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_book_id: 0 _book_language: en _book_alttitle: 0 _dedication_title: Dedication _publisher_id: 0 _collection_id_series: 0 i Snow in the Tropics © Thomas Taro Lennerfors and Peter Birch, 2019 | doi:10.1163/9789004393868_001 ii iii Snow in the Tropics A History of the Independent Reefer Operators By Thomas Taro Lennerfors Peter Birch LEIDEN | BOSTON iv This is an open access title distributed under the terms of the prevailing CC-BY-NC License at the time of publication, which permits any non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided no alterations are made and the original author(s) and source are credited. This book is published with the support of the Swedish Society for Maritime History (Sjöhistoriska Samfundet) and the Sune Örtendahl Foundation. The book is Number 64 in the Forum navale series. Cover illustration: The iconic Snow-class consisted of eight very large reefers constructed for Saléns between 1972 and 1974. They were fast and versatile and proved to be long-lived. Snow Crystal, later operated by Holy House Shipping, was the last of the Snow’s to be sent to the breakers, in 2010. Antwerp, 2005. Photo: AlfvanBeem. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Lennerfors, Thomas Taro, author. | Birch, Peter, 1970- author. Title: Snow in the Tropics : a history of the independent reefer operators / by Thomas Taro Lennerfors and Peter Birch. Description: Leiden ; Boston : Brill, [2019] | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2018056526 (print) | LCCN 2019000099 (ebook) | ISBN 9789004393868 (ebook) | ISBN 9789004393769 (hardback : alk. paper) Subjects: LCSH: Refrigerated transport--Tropics--History. | Shipping companies (Marine transportation)--Tropics. Classification: LCC HE199.5.R432 (ebook) | LCC HE199.5.R432 L4 2019 (print) | DDC 387.5/44--dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2018056526 Typeface for the Latin, Greek, and Cyrillic scripts: “Brill”. See and download: brill.com/brill-typeface. isbn 978-90-04-39376-9 (hardback) isbn 978-90-04-39386-8 (e-book) Copyright 2019 by Authors. Published by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands. Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill, Brill Hes & De Graaf, Brill Nijhoff, Brill Rodopi, Brill Sense, Hotei Publishing, mentis Verlag, Verlag Ferdinand Schöningh and Wilhelm Fink Verlag. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use is granted by Koninklijke Brill NV provided that the appropriate fees are paid directly to The Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Suite 910, Danvers, MA 01923, usa. Fees are subject to change. This book is printed on acid-free paper and produced in a sustainable manner. ContentsContents v Contents Acknowledgements ix List of Illustrations x List of Respondents xii xiv Part 1 Introduction 1 Tropics in the Snow: an Introduction 3 1 The Cold Chain 3 2 Maritime Reefer Shipping 4 3 Aim, Preliminary Research Question, and Potential Contributions 8 4 Independent Reefer Operators and Their Customers and Suppliers 10 5 Implications of the Industrial Landscape for the Study of Strategy 20 6 Three Theoretical Dimensions of Business Activity 22 7 The Structure of the Book 28 2 The Reefer Industry in a Historical Context 29 1 The Beginnings: Meat, Bananas and Fish 29 2 1920s, 1930s, and into the 1940s 34 3 The 1950s and 1960s 37 4 The 1970s and 1980s 40 5 1990s to the Present 43 6 Summary 47 Part 2 The Independent Reefer Operators 3 Salénrederierna 51 1 A Fruitful Relationship 51 2 The Transatlantic Trade 55 3 The Route to Global Leadership 57 4 Salén Reefer Services on the Top of the World 61 Contents Acknowledgements ix List of Illustrations x List of Respondents xii Part 1 Introduction Chapter 1 Tropics in the Snow: an Introduction 3 1 The Cold Chain 3 2 Maritime Reefer Shipping 4 3 Aim, Preliminary Research Question, and Potential Contributions 8 4 Independent Reefer Operators and Their Customers and Suppliers 10 5 Implications of the Industrial Landscape for the Study of Strategy 20 6 Three Theoretical Dimensions of Business Activity 22 7 The Structure of the Book 28 vi Contents Chapter 2 The Reefer Industry in a Historical Context 29 1 The Beginnings: Meat, Bananas and Fish 29 2 1920s, 1930s, and into the 1940s 34 5 A Market Downturn and Some New Players on the Reefer Scene 64 3 The 1950s and 1960s 37 4 The 1970s and 1980s 40 6 Palletisation and Maximal Flexibility 66 5 1990s to the Present 43 6 Summary 47 7 Summary 70 Part 2 The Independent Reefer Operators Chapter 3 Salénrederierna 51 4 Cool Carriers 72 1 A Fruitful Relationship 51 2 The Transatlantic Trade 55 1 Perfresh 76 3 The Route to Global Leadership 57 4 Salén Reefer Services on the Top of the World 61 2 Bilspedition as Owner: Ship Investments and the Golden 90s that 