Cambridge University Press 0521594553 - State and Society in the Early Middle Ages: The Middle Rhine Valley, 400- 1000 Matthew Innes Index More information
INDEX
Aachen , , , , Alzey , , – Adalard, Count , –, fig. Amorbach, monastery Adalbero, bishop of Augsburg and abbot of Andernach Lorsch Angela, wife of Cancor –, fig. , Adalbert, bishop of Trier and chronicler Angers Adalbert, brother of Otakar –, fig. Annales Nazariani Adalbert, son of Witagowo , fig. Annales school of historians Adalbert, count of Trier – Annals of Fulda , Adalbert, Count Aquitaine , Adalgisel-Grimo, deacon at Verdun , archaeology: importance of, ; used as source, (church foundation), – (grave-goods), Adalhelm, Count, father of Willeswind , – (rural settlements), – figs. , (transition from Roman to Merovingian), Adalung, abbot of Lorsch – (Merovingian society); see also burial, administration –, –; mechanics of grave-goods –; Roman –; see also capitularies, aristocracy, definition of – counts, government, state arms, see weapons advocate –, , , –; of Fulda –; army, Frankish –; mobilisation orders and of Rheims ; of Seligenstadt –, politics , , Aetius, master of the soldiers – army, Roman –; see also horses, military Agantheo, client of Einhard’s service, soldiers, violence, weapons Aggiold, local landowner Arnulf, Emperor , –, –, –, agri decumates fig. Alahfrid, client of Einhard’s Askmundesheim Alans associations, sworn –, –; see also Alapsi, scribe oaths Alberich, Count in s , –, fig. Attigny Alberich, Count in s, descendant of Count Auerbach Alberich – Austrasia , –, ; see also Liège, Alberich, son of Count Alberich (s) , Lotharingia, Meuse, Moselle fig. Alemans, Alemannia –, –, , , , Bad Kreuznach, see Kreuznach , , , , , , bannus , , – allod (allodium) banquets, see feasts, feasting alms –, –, –, Banzleib, Margrave of Saxony –, Alsace , , , , , Batdagis, local landowner , Altheim Baturich, bishop of Regensburg Althoff, Gerd, historian Baugolf, Count, then abbot of Fulda , , Altrip , , , , fig. Altstadt Baumerlenbach, nunnery –
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Bavaria, Bavarians , , –, , , on military service –, –, ; on , , , poor , , ; post-Carolingian reception Benedict of Aniane, Saint of , ; on political organisation –, benefice (beneficium): granting of benefices in ; on scabini – as social and political strategy , , –, Carloman, King, brother of Charlemagne , –; specific examples –, –, , , fig. , , , , , ; see also Carloman, King, son of Louis the German feudalism, lordship, military service, , , fig. precarial grant, vassal cartularies, compilation of –, Bensheim , –, cemeteries: and Carolingian society –; and Berahtolah, tenant in Mainz commemoratio –, –; and Berengar II, King of Italy Merovingian society –, –, –; Berengar, Count –, fig. and rural settlement –; see also burial, Bergheim grave-goods Bermersheim centena, see hundred Bernarius, bishop of Worms Charlemagne, Emperor , , , –, Bertild, noble woman –, , –, , , –, fig. ; Bingen , , , , , , , , forgeries in his name – –, Charles Martel, mayor of the palace – Binin, local landowner – Charles the Bald, Emperor , –, Birkenau –, , fig. bishops, bishoprics: political role of –, Charles the Fat, Emperor –, fig. –, –, , , ; origins of , Charles the Simple, King , ; see also church charters: abandoned in favour of notices –; Blies, river (Bleisgau) , audience for , –, –, , ; as blinding evidence , –, –; introduction of –, Bloch, Marc, historian ; and piety –; read aloud , –, Boniface, Saint, Archbishop of Mainz , , –; survival of –, ; as visible –, , –, objects –, , Bonn Childeric, King Borgolte, Michael, historian – children: given to monasteries , –; given Bretzenheim to secular patron –, , bridges, upkeep of – Chrodegang, bishop of Metz –, , , Briesgau, region of Alemannia – , , , fig. Brittany church, churches: foundation and endowment Bruheim of –; organisation of estates –; as Bruno, archbishop of Cologne , social centres –, –, –; Burchard, bishop of Worms –, –; political functions of –, –, , Life of –; legislation for his familia , –, –, –, , , ; see also bishops, monasteries Burchard, dux of Thuringia cities –; see also towns, urbanism Burchard, Count, son of Count Walaho , clearances , fig. Cloppenheim Burgundy, Burgundians , –, Clovis, King – burial –; and commemoration –, ; Colmar with grave-goods –, –, –; Cologne political significance of –, , ; commemoration: and burial –, , ; and settlement patterns –; see also and cartularies ; and documents –; and cemeteries, grave-goods gift-giving –, esp. –, –, , ; Bürstadt , , , and land , –, –, ; liturgical , , –, –, –, , –, , ; Cancor, Count –, –, –, , secular –, –; and power , ; and –, , figs. , women –, capitularies: and Carolingian government –, community, county –; rural –, –; –, –, , –; on lordship ; and rural settlement –
