik Antonietta Quigg Head of Department, Uel J. McMahan August 2009 Major Subject: Biology iii ABSTRACT Bacteria in Ballast Water: The Shipping Industry’s Contributions to the Transport and Distribution of Microbial Species in Texas. (August 2009) Elizabeth B. Neyland, B.S., Texas A&M University Co-Chairs of Advisory Committee: Dr. Robin Brinkmeyer Dr. Susan Golden The transportation of organisms in the ballast water of cargo ships has been recognized as a source of invasive species despite current control measures. Pathogenic bacteria in the ballast tank have been studied but the total diversity of the ballast tank bacterial community has not been examined. This study is the first to characterize the total bacterial community within a ballast tank by constructing a clone library from a ballast water sample from a cargo ship in the Port of Houston, amplified ribosomal rDNA restriction analysis (ARDRA) and phylogenetic analysis. Bacterial communities in Texas ports and bays were also examined using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE), looking at both temporal and spatial variations for effects of deballasting activity. This ballast tank bacterial community had a high level of diversity (95%) with the clone library only representing 40% of the total community of the tank. Most probable originating habitats of the ballast bacteria were: marine pelagic (40%), estuarine (37%), coastal (6%), freshwater (3%) and other (14%), even though this ballast iv tank was exchanged with pelagic water. Predominate groups were alpha- and gammaproteobacteria, a few betaproteobacteria and bacteriodetes, and one each of verrucomicrobia, planctomycetes and actinobacteria, but no pathogens were detected. The data reveals a ballast tank that consists of half marine-pelagic, half port bacteria, revealing a low efficacy of exchange control methods and potentially invasive bacteria. The bacterial communities of five ships that exchanged ballast water in the Pacific Ocean shared on average 50% similarity. Two ships that exchanged ballast water in temperate latitudes were more similar than three other ships that exchanged in tropical latitudes, showing a correlation between location of exchange and community similarity. The bacterial communities of the Ports of Houston and Galveston exhibit stable, seasonal successions over one year. The port and bay systems of Texas exhibited spatial variations in bacterial communities related to salinity levels. Both experiments did not show evidence of community disruption by deballasting activities. This study shows that ballast water is a viable vector for invasive bacterial transport, although impact on Texas estuarine systems seems minimal. v DEDICATION To my dad, mom, and brother, Mathew: Thank you for your support, encouragement and love throughout this process. To Jeremiah: I couldn’t have made it through this without you! vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank my committee chairs, Dr. Robin Brinkmeyer and Dr. Susan Golden, and my committee members, Dr. Antonietta Quigg and Dr. Michael Benedik, for their guidance and support throughout the course of this research. Thanks also go to my colleagues in the Phytoplankton Dynamics Lab and the Coastal Health Lab for assistance, help and encouragement. Special thanks to Jamie Steichen, Federico Alvarez, Nicole Towers and Emily Kane for help with sample collection and processing, and to the undergraduate students who assisted with this project: Kaylyn Germ, Paul Kroesen, Melanie Britton and Autumn Patton. A very special thank you to the shipping agent in the Port of Houston who collected ballast water samples for us, and without whom none of the ballast work in the project could have been done. I also want to extend my gratitude to the Texas Advanced Research Program, which provided the funding for this study and to the Department of Biology at Texas A&M University for funding support. vii NOMENCLATURE BWE Ballast Water Exchange IMO International Maritime Organization PCR Polymerase Chain Reaction ARDRA Amplified Ribosomal rDNA Restriction Analysis DGGE Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis viii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ABSTRACT.............................................................................................................. iii DEDICATION .......................................................................................................... v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ...................................................................................... vi NOMENCLATURE.................................................................................................. vii TABLE OF CONTENTS.......................................................................................... viii LIST OF FIGURES................................................................................................... x LIST OF TABLES .................................................................................................... xiii CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION................................................................................ 1 Introduction .......................................................................... 