Väkivallan Muodot Ja Sen Kuvaamisen Keinot Arundhati Royn Teoksessa the God of Small Things Ja Bernardine Evariston Runoromaanissa the Emperor’S Babe

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Väkivallan Muodot Ja Sen Kuvaamisen Keinot Arundhati Royn Teoksessa the God of Small Things Ja Bernardine Evariston Runoromaanissa the Emperor’S Babe TAMPEREEN YLIOPISTO Raisa Aho Miten kertoa kivusta? Väkivallan muodot ja sen kuvaamisen keinot Arundhati Royn teoksessa The God of Small Things ja Bernardine Evariston runoromaanissa The Emperor’s Babe Yleisen kirjallisuustieteen pro gradu -tutkielma Tampere 2011 Tampereen yliopisto, Kieli-, käännös- ja kirjallisuustieteiden yksikkö AHO, Raisa: Miten kertoa kivusta? Väkivallan muodot ja sen kuvaamisen keinot Arundhati Royn romaanissa The God of Small Things ja Bernardine Evariston runoteoksessa The Emperor’s Babe Pro Gradu -tutkielma, 128 s. Yleinen kirjallisuustiede Huhtikuu 2011 Yleisen kirjallisuustieteen pro gradu -tutkielmassani tarkastelen erilaisia väkivallan ilmenemismuotoja ja niiden kuvaamisen keinoja kahdessa kaunokirjallisessa teoksessa, eli Arundhati Royn romaanissa The God of Small Things (1997) ja Bernardine Evariston runoromaanissa The Emperor’s Babe (2001). Päädyin tarkastelemaan juuri näitä kahta teosta rinnakkain sekä sisällöllisistä, temaattisista, kirjallisuushistoriallisista että kerronnallisista syistä. Ne molemmat kuuluvat niin sanotun postkoloniaalisen kirjallisuuden traditioon, mutta eri tavoilla. Molemmissa käsitellään väkivaltaa ja sen traumatisoivaa luonnetta, mutta kertojaratkaisujen erot tuovat väkivallan kuvauksiin erilaisia painotuksia. Tutkimukseni lähtee liikkeelle sekä ruumiillisen kivun että traumaattisen kokemuksen kieltä pakenevasta luonteesta. Molempia ilmiöitä on tarkasteltu siitä lähtökohdasta, että ne ovat symboloimattomia, ja niiden sanoiksi pukeminen on vaikeaa, ellei peräti mahdotonta. Kivun verbalisoimisen mahdottomuuden ajatuksen on esittänyt tutkija Elaine Scarry. Traumatutkija Sirkka Knuuttila pyrkii puolestaan ottamaan etäisyyttä ajatukseen, jonka mukaan traumaa ei voi verbalisoida, ja keskittyy sen sijaan trauman representaatioiden esteettisiin keinoihin osana eheytymisprosessia. Omassa työssäni olen pyrkinyt yhdistelemään näitä lähtökohtia tarkastelemalla sekä tilanteita, joissa teosten henkilöhahmojen kieli lamaantuu kivuliaiden ja traumaattisten kokemusten seurauksena että sitä, miten teosten kertoja kuitenkin pystyy verbalisoimaan nuo kokemukset kaunokirjalliseksi tekstiksi. Työn teoreettinen lähtökohta yhdistää retorisen, kognitiivisen ja feministisen tutkimusotteen. Näin pyrin pääsemään käsiksi siihen, millaisia tulkintamahdollisuuksia väkivaltatilanteiden kuvailuun käytetty kieli luo. Tarkastelen muun muassa väkivallan kuvauksiin käytettyjä metaforia, symboleja ja myyttejä. Jonkin verran esille nousee myös intertekstuaalisuuteen ja kerronnallisiin ratkaisuihin liittyviä kysymyksiä ja tulkintoja. Väkivaltatilanteiden kuvauksia lukiessani olen kysynyt muun muassa sitä, miten niiden luentaan vaikuttaa kohteen ja tekijän sukupuolet. Onko fiktiivinen väkivalta siis erilaista riippuen uhrin sosiaalisesta sukupuolesta? Tai vastaavasti kuvataanko väkivaltaan syyllistynyt hahmo eri tavoin mies- ja naishahmojen kohdalla? Kovin yksiselitteistä vastausta tähän ei löytynyt. Väkivaltatilanteiden kuvaukset kyllä vaihtelivat, mutta ehkä enemminkin esimerkiksi kertojaratkaisuista kuin henkilöhahmojen sukupuolesta riippuen. Kenties voisi silti väittää, että naishahmoilla väkivaltaan ja aggressioon liittyi osin emansipatorinen ulottuvuus, jollaista en väkivaltaisissa mieshahmoissa havainnut. Valitusta näkökulmasta johtuen työ jäsentyy siten, että neljästä analyysiluvusta kolme jakaantuu kohdeteosten henkilöhahmojen sukupuolen mukaan. Viimeinen käsittelyluku, luku 6, puolestaan siirtyy tarkastelemaan kohdeteoksissani ilmeneviä väkivallan makrotasoja, eli rakenteellista väkivaltaa sekä konkreettisena että henkisenä ilmiönä. Avainsanat: väkivalta, trauma postkoloniaalinen romaani, kertova runous, kognitiivinen kirjallisuudentutkimus, retoriikka, feministinen kirjallisuudentutkimus, metafora, symboli, myytti SISÄLLYS 1. JOHDANTO.....................................................................................................................1 1.1. The Emperor’s Babe ja The God of Small Things................................................................ 2 1.2. Työn kohdeteokset postkoloniaalisina romaaneina .............................................................. 7 2. TUTKIMUKSELLINEN VIITEKEHYS JA KESKEISIÄ KÄSITTEITÄ ............................13 2.1. Retorinen ja kognitiivinen kirjallisuudentutkimus............................................................. 13 2.2. Feministinen kirjallisuudentutkimus................................................................................... 17 2.3. Väkivalta ja trauma ............................................................................................................. 