Part 1: the Beginning of Mahabharat
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The Mahabharata
^«/4 •m ^1 m^m^ The original of tiiis book is in tine Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924071123131 ) THE MAHABHARATA OF KlUSHNA-DWAIPAYANA VTASA TRANSLATED INTO ENGLISH PROSE. Published and distributed, chiefly gratis, BY PROTSP CHANDRA EOY. BHISHMA PARVA. CALCUTTA i BHiRATA PRESS. No, 1, Raja Gooroo Dass' Stbeet, Beadon Square, 1887. ( The righi of trmsMm is resem^. NOTICE. Having completed the Udyoga Parva I enter the Bhishma. The preparations being completed, the battle must begin. But how dan- gerous is the prospect ahead ? How many of those that were counted on the eve of the terrible conflict lived to see the overthrow of the great Knru captain ? To a KsJtatriya warrior, however, the fiercest in- cidents of battle, instead of being appalling, served only as tests of bravery that opened Heaven's gates to him. It was this belief that supported the most insignificant of combatants fighting on foot when they rushed against Bhishma, presenting their breasts to the celestial weapons shot by him, like insects rushing on a blazing fire. I am not a Kshatriya. The prespect of battle, therefore, cannot be unappalling or welcome to me. On the other hand, I frankly own that it is appall- ing. If I receive support, that support may encourage me. I am no Garuda that I would spurn the strength of number* when battling against difficulties. I am no Arjuna conscious of superhuman energy and aided by Kecava himself so that I may eHcounter any odds. -
The Emergence of the Mahajanapadas
The Emergence of the Mahajanapadas Sanjay Sharma Introduction In the post-Vedic period, the centre of activity shifted from the upper Ganga valley or madhyadesha to middle and lower Ganga valleys known in the contemporary Buddhist texts as majjhimadesha. Painted grey ware pottery gave way to a richer and shinier northern black polished ware which signified new trends in commercial activities and rising levels of prosperity. Imprtant features of the period between c. 600 and 321 BC include, inter-alia, rise of ‘heterodox belief systems’ resulting in an intellectual revolution, expansion of trade and commerce leading to the emergence of urban life mainly in the region of Ganga valley and evolution of vast territorial states called the mahajanapadas from the smaller ones of the later Vedic period which, as we have seen, were known as the janapadas. Increased surplus production resulted in the expansion of trading activities on one hand and an increase in the amount of taxes for the ruler on the other. The latter helped in the evolution of large territorial states and increased commercial activity facilitated the growth of cities and towns along with the evolution of money economy. The ruling and the priestly elites cornered most of the agricultural surplus produced by the vaishyas and the shudras (as labourers). The varna system became more consolidated and perpetual. It was in this background that the two great belief systems, Jainism and Buddhism, emerged. They posed serious challenge to the Brahmanical socio-religious philosophy. These belief systems had a primary aim to liberate the lower classes from the fetters of orthodox Brahmanism. -
Introduction to BI-Tagavad-Gita
TEAcI-tER'S GuidE TO INTROduCTioN TO BI-tAGAVAd-GiTA (DAModAR CLASS) INTROduCTioN TO BHAqAVAd-qiTA Compiled by: Tapasvini devi dasi Hare Krishna Sunday School Program is sponsored by: ISKCON Foundation Contents Chapter Page Introduction 1 1. History ofthe Kuru Dynasty 3 2. Birth ofthe Pandavas 10 3. The Pandavas Move to Hastinapura 16 4. Indraprastha 22 5. Life in Exile 29 6. Preparing for Battle 34 7. Quiz 41 Crossword Puzzle Answer Key 45 Worksheets 46 9ntroduction "Introduction to Bhagavad Gita" is a session that deals with the history ofthe Pandavas. It is not meant to be a study ofthe Mahabharat. That could be studied for an entire year or more. This booklet is limited to the important events which led up to the battle