1 Research Objectives .............................................................. 15 Total Materials and Methods................................................. 20 II DIVERSITY OF BACTERIA IN THE BALLAST TANK OF A COMMERICAL CARGO SHIP IN THE PORT OF HOUSTON, TEXAS ................................................................................................. 35 Introduction .......................................................................... 35 Materials and Methods.......................................................... 39 Results ................................................................................... 45 Discussion ............................................................................. 60 III SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL COMMUNITY COMPARISONS IN BALLAST WATER, THE PORTS OF HOUSTON AND GALVESTON, AND TEXAS BAY AND PORT SYSTEMS ............ 75 ix CHAPTER Page Introduction .......................................................................... 75 Materials and Methods.......................................................... 85 Results ................................................................................... 92 Discussion ............................................................................. 128 IV CONCLUSIONS.................................................................................. 144 Conclusions .......................................................................... 144 REFERENCES.......................................................................................................... 159 VITA ......................................................................................................................... 171 x LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE Page I. 1. Ballast water uptake and discharge in cargo ships............................... 2 I. 2. Location in the water column of typical aquatic bacterial phyla ......... 6 I. 3. Locations of the Ports of Houston and Galveston................................ 9 I. 4. Texas river and coastal basins.............................................................. 12 I. 5. Texas ports and bays sampled during this study.................................. 21 I. 6. Locations of the Ports of Houston and Galveston................................ 23 I. 7. Location of ballast water exchange in ships sampled in this study...... 23 I. 8. Summary of methods used in this study............................................... 34 II. 1. Location of ballast water exchange by the ship examined in this study ..................................................................................................... 40 II. 2. Rarefaction curve for clone library AO06’57.3S008’15.3W............... 46 II. 3. Habitat characterization of ballast tank bacterial community members ............................................................................................... 47 II. 4. Habitat characterization of each major bacterial group: (a) α- proteobacteria, (b) γ-proteobacteria, (c) β-proteobacteria, and the (d) non-proteobacteria phyla...................................................................... 53 II. 5. Phylogenetic tree of alphaproteobacteria diversity in ballast water sample ‘06°57.3S, 008°15.3W’ and closest 16S rRNA relatives used to classify habitat.................................................................................. 56 II. 6. Phylogenetic tree of gammaproteobacteria diversity in ballast water sample ‘06°57.3S, 008°15.3W’ and closest 16S rRNA relatives used to classify habitat.................................................................................. 57 xi FIGURE Page II. 7. Phylogenetic tree of betaproteobacteria
Recommended publications
  • Section 3 2018 Edition
    S e c ti o n 3 Vessel Requirements 3.1 Definitions, p. 2 3.2 Size and Draft Limitations of Vessels, p. 4 3.3 Requirement for Pilot Platforms and Shelters on Certain Vessels, p. 16 3.4 Navigation Bridge Features Required of Transiting Vessels, p. 19 3.5 Requirements for Non-Self-Propelled Vessels, p. 31 3.6 Vessels Requiring Towing Services, p. 32 3.7 Deckload Cargo, p. 33 3.8 Construction, Number and Location of Chocks and Bitts, p. 34 3.9 Mooring Lines, Anchors and Deck Machinery, p. 41 3.10 Boarding Facilities, p. 41 3.11 Definite Phase-out of Single-Hull Oil Tankers, p. 47 3.12 Admeasurement System for Full Container Vessels, p. 48 3.13 Deck-loaded Containers on Ships not Built for Container Carriage, p. 49 3.14 Unauthorized Modification to the PC/UMS Net Tonnage Certificate, p. 50 3.15 Calculation of PC/UMS Net Tonnage on Passenger Vessels, p. 51 3.16 Dangerous Cargo Requirements, p. 51 3.17 Cargo Regulated Under MARPOL Annex II, p. 58 3.18 Pre-Arrival Cargo Declarations, Security Inspection and Escort, p. 58 3.19 Hot Work Performed On Board Vessels, p. 60 1 OP Operations Manual Section 3 2018 Edition 3.20 Manning Requirements, p. 61 3.21 Additional Pilots Due to Vessel Deficiencies, p. 62 3.22 Pilot Accommodations Aboard Transiting Vessels, p. 63 3.23 Main Source of Electric Power, p. 63 3.24 Emergency Source of Electrical Power, p. 63 3.25 Sanitary Facilities and Sewage Handling, p.