21 3. NAISHAHMOT VÄKIVALLAN KOHTEINA...................................................................26 3.1. Persefoneen, alias Zuleikan raiskaus................................................................................... 27 3.2. Pappachin yöperhonen: perheväkivallan jäljet................................................................... 40 3.3. Synnin palkka on kuolema................................................................................................... 48 3.3.1. Severus, Zuleika ja polttavat katseet ................................................................................ 49 3.3.3. Ammu ja Velutha: naisen katseen väkivaltaisuus? ........................................................... 62 4. NAISTEN VÄKIVALTA JA AGGRESSIIVISUUS..........................................................67 4.1. Zuleika: “Anger surged up from my depths” ..................................................................... 67 4.2. Ammu: “The reckless rage of a suicide bomber”................................................................ 76 4.3. Soturikuningatar ja muut tappavat naiset.......................................................................... 79 5. VÄKIVALLAN KOHTEENA MIESHAHMOT .................................................................83 5.1. Venus the Penis ja naisellinen soturikeisari Severus .......................................................... 83 5.2. Vaiennettu Estha ja uhrattu Velutha .................................................................................. 88 6. RAKENTEELLINEN VÄKIVALTA, VÄKIVALTAISET RAKENTEET..........................100 6.1. Sota ja kolonialismi ............................................................................................................ 101 6.2. Rajat ja niiden rikkominen................................................................................................ 108 7. LOPUKSI.....................................................................................................................114 LÄHTEITÄ.......................................................................................................................117 1. Johdanto Bernardine Evariston romaanin The Emperor’s Babe (2001, jatkossa EB) ensimmäinen luku päättyy siihen, kun 11-vuotias Zuleika kirkuu kivusta hääyönään. Arundhati Royn teoksessa The God of Small Things (1997, jatkossa GST) kaksoset Rahel ja Estha eivät puolestaan pysty edes huutamaan joutuessaan todistamaan rakastamansa miehen pahoinpitelyä: ”Screams died in them […].” (GST: 308.) Omalla tavallaan molemmat tilanteet kertovat väkivallan seurauksien, kivun ja trauman, kieltä pakenevasta luonteesta. Kivun kuvaamista tutkineen Elaine Scarryn (1985: 3–11) mukaan kielestämme puuttuvat keinot kuvailla väkivallan fyysisiä vaikutuksia sen uhreihin. Scarry menee itse asiassa vielä pidemmälle. Hän väittää, että kivun kokemus tuhoaa kielen, saa ihmisen taantumaan esikielelliselle tasolle, jossa tämä voi kommunikoida vai sanattomilla huudoilla ja valituksilla. Juuri tämä tekee mahdolliseksi muun muassa kidutuksen. Koska uhri ei pysty kommunikoimaan kokemaansa fyysistä tuskaa niin, että kiduttaja kykenisi samaistumaan siihen, voi kidutus jatkua. (Emt.) Estha ja Rahel eivät edellä mainitussa tilanteessa itse joudu väkivallan kohteiksi, eivätkä siten tunne kipuakaan, vaan he kokevat trauman väkivallan todistajina. Suomessa traumateoriasta ja sen soveltamisesta kirjallisuudentutkimukseen on kirjoittanut Sirkka Knuuttila, joka artikkelissaan ”Kriisistä sanataiteeksi: traumakertomusten estetiikkaa” (2006) myös puhuu kielen halvautumisesta. Hän liittää ilmiön traumaattisen muistin kahtalaiseen luonteeseen, jonka toinen puoli on traumaattisten muistikuvien kirjaimellisuus, eli se miten trauma muistetaan visuaalisesti ja ruumiillisesti. (Knuuttila 2006: 22–23.) Lääkärinä ja terapeuttinakin työskennellyt Knuuttila käsittelee traumaa myös kirjallisuustieteen alaan kuuluvassa väitöskirjassaan Fictionalising Trauma – The Aesthetics of Marguerite Duras's India Cycle (2009). Hänen mukaansa tämänhetkiset traumateoriat määrittelevät trauman tilapäisesti sijoittamattomaksi ilmiöksi, joka usein kaihtaa symbolisaatiota: ”[a] temporally unlocatable phenomenon which often lacks symbolisation.” (Emt.: 1–4.) Traumakirjallisuudesta Knuuttila (2006: 22) sanoo, että se tarkoittaa kertomuksia, joissa ylivoimaisen katastrofin kokemus on etsiytynyt kielelliseen asuun. Vaikka Knuuttila mainitseekin kielen halvautumisen yhtenä trauman oireena, hän haluaa ottaa etäisyyttä käsityksiin trauman muistamattomuudesta ja kokemusta pakenevasta luonteesta tarkastelemalla trauman kerronnalistamisen kielellisiä keinoja (Knuuttila 2006: 22–25 & 31 & 2009: 8–9). Tästä pääsemmekin tutkimusaiheeseeni ja -kysymyksiini. Tarkastelen tässä työssä 1 väkivallan sekä sen seurausten, kivun ja trauman, kuvauksiin käytettyjä kielellisiä ja kerronnallisia keinoja. Millaisia väkivallan muotoja teoksista
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