ofKurlLkshetra. We speak often in our classes ofKrishna and the Bhagavad Gita and the Battle ofKurukshetra. But for the new student, or student llnfamiliar with the history ofthe Pandavas, these topics don't have much significance ifthey fail to understand the reasons behind the Bhagavad Gita being spoken (on a battlefield, yet!). This session will provide the background needed for children to go on to explore the teachulgs ofBhagavad Gita. You may have a classroonl filled with childrel1 who know these events well. Or you may have a class who has never heard ofthe Pandavas. You will likely have some ofeach. The way you teach your class should be determined from what the children already know. Students familiar with Mahabharat can absorb many more details and adventures. Young children and children new to the subject should learn the basics well. -
5. from Janapadas to Empire
MODULE - 1 Ancient India 5 Notes FROM JANAPADAS TO EMPIRE In the last chapter we studied how later Vedic people started agriculture in the Ganga basin and settled down in permanent villages. In this chapter, we will discuss how increased agricultural activity and settled life led to the rise of sixteen Mahajanapadas (large territorial states) in north India in sixth century BC. We will also examine the factors, which enabled Magadh one of these states to defeat all others to rise to the status of an empire later under the Mauryas. The Mauryan period was one of great economic and cultural progress. However, the Mauryan Empire collapsed within fifty years of the death of Ashoka. We will analyse the factors responsible for this decline. This period (6th century BC) is also known for the rise of many new religions like Buddhism and Jainism. We will be looking at the factors responsible for the emer- gence of these religions and also inform you about their main doctrines. OBJECTIVES After studying this lesson, you will be able to explain the material and social factors (e.g. growth of agriculture and new social classes), which became the basis for the rise of Mahajanapada and the new religions in the sixth century BC; analyse the doctrine, patronage, spread and impact of Buddhism and Jainism; trace the growth of Indian polity from smaller states to empires and list the six- teen Mahajanapadas; examine the role of Ashoka in the consolidation of the empire through his policy of Dhamma; recognise the main features– administration, economy, society and art under the Mauryas and Identify the causes of the decline of the Mauryan empire. -
852525.Åšiva-AND-SHIKHANDI.Pdf
ELK Asia Pacific Journals – Special Issue ISBN: 978-81-930411-2-3 ŚIVA AND SHIKHANDI: THE GENDER QUEERNESS IN HINDU MYTHOLOGY E. Vishnupriya Lecturer Department of English Jain Institute of Business Management, Jakkasandra, Kanakapura [email protected] Hindu mythology dates to the time of the imagination; can be seen as stimulated shift Ŗg Veda, the oldest sacred religious text, marked by fear of oppression, individual which was probably composed between behaviour and conflicts, in established 1500 and 900 B.C. The Vedas, Upanishads, norms or social order of given time and Puranas, Epics, Agamas, Bhakti literature place. and Tantras with differing interpretations While leaving old prejudices in the realm of on mythology could trace the root of sexuality, this paper seeks to question the Hinduism. For over thousand years these belief ‘ars erotica.’ Queerness: is it all scriptures have been the cosmic womb of about multiplying pleasures or to be viewed creations of various literature and art forms. as ethical concerns? Truly speaking Hindu mythology visualized Queer Theory: A glance the more happening and modern concept, Queer theory is not a singular or systematic Queerness before 2000 years. Traditional conceptual or methodological framework, Hinduism seems to proclaim to the world but a collection of intellectual engagements that queerness is as old as the mountains. with the relations between sex, gender and The vast traditions of Hinduism would tell sexual desire. Queer can be used as a the tales of gender queerness .Ancient derogatory noun or adjective for scriptures like Narada-smriti and homosexuality or effeminacy. It can also be Kamasutra discuss queerness in detail. -