    [Show full text]
  • Genomic Insight Into the Host–Endosymbiont Relationship of Endozoicomonas Montiporae CL-33T with Its Coral Host
    ORIGINAL RESEARCH published: 08 March 2016 doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00251 Genomic Insight into the Host–Endosymbiont Relationship of Endozoicomonas montiporae CL-33T with its Coral Host Jiun-Yan Ding 1, Jia-Ho Shiu 1, Wen-Ming Chen 2, Yin-Ru Chiang 1 and Sen-Lin Tang 1* 1 Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan, 2 Department of Seafood Science, Laboratory of Microbiology, National Kaohsiung Marine University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan The bacterial genus Endozoicomonas was commonly detected in healthy corals in many coral-associated bacteria studies in the past decade. Although, it is likely to be a core member of coral microbiota, little is known about its ecological roles. To decipher potential interactions between bacteria and their coral hosts, we sequenced and investigated the first culturable endozoicomonal bacterium from coral, the E. montiporae CL-33T. Its genome had potential sign of ongoing genome erosion and gene exchange with its Edited by: Rekha Seshadri, host. Testosterone degradation and type III secretion system are commonly present in Department of Energy Joint Genome Endozoicomonas and may have roles to recognize and deliver effectors to their hosts. Institute, USA Moreover, genes of eukaryotic ephrin ligand B2 are present in its genome; presumably, Reviewed by: this bacterium could move into coral cells via endocytosis after binding to coral’s Eph Kathleen M. Morrow, University of New Hampshire, USA receptors. In addition, 7,8-dihydro-8-oxoguanine triphosphatase and isocitrate lyase Jean-Baptiste Raina, are possible type III secretion effectors that might help coral to prevent mitochondrial University of Technology Sydney, Australia dysfunction and promote gluconeogenesis, especially under stress conditions.
    [Show full text]
  • UNIVERSITY of CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO Indicators of Iron
    UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO Indicators of Iron Metabolism in Marine Microbial Genomes and Ecosystems A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in Oceanography by Shane Lahman Hogle Committee in charge: Katherine Barbeau, Chair Eric Allen Bianca Brahamsha Christopher Dupont Brian Palenik Kit Pogliano 2016 Copyright Shane Lahman Hogle, 2016 All rights reserved . The Dissertation of Shane Lahman Hogle is approved, and it is acceptable in quality and form for publication on microfilm and electronically: Chair University of California, San Diego 2016 iii DEDICATION Mom, Dad, Joel, and Marie thank you for everything iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Signature Page ................................................................................................................... iii Dedication .......................................................................................................................... iv Table of Contents .................................................................................................................v List of Figures ................................................................................................................... vii List of Tables ..................................................................................................................... ix Acknowledgements ..............................................................................................................x Vita ..................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • ONI-54-A.Pdf
    r~us U. S. FLEET TRAIN- Division cf Naval Intelligence-Identification and Characteristics Section e AD Destroyer Tenders Page AP Troop Transports Pa g e t Wo "'W" i "~ p. 4-5 z MELVILLE 28 5 BURROWS 14 3, 4 DOBBIN Class 4 7 WHARTON 9 9 BLACK HAWK 28 21, 22 WAKEFIELD Class 12 11, 12 ALTAIR Class 28 23 WEST POINT 13 14, 15, 17-19 DIXIE Class 7 24 ORIZABA 13 16 CASCADE 10 29 U. S. GRANT 14 20,21 HAMUL Class 22 31, 3Z CHATEAU THIERRY Class 9 33 REPUBLIC 14 AS Submarine Tenders 41 STRATFORD 14 3 HOLLAND 5 54, 61 HERMIT AGE Class 13 5 BEAVER 16 63 ROCHAMBEAU 12 11, 12, 15 19 FULTON Class 7 67 DOROTHEA L. DIX 25 Sin a ll p. H 13, 14 GRIFFIN Class 22 69- 71,76 ELIZ . STANTON Cla ss 23 20 OTUS 26 72 SUSAN B. ANTHONY 15 21 AN TEA US 16 75 GEMINI 17 77 THURSTON 20 AR Repair Ships 110- "GENERAL" Class 10 1 MEDUSA 5 W orld W ar I types p. 9 3, 4 PROMETHEUS Class 28 APA Attack Transports 5- VULCAN Class 7 1, 11 DOYEN Class 30 e 9, 12 DELTA Class 22 2, 3, 12, 14- 17 HARRIS Class 9 10 ALCOR 14 4, 5 McCAWLEY , BARNETT 15 11 RIGEL 28 6-9 HEYWOOD Class 15 ARH Hull Repair Ships 10, 23 HARRY LEE Class 14 Maritime types p. 10-11 13 J T. DICKMAN 9 1 JASON 7 18-zo; 29, 30 PRESIDENT Class 10 21, 28, 31, 32 CRESCENT CITY Class 11 .