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Conrad I, King , , , fig. (s) ; involving Rheims land in Vosges Conrad ‘the Red’, dux of Lotharingia –, ; in Saalegau () ; over Mettlach , fig. () ; over donation to Prüm, (–) Conrad, Count, father of Conrad I –, –; over legacy of Gerold in mid-tenth fig. century –, ; between Worms and Conrad, Count , – Lorsch late tenth and early eleventh century Constance , – constitution, ‘Germanic’ , –, –, ; Dolgesheim in historiography – Donauwerth, battle () continuity: of Christianity , ; in recent Dorestad historiography –, , –; of Dossenheim Roman sites ; of taxation and Dreiech , – administration , – Drogo, bishop of Metz corvées – Dromersheim counts , –, –, , –, –, Duby, Georges, historian – –, –; see also county, pagus duchy, dux: late Roman ; Merovingian –, county: Carolingian –, –; post- , ; tenth-century –, –; see Carolingian –; for use of comitatus in also Alsace, Austrasia, Lotharingia, sources –; see also counts, pagus Thuringia, Würzburg court, legal, see disputes; mallus; meetings, local dux, uses of title , , , , , , court, royal: in historiography –, –, , , , , , , –, –; office at , ; maintenance of Durliat, Jean, historian , , –; political functions of –, –, , , –, –, –, –, , eastern provinces, provinces east of Rhine and , , –, –, , , –, their integration into the Frankish kingdom , ; Roman Imperial – –, –, –, – Crapucha, daughter of Otakar –, fig. Ebbo, archbishop of Rheims Cunicpert, Count Eberhard, dux of the Franks –, , fig. Eberhard, local landowner Dagaleich, peasant Eberhard, lord of Sigehard Dagulf, royal huntsman Eberwine, local landowner Dalheim –, Echternach – death –; see burial, cemeteries, Edingen commemoration Egiher, local landowner Deidesheim Eichstätt deo sacrata , , ; see also nuns Eimsheim –, Dienheim –, , , , –, , –, Einhard –, –, , , , , , –, –, , – , , ; his Letters , , –, –, disputes, settlement of –, –, ; see , , –, –, , –, , also courts, local; feud , , , , , ; his Translatio , disputes, specific, in chronological order: over –, Umstadt () ; over Lorsch () , Elisabeth, daughter of Otakar –, fig. –; over Mettlach () –; over Emhild, abbess of Milz , Schwanheim () –, , –; over Engilhelm, local landowner , – Heppenheim () ; over Dienheim tolls Eppelheim () –; over Eimsheim () –; Ercanfrida, wife of Count Nithard –, over Hornbach in time of Charlemagne – ; over a dead baby at Tauberbischofsheim Erenfrid, Count in time of Leoba –; over Dienheim, Erfurt () –; over Hünfeld () , –; Erlebald, local landowner , fig. over Swarzesmuore () ; between Count Erluin, client of Count Megingoz , Poppo and Gundhart (s) –; Ermbert, bishop of Worms , , , fig. between archbishop of Mainz and peasants Ermentrude, wife of Charles the Bald , fig. (s) ; between Count Poppo and poachers (s) ; involving Alahfrid Esslingen, monastery , –, –
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estates: in Carolingian period –, –; in Friese, Eckhard, historian Merovingian period –; and military Freising obligations –; and royal service freedom: definition of –, , –, ; –; see also land and military service –; and royal ethnicity, ethnic identity: and archaeology service –; and taxation and tribute –; of Austrasians and Neustrians –; and tenurial structures –, –, –; of Franks –, –; and , ; threats to –, ; see also peasants Roman frontier ; of Thuringians – friendship (amicitia), as form of alliance , Eucherius, bishop of Orleans , , Eufemia, daughter of Count Cancor –, fig. Frisians, , –; at Worms – , frontier: east Frankish–Lotharingian, , evidence, –; reliance of historians upon , –; Frankish–Aleman (c.) , fig. ; –, , –, x; survival of –, –, Frankish–Thuringian , ; Roman –; Rhine as , –, , excavation, see archaeology Frumold, royal vassal – exchanges of land –, , –, Fulco, bishop of Worms exemptions, from royal service and tax –, Fulda, monastery , –, –, –, , –, , , ; see also immunities , , –, –, , –, , –, , , , –. –, –, , faithful men, see fideles –, – family, see kinship Fulrad, abbot of Saint-Denis –, , , Fastrada, wife of Charlemagne –, , feasts, feasting: and burial –; and commemoration –; political and social Ganshof, F.