List of Selected Candidates for Award of Scholarship for the Year 2016-17 Under the Scheme of "ISHAN UDAY" Special Scholarship Scheme for North Eastern Region
List of selected candidates for award of scholarship for the year 2016-17 under the scheme of "ISHAN UDAY" Special Scholarship Scheme for North Eastern Region Father Mother S.No Candidate ID Name of Applicant Domicile Name Name 1 NER-ARU-ST-2016-17-181334 SUBU KAKU SUBU HABUNG SUBU CELINE Arunachal Pradesh 2 NER-ARU-ST-2016-17-195969 AAW RIAMUK TARAK RIAMUK YAPA RIAMUK Arunachal Pradesh 3 NER-ARU-ST-2016-17-219300 KANCHAN DUI TADIK DUI YARING DUI Arunachal Pradesh 4 NER-ARU-ST-2016-17-220106 TENZIN LHAMU SANGEY KHANDU PEM DREMA Arunachal Pradesh 5 NER-ARU-ST-2016-17-211595 YANGCHIN DREMA J JIMEY NIGRUP CHEMEY Arunachal Pradesh 6 NER-ARU-ST-2016-17-178197 KEDO NASI LARKI NASI YADI NASI Arunachal Pradesh 7 NER-ARU-ST-2016-17-219318 LAMPAR NASI MAGLAM NASI YALU NASI Arunachal Pradesh 8 NER-ARU-ST-2016-17-191556 KADUM PERME BARU PERME BERENG PERME Arunachal Pradesh 9 NER-ARU-ST-2016-17-178489 LEEMSO KRI LATE DRUSO KRI ADISI KRI Arunachal Pradesh BOMLUK GAMLIN 10 NER-ARU-ST-2016-17-218088 KAZIR YOMCHA PEKHA YOMCHA Arunachal Pradesh YOMCHA 11 NER-ARU-OBC-2016-17-209560 IMRAN ALI MD.HAIDAR ALI IMAMAN BEGUM Arunachal Pradesh 12 NER-ARU-ST-2016-17-176492 KIME RINIO KIME NIPA KIME OPYUNG Arunachal Pradesh 13 NER-ARU-ST-2016-17-195045 TARH AMA TARH SONAM TARH MANGCHE Arunachal Pradesh 14 NER-ARU-ST-2016-17-200412 DEGE NGURAK TADE NGURAK VIE NGURAK Arunachal Pradesh 15 NER-ARU-GEN-2016-17-182521 SANDEEP KUMAR SINGH KAUSHAL KUMAR SINGH POONAM SINGH Arunachal Pradesh 16 NER-ARU-ST-2016-17-190517 ANGA PABIN TATE PABIN YABEN PABIN Arunachal Pradesh 17 -
The Mahabharata of Krishna-Dwaipayana Vyasa SALYA
The Mahabharata of Krishna-Dwaipayana Vyasa SALYA PARVA translated by Kesari Mohan Ganguli In parentheses Publications Sanskrit Series Cambridge, Ontario 2002 Salya Parva Section I Om! Having bowed down unto Narayana and Nara, the most exalted of male beings, and the goddess Saraswati, must the word Jaya be uttered. Janamejaya said, “After Karna had thus been slain in battle by Savyasachin, what did the small (unslaughtered) remnant of the Kauravas do, O regenerate one? Beholding the army of the Pandavas swelling with might and energy, what behaviour did the Kuru prince Suyodhana adopt towards the Pandavas, thinking it suitable to the hour? I desire to hear all this. Tell me, O foremost of regenerate ones, I am never satiated with listening to the grand feats of my ancestors.” Vaisampayana said, “After the fall of Karna, O king, Dhritarashtra’s son Suyodhana was plunged deep into an ocean of grief and saw despair on every side. Indulging in incessant lamentations, saying, ‘Alas, oh Karna! Alas, oh Karna!’ he proceeded with great difficulty to his camp, accompanied by the unslaughtered remnant of the kings on his side. Thinking of the slaughter of the Suta’s son, he could not obtain peace of mind, though comforted by those kings with excellent reasons inculcated by the scriptures. Regarding destiny and necessity to be all- powerful, the Kuru king firmly resolved on battle. Having duly made Salya the generalissimo of his forces, that bull among kings, O monarch, proceeded for battle, accompanied by that unslaughtered remnant of his forces. Then, O chief of Bharata’s race, a terrible battle took place between the troops of the Kurus and those of the Pandavas, resembling that between the gods and the Asuras. -
By Ambalika Smiti