    [Show full text]
  • 1 Microbial Transformations of Organic Chemicals in Produced Fluid From
    Microbial transformations of organic chemicals in produced fluid from hydraulically fractured natural-gas wells Dissertation Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Morgan V. Evans Graduate Program in Environmental Science The Ohio State University 2019 Dissertation Committee Professor Paula Mouser, Advisor Professor Gil Bohrer, Co-Advisor Professor Matthew Sullivan, Member Professor Ilham El-Monier, Member Professor Natalie Hull, Member 1 Copyrighted by Morgan Volker Evans 2019 2 Abstract Hydraulic fracturing and horizontal drilling technologies have greatly improved the production of oil and natural-gas from previously inaccessible non-permeable rock formations. Fluids comprised of water, chemicals, and proppant (e.g., sand) are injected at high pressures during hydraulic fracturing, and these fluids mix with formation porewaters and return to the surface with the hydrocarbon resource. Despite the addition of biocides during operations and the brine-level salinities of the formation porewaters, microorganisms have been identified in input, flowback (days to weeks after hydraulic fracturing occurs), and produced fluids (months to years after hydraulic fracturing occurs). Microorganisms in the hydraulically fractured system may have deleterious effects on well infrastructure and hydrocarbon recovery efficiency. The reduction of oxidized sulfur compounds (e.g., sulfate, thiosulfate) to sulfide has been associated with both well corrosion and souring of natural-gas, and proliferation of microorganisms during operations may lead to biomass clogging of the newly created fractures in the shale formation culminating in reduced hydrocarbon recovery. Consequently, it is important to elucidate microbial metabolisms in the hydraulically fractured ecosystem.
    [Show full text]
  • US Maritime Administration
    U.S. Maritime Administration (MARAD) Shipping and Shipbuilding Support Programs January 8, 2021 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46654 SUMMARY R46654 U.S. Maritime Administration (MARAD) January 8, 2021 Shipping and Shipbuilding Support Programs Ben Goldman The U.S. Maritime Administration (MARAD) is one of the 11 operating administrations of the Analyst in Transportation U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT). Its mission is to develop the merchant maritime Policy industry of the United States. U.S. maritime policy, largely set out by the Merchant Marine Acts of 1920 and 1936 and with some roots in even older legislation, is codified in Subtitle V of Chapter 46 of the U.S. Code. As currently articulated, it is the policy of the United States to “encourage and aid the development and maintenance of a merchant marine” that meets the objectives below, which MARAD helps to achieve via the following programs and activities: Carry domestic waterborne commerce and a substantial part of the waterborne export and import foreign commerce of the United States. International shipping is dominated by companies using foreign- owned or foreign-registered vessels taking advantage of comparatively lower operating costs. The MARAD Maritime Security Program (MSP) supports U.S.-flagged ships engaged in international commerce by providing annual subsidies to defray the operating costs of up to 60 vessels. Originally scheduled to expire at the end of 2025, authorization for MSP was extended through 2035 by the National Defense Authorization Act (NDAA) for Fiscal Year 2020 (P.L. 116-92). Similar programs were established to support tankers and cable-laying ships, either in that same law or in the NDAA for Fiscal Year 2021 (P.L.