5 A Market Downturn and Some New Players on the Reefer Scene 64 6 Palletisation and Maximal Flexibility 66 Never Came 80 7 Summary 70 Chapter 4 3 Höegh and the Others: Broadened Market Presence with Limited Cool Carriers 72 Investments 86 1 Perfresh 76 2 Bilspedition as Owner: Ship Investments and the Golden 90s that Never Came 80 4 Summary 94 3 Höegh and the Others: Broadened Market Presence with Limited Investments 86 4 Summary 94 Chapter 5 J. Lauritzen 96 5 J. Lauritzen 96 1 Mediterranean Adventures 96 2 Worldwide Growth 98 1 Mediterranean Adventures 96 3 Rebuilding the Fleet after the Second World War 100 4 Lauritzen Peninsular Reefers 1970-1983: the Shark’s Teeth 102 2 Worldwide Growth 98 5 From Beautiful to Economical Ships: the Entry of the ULRCs 105 6 The Family Class and the Weak 1990s 107 3 Rebuilding the Fleet after the Second World War 100 7 LauritzenCool: Two Market Leaders Become One 112 8 Armada’s New Reefer Venture 118 4 Lauritzen Peninsular Reefers 1970-1983: the Shark’s Teeth 102 9 Summary 120 Chapter 6 5 From Beautiful to Economical Ships: the Entry of the ULRCs 105 Seatrade 122 Scheepvaartkantoor Groningen: from Coasters to Reefers 123 6 The Family Class and the Weak 1990s 107 1 The Management Buy-Out 125 2 Argentina and the Atlantic Fish Trade 128 7 LauritzenCool: Two Market Leaders Become One 112 3 The Newbuilding Programme 129 4 The Seatrade Pool 133 8 Armada’s New Reefer Venture 118 5 Dammers & Van der Heide 134 6 Integrating Dammers into Seatrade 137 9 Summary 120 7 Internationalizing the Operations 142 8 In the Turbulent Market of the New Millennium 145 9 New Partnerships: GreenSea Chartering and Joint Ventures 147 6 Seatrade 122 10 Newbuildings and Reefer-Containerships 149 11 Green Reefers 151 1 The Management Buy-Out 125 12 Summary 155 Chapter 7 2 Argentina and the Atlantic Fish Trade 128 Japanese Specialized Reefer Companies 156 1 Japanese Fisheries 156 3 The Newbuilding Programme 129 2 The Japanese Shipping Companies: NYK and the Others 166 3 Summary 174 4 The Seatrade Pool 133 Chapter 8 From Blue Star Line to Star Reefers 176 5 Dammers & van der Heide 134 1 Entry into Specialized Reefers 179 2 Swan Reefer 184 6 Integrating Dammers into Seatrade 137 3 Star Reefers 185 4 Summary 188 7 Internationalizing the Operations 142 Chapter 9 Laskaridis and the Hamburg Reefer Cluster 190 8 In the Turbulent Market of the New Millennium 145 1 Hamburg Sud and the Hamburg Reefer Cluster 196 2 Summary 199 9 New Partnerships: GreenSea Chartering and Joint Ventures 147 Part 3 Container Lines and Shippers 10 Newbuildings and Reefer-Containerships 149 Chapter 10 The Traditional Liner Companies and the Container Lines 203 11 Green Reefers 151 1 Maersk 207 12 Summary 155 2 Summary 212 Chapter 11 Fruit Companies and Marketing Boards 214 1 Chiquita 214 2 Dole 220 3 Del Monte 226 4 Marketing Boards 228 5 Summary 231 Part 4 Analysis and Conclusions Chapter 12 The Independent Reefer Operators from Material, Discursive, and Subjective Perspectives 235 The Interwar Period: the Birth of the First Independent Reefer Operator(S) 235 1 1950s: the Wild Reefers 237 2 1960s: Rationalizations and Explosive Growth 240 3 1970s: the Others 241 4 1980s: Striving for Efficiency 243 5 1990s: We are Conventional! 245 6 2000s: Decline and Consolidations 248 Chapter 13 Snow in the Tropics: Conclusions 252 1 The Material Dimension 252 2 The Discursive Dimension 258 3 The Subjective Dimension 260 Bibliography 265 Index 270 Contents vii 7 Japanese Specialized Reefer Companies 156 1 Japanese Fisheries 156 2 The Japanese Shipping Companies: NYK and the Others 166 3 Summary 174 8 From Blue Star Line to Star Reefers 176 1 Entry into Specialized Reefers 179 2 Swan Reefer 184 3 Star Reefers 185 4 Summary 188 9 Laskaridis and the Hamburg Reefer Cluster 190 1 Hamburg Süd and the Hamburg Reefer Cluster 196 2 Summary 199 Part 3 Container Lines and Shippers 10 The Traditional Liner Companies and the Container Lines 203 1 Maersk 207 2 Summary 212 11 Fruit Companies and Marketing Boards 214 1 Chiquita 214 2 Dole 220 3 Del Monte 226 4 Marketing Boards 228 5 Summary 231 Part 4 Analysis and Conclusions 12 The Independent Reefer Operators from Material, Discursive, and Subjective Perspectives 235 1 1950s: the Wild Reefers 237 2 1960s: Rationalizations and Explosive Growth 240 3 1970s: the Others 241 viii Contents 4 1980s: Striving for Efficiency 243 5 1990s: We are Conventional! 245 6 2000s: Decline and Consolidations 248 13 Snow in the Tropics: Conclusions 252 1 The Material Dimension 252 2 The Discursive Dimension 258 3 The Subjective Dimension 260 Bibliography 265 Index 270 AcknowledgementsAcknowledgements ix Acknowledgements This project was financially supported by Sven och Dagmar Saléns Stiftelse and the Lauritzen Foundation.
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