IASBABA.COM ENVIRONMENT: NCERT BOOKS SUMMARY- BY AMBALIKA SMITI CLIMATE Climate Average weather condition over longer period of time Weather Local change in climate, day to-day condition of the atmosphere at a place with respect to the temperature, humidity, rainfall, windspeed, etc. Vary over short period of time Variation in Temperature In Summer 55°C in the western Rajasthan Minus 45°C in winter around Leh. Churu in Rajasthan >50°C on a June day, it's hardly 19°C in Tawang (Arunachal Pradesh) on the same day. On a December night, temperature in Drass (Jammu and Kashmir) minus 45°C while Tiruvanantapuram or Chennai on the same night records 20°C or 22°C. Variation in rainfall Snowfall in Himalaya, while rainfall in all other parts Cherrapunji Maysymnram has highest rainfall while Jaislmer mostly dry Very Hot Jaislmer Very Cold Drass (J&K) Moderate Mumbai India- Major seasons - 4 Season Features Winter (Cold Sunshine slant, Low Temperature weather) December and January are the coldest months Dec-Feb Temperature decreases from South to North northeast trade winds prevail over the country, blow from land to sea Most part has dry season rainfall occurs on the Tamil Nadu coast from these winds as, here they blow from sea to land. A characteristic feature over the northern plains is the inflow of cyclonic disturbances from the west and the northwest which originate over the Mediterranean Sea and western Asia and move into India, along with the westerly flow. They cause winter rains locally known as ‘mahawat’ over the plains and snowfall in the mountains. -
Component-I (A) – Personal Details
Component-I (A) – Personal details: Component-I (B) – Description of module: Subject Name Indian Culture Paper Name Outlines of Indian History Module Name/Title Mahajanapadas- Rise of Magadha – Nandas – Invasion of Alexander Module Id I C/ OIH/ 08 Pre requisites Early History of India Objectives To study the Political institutions of Ancient India from earliest to 3rd Century BCE. Mahajanapadas , Rise of Magadha under the Haryanka, Sisunaga Dynasties, Nanda Dynasty, Persian Invasions, Alexander’s Invasion of India and its Effects Keywords Janapadas, Magadha, Haryanka, Sisunaga, Nanda, Alexander E-text (Quadrant-I) 1. Sources Political and cultural history of the period from C 600 to 300 BCE is known for the first time by a possibility of comparing evidence from different kinds of literary sources. Buddhist and Jaina texts form an authentic source of the political history of ancient India. The first four books of Sutta pitaka -- the Digha, Majjhima, Samyutta and Anguttara nikayas -- and the entire Vinaya pitaka were composed between the 5th and 3rd centuries BCE. The Sutta nipata also belongs to this period. The Jaina texts Bhagavati sutra and Parisisthaparvan represent the tradition that can be used as historical source material for this period. The Puranas also provide useful information on dynastic history. A comparison of Buddhist, Puranic and Jaina texts on the details of dynastic history reveals more disagreement. This may be due to the fact that they were compiled at different times. Apart from indigenous literary sources, there are number of Greek and Latin narratives of Alexander’s military achievements. They describe the political situation prevailing in northwest on the eve of Alexander’s invasion. -
A Comprehensive Guide by Jack Watts and Conner Reynolds Texts
A Comprehensive Guide By Jack Watts and Conner Reynolds Texts: Mahabharata ● Written by Vyasa ● Its plot centers on the power struggle between the Kaurava and Pandava princes. They fight the Kurukshetra War for the throne of Hastinapura, the kingdom ruled by the Kuru clan. ● As per legend, Vyasa dictates it to Ganesha, who writes it down ● Divided into 18 parvas and 100 subparvas ● The Mahabharata is told in the form of a frame tale. Janamejaya, an ancestor of the Pandavas, is told the tale of his ancestors while he is performing a snake sacrifice ● The Genealogy of the Kuru clan ○ King Shantanu is an ancestor of Kuru and is the first king mentioned ○ He marries the goddess Ganga and has the son Bhishma ○ He then wishes to marry Satyavati, the daughter of a fisherman ○ However, Satyavati’s father will only let her marry Shantanu on one condition: Shantanu must promise that any sons of Satyavati will rule Hastinapura ○ To help his father be able to marry Satyavati, Bhishma renounces his claim to the throne and takes a vow of celibacy ○ Satyavati had married Parashara and had a son with him, Vyasa ○ Now she marries Shantanu and has another two sons, Chitrangada and Vichitravirya ○ Shantanu dies, and Chitrangada becomes king ○ Chitrangada lives a short and uneventful life, and then dies, making Vichitravirya king ○ The King of Kasi puts his three daughters up for marriage (A swayamvara), but he does not invite Vichitravirya as a possible suitor ○ Bhishma, to arrange a marriage for Vichitravirya, abducts the three daughters of Kasi: Amba, -