    [Show full text]
  • Revolutionizing Short Sea Shipping Positioning Report
    Revolutionizing short sea shipping Positioning Report Magnus Gustafsson Tomi Nokelainen Anastasia Tsvetkova Kim Wikström Åbo Akademi University Revolutionizing short sea shipping Positioning Report Executive summary Shipping in the Baltic Sea forms an essential part of Finnish • Establishing real-time integrated production and logistic industry. At present, the utilization rate of bulk and general planning to ensure optimized just-in-time freight through- cargo ships serving Finland is under 40%, and the old-fash- out the logistic chain. ioned routines in ports lead to ships sailing at non-optimal • Introducing a new cargo handling concept developed by speeds and thereby to unnecessary fuel consumption. Lack of MacGregor that reduces turnaround time in ports, maxi- transparency and coordination between the large numbers of mizes cargo space utilization, and secures cargo handling actors in logistical chains is the key reason for inefficiencies in quality. sea transportation, operations in ports, and land transporta- • Employing a performance-driven shipbuilding and opera- tion. Addressing these inefficiencies could increase the com- tion business model that ensures a highly competitive ship petitiveness of Finnish industry, and, at the same time, create by keeping world-leading technology providers engaged a basis for significant exports. throughout the lifecycle of vessels. By changing the business models and ways of working • Implementing new financing models that integrate insti- it would be possible to lower cargo transportation costs by tutional investors with a long-term investment perspective 25-35% and emissions by 30-35% in the dry bulk and general in order to reduce the cost of capital and put the focus on cargo logistics in the Baltic Sea area.
    [Show full text]
  • Exploring the Cultivable Ectocarpus Microbiome
    fmicb-08-02456 December 11, 2017 Time: 11:18 # 1 ORIGINAL RESEARCH published: 11 December 2017 doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.02456 Exploring the Cultivable Ectocarpus Microbiome Hetty KleinJan1*, Christian Jeanthon2,3, Catherine Boyen1 and Simon M. Dittami1* 1 Sorbonne Universités, CNRS-UPMC, Station Biologique de Roscoff, UMR8227, Integrative Biology of Marine Models, Roscoff, France, 2 CNRS, Station Biologique de Roscoff, UMR7144, Adaptation et Diversité en Milieu Marin, Roscoff, France, 3 Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Station Biologique de Roscoff, UMR7144, Adaptation et Diversité en Milieu Marin, Roscoff, France Coastal areas form the major habitat of brown macroalgae, photosynthetic multicellular eukaryotes that have great ecological value and industrial potential. Macroalgal growth, development, and physiology are influenced by the microbial community they accommodate. Studying the algal microbiome should thus increase our fundamental understanding of algal biology and may help to improve culturing efforts. Currently, a freshwater strain of the brown macroalga Ectocarpus subulatus is being developed as a model organism for brown macroalgal physiology and algal microbiome studies. It can grow in high and low salinities depending on which microbes it hosts. However, the molecular mechanisms involved in this process are still unclear. Cultivation of Edited by: Ectocarpus-associated bacteria is the first step toward the development of a model Tilmann Harder, system for in vitro functional studies of brown macroalgal–bacterial interactions
    [Show full text]
  • Marine Biosurfactants: Biosynthesis, Structural Diversity and Biotechnological Applications
    marine drugs Review Marine Biosurfactants: Biosynthesis, Structural Diversity and Biotechnological Applications Sonja Kubicki 1, Alexander Bollinger 1 , Nadine Katzke 1, Karl-Erich Jaeger 1,2 , 1, , 1, , Anita Loeschcke * y and Stephan Thies * y 1 Institute of Molecular Enzyme Technology, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Forschungszentrum Jülich, D-52425 Jülich, Germany 2 Institute of Bio- and Geosciences IBG-1: Biotechnology, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, D-52425 Jülich, Germany * Correspondence: [email protected] (A.L.); [email protected] (S.T.) These authors contributed equally in conceptualising and coordinating activities. y Received: 17 June 2019; Accepted: 7 July 2019; Published: 9 July 2019 Abstract: Biosurfactants are amphiphilic secondary metabolites produced by microorganisms. Marine bacteria have recently emerged as a rich source for these natural products which exhibit surface-active properties, making them useful for diverse applications such as detergents, wetting and foaming agents, solubilisers, emulsifiers and dispersants. Although precise structural data are often lacking, the already available information deduced from biochemical analyses and genome sequences of marine microbes indicates a high structural diversity including a broad spectrum of fatty acid derivatives, lipoamino acids, lipopeptides and glycolipids. This review aims to summarise biosyntheses and structures with an emphasis on low molecular weight biosurfactants produced by marine microorganisms and describes various biotechnological
    [Show full text]
  • Global Shipping: Choosing the Best Method of Transport
    Global Shipping: Choosing the Best Method of Transport When shipping freight internationally, it’s important to choose the appropriate mode of transportation to ensure your products arrive on time and at the right cost. Your decision to ship by land, sea, or air depends on a careful evaluation of business needs and a comparison of the benefits each method affords. Picking the best possible mode of transportation is critical to export success. Shipping by truck Shipping by truck is a popular method of freight transport used worldwide, though speed and quality of service decline outside of industrialized areas. Even if you choose to ship your products by sea or air, a truck is usually responsible for delivering the goods from the port of arrival to their final destination. When shipping by truck, the size of your shipment will determine whether you need less- than-truckload (LTL) or truckload (TL) freight. LTL involves smaller orders, and makes up the majority of freight shipments. The average piece of LTL freight weighs about 1,200 pounds and is the size of a single pallet. However, LTL freight can range from 100 to 15,000 pounds. Beyond this limit, your shipment is likely to be classified as truckload freight. It is more economical for large shipments to utilize the space and resources of a single motor carrier, instead of being mixed with other shipments and reloaded into several different vehicles along the route. TL providers generally charge a ‘per mile’ rate, which can vary depending on distance, items being shipped, equipment, and service times.
    [Show full text]
  • Investigation of Abandoned WW II Wrecks in Palau
    Investigation of Abandoned WW II Wrecks in Palau Tomo Ishimura1 Abstract Over forty Japanese vessels were sunken in the water of Palau during WWII. Some wrecks sunk in the shallow water at a depth of 20 meters or less and were salvaged. Other wrecks at 30 meters depth or more still remain and are legally protected by the authority of Palau Government but are seriously threatened by illegal treasure hunters. Initial efforts to identify human remains of Japanese soldiers were made in 2005. As part of an archaeology advisory team for the Japanese Government I carried out underwater surveys of sunken WWII vessels in Palau. In 2010 and 2011, I conducted investigations of the WWII vessels again, together with on-shore research on sites and features associated with the Japanese occupation period, funded by the Takanashi Foundation for Arts and Archaeology (Japan). The research revealed that the most of the vessels sunken in Palau were not genuine military vessels of Japanese Imperial Navy or Army but converted vessels originally built for non-combat purposes. These vessels were slow in speed and not well-equipped for combat activity. Most of them were destroyed by American aerial bombing on March 30th 1944. The evening before (March 29th) the main force of the Japanese Combined Fleet, including its flagship Musashi, retreated from Palau. It is clear that the vessels left in Palau were abandoned as a “third wheel” of the Combined Fleet. These abandoned-converted vessels include cargo carriers, tankers, whaling boats and fishing boats. This implies that Japanese troops were experiencing a difficult and desperate campaign at that time.
    [Show full text]
  • Metagenomic Insights Into Microbial Metabolisms of a Sulfur-Influenced
    bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.01.31.929786; this version posted February 2, 2020. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission. 1 Metagenomic Insights into Microbial Metabolisms of a Sulfur- 2 Influenced Glacial Ecosystem 3 4 Christopher B. Trivedi1,4, Blake W. Stamps1, Graham E. Lau2, Stephen E. Grasby3, Alexis S. 5 Templeton2, John R. Spear1,* 6 7 1Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO, 8 80401 USA 9 2Department of Geological Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80309 USA 10 3Geological Survey of Canada-Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2L2A7 Canada 11 4GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Helmholtz Centre Potsdam, Potsdam, 12 Brandenburg 14473 Germany 13 *Corresponding author: 14 John R. Spear 15 Colorado School of Mines 16 Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering 17 1500 Illinois Street 18 Golden, Colorado 80401 19 [email protected] 20 21 22 23 1 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.01.31.929786; this version posted February 2, 2020. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission. 24 Running Title: 25 Metagenomics of a Sulfur-Influenced Glacial Ecosystem 26 27 Abstract 28 Biological sulfur cycling in polar, low-temperature ecosystems is an understudied 29 phenomenon in part due to difficulty of access and the ephemeral nature of such environments. 30 One such environment where sulfur cycling plays an important role in microbial metabolisms is 31 located at Borup Fiord Pass (BFP) in the Canadian High Arctic.
    [Show full text]