Chapter 6 Comparison of Attitude Towards Women In
CHAPTER 6 COMPARISON OF ATTITUDE TOWARDS WOMEN IN THE ILIAD. THE ODYSSEY AND THE MAHABHARATA 199 After analysing the individual women characters in all these epics, it is possible to compare the attitudes towards women and their status in the two traditions. A) Women in the Greek epics : Critics like J. W. Mackail complain that Homer did not use all his skill in women's portrayal as he used it in the portrayal of men. He comments in Lectures on Greek Poetry— "Homer's women are likewise [like Shakespeare's] remarkable; yet one has the feeling throughout that they are only fragments, sparingly used and jealously scrutinized, of a lost world of poetry that may have held figures as great as those of Gudrun and Brynhild,>of Imogen or Cleopatra. Andromache and Penelope are the only two women in the foremost plane of action. Both are vivid and actual, as fully alive as men among whom they move. Yet in both it seems as if the poet made them live almost against his will, or against the will of his audience; as though he would rather have given, or they would rather have had given them, generalized portraits of the faithful wife and affectionate mother. The recognition of Odysseus by Penelope might have been treated with the same power and tenderness as the parting of Andromache and Hector; Is the Greek feeling about what was proper for women responsible for its being otherwise and have the limits of the harder Hellenic taste lost for us one of the greatest passages in poetry?"^ 200 As Mackail suggests, a sense of inferiority about women, whether they are aristocratic or piebian, is found almost everywhere in the two Greek epics. -
2.Hindu Websites Sorted Category Wise
Hindu Websites sorted Category wise Sl. No. Broad catergory Website Address Description Reference Country 1 Archaelogy http://aryaculture.tripod.com/vedicdharma/id10. India's Cultural Link with Ancient Mexico html America 2 Archaelogy http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harappa Harappa Civilisation India 3 Archaelogy http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civil Indus Valley Civilisation India ization 4 Archaelogy http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiradu_temples Kiradu Barmer Temples India 5 Archaelogy http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohenjo_Daro Mohenjo_Daro Civilisation India 6 Archaelogy http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nalanda Nalanda University India 7 Archaelogy http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxila Takshashila University Pakistan 8 Archaelogy http://selians.blogspot.in/2010/01/ganesha- Ganesha, ‘lingga yoni’ found at newly Indonesia lingga-yoni-found-at-newly.html discovered site 9 Archaelogy http://vedicarcheologicaldiscoveries.wordpress.c Ancient Idol of Lord Vishnu found Russia om/2012/05/27/ancient-idol-of-lord-vishnu- during excavation in an old village in found-during-excavation-in-an-old-village-in- Russia’s Volga Region russias-volga-region/ 10 Archaelogy http://vedicarcheologicaldiscoveries.wordpress.c Mahendraparvata, 1,200-Year-Old Cambodia om/2013/06/15/mahendraparvata-1200-year- Lost Medieval City In Cambodia, old-lost-medieval-city-in-cambodia-unearthed- Unearthed By Archaeologists 11 Archaelogy http://wikimapia.org/7359843/Takshashila- Takshashila University Pakistan Taxila 12 Archaelogy http://www.agamahindu.com/vietnam-hindu- Vietnam