-L., historian function , , Gaul , , , , , , –, ; see festivals, religious as occasions for political also Loire, western Francia events , , , , , ; see also Gebhard, Count , , , , fig. monasteries, lay visits to Gebhard, Count, son of Count Gebhard , feud –, , , –, , –, fig. feudalism, feudal revolution, feudal society: Geilrat, daughter of Otakar –, fig. meanings of , ; and military service Geismar – –; ‘feudal revolution’, emergence of Gengenbach, monastery ‘feudal society’ , –; see also benefice, gentry, definition – lordship, vassals Gerard, Count Fichtenau, Heinrich, historian Gernsheim fideles, fidelity: definition of –, , ; Geroin, scribe – military service of –; specific examples Gerold, Count –, fig. of –, , , , , ; see also Gerold, local landowner , –, infidelity Gerward, Lorsch monk Fischbach, monastery Gewilib, bishop of Mainz Flonheim –, , –, – Ghent Florstadt gifts, gift-giving: to church –; and honour foederati – ; and inheritance –; and law –; Folcnand, tribune – and lordship –, ; to kings –; from Fontenoy, battle () kings –, –, ; see also benefices, forests , –, , –; see also precarial grants, reciprocity hunting ‘gilds’, see associations, sworn forfeiture of offices and royal lands , , Gisela, wife of Count Megingoz , fig. , –, , , , – Giselbert, Count forgery , , – Giselhelm, local landowner , – fortifications –, , – Glan, river Franco, brother of Burchard of Worms Göllheim Frankfurt –, , , , , , , Gonsenheim , , , , –, Gorze, monastery , , , , , –, Frederick, archbishop of Mainz ,
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government –, –; Carolingian Hesbaye , –, –, –, –, –, Hesse –, , –; local –, –; mechanics of Hessi, scribe –; Merovingian –, –, –, Hetti, archbishop of Trier –, –, –, –; Ottonian Hildebold, bishop of Worms , , –, –; Roman,– Hildebrandslied Grabfeld , , –, Hildegard, wife of Charlemagne –, , grave-goods –, –, –; see also figs. , burial, cemeteries Hiltibald, scribe Gregory, bishop of Tours, historian –, Hofheim , – honores , –, –, , ; removal Grimald, abbot of Wissembourg , –, of , , , – –, honour – Gundhart, local landowner –, –, Hornbach, monastery , , , , , Guntland, abbot of Lorsch , , , , , , –, , – –, fig. horses –, , –, Guntram, Count and royal vassal , , , Hortlaic, local landowner Hraban, abbot of Fulda and archbishop of Guntram, Count, brother of Hraban Maur Mainz , –, , –, , –, –, fig. , , , , –, –, , , , , , , , –, –, , fig. Guntram, monk, son of Count Guntram –, Hraban, Count fig. Hruotswind, wife of Otakar –, fig. Hruotmond, local landowner Hadurih, hundredman Hugh, count of Tours –, Hafti, local landowner , Huna, wife of Alberich , fig. Hiaebo, scribe – hundred – Hammelburg , , , Huneburc, nun of Heidenheim Hannig, Jürgen, historian , Hünfeld , , – haribannus –; exemptions from –, Hunfrid, abbot of St-Bertin and bishop of – Thérouanne –, fig. harmscara – Hunsrück , Haßloch hunting , , , , , , Hatto, abbot of Fulda Hatto, archbishop of Mainz , Idiburga, wife of Gerold Hatto, Count, eighth century , – immunities, justice within –; lie with Hatto, Count, s , –, county and pagus ; basis for territorial Hatto, local landowner – power –; see also exemptions Heddesheim – Indiculus Loricatorum Heidenheim, nunnery infidelity , Heilbronn Ingelheim , , , , , Heimerich, Count, son of Cancor –, , inheritance: and death ritual –; of land , , –, , figs. , –; of office –, – Helmswind, daughter of Nordpert –, fig. Italy , , , , Henry I, King Henry II, Emperor , , , Jovinus, Emperor Henry, Count (brother of Heriric) , fig. jurisdiction –, , –, –, , , Henry, Count (nephew of Poppo) , fig. – Heppenheim , , –, Heribert, Count kinship –, –; and church –, Herirad, scribe – –, –, –; and land –, –; Herirac, local landowner – and lordship –; ‘official’ and ‘practical’ Hermann, client of Heimerich , , –, –; and social mobility –; Hersfeld, monastery , , amongst unfree – Herstal , knights, see milites
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Königsnähe , , , , , –, –, , , , Königstedt – –, , – Kreuznach , , Lothar I, Emperor , , –, , , –, fig. Ladenburg , , , , , , –, Lothar II, King –, , , , , fig. –, , Laelianus, Emperor , Lotharingia –, , –, , –, Lahn, river , –, –, land: of church –, –, , –, ; Louis the Child, King , , fig. of elite –; giving of –, –, Louis the German, King –, , –, –, –, ; incidents on –; law , –, , fig. of land ownership –, –; of Louis the Pious, Emperor , , –, , peasantry –, –, , , , –; , , , , –, , , , royal –, –, , –, , –, fig. –, , –, –, –, ; Louis the Younger, King , , –, tenure of –; see also benefice, estates, , , , , fig. exchanges, gifts, precarial grants, sales Lull, Archbishop of Mainz , Landesgeschichte – Langen Maas, see Meuse Langres Maastricht Lantswind, daughter of Otakar –, fig. Magyars , Laubenheim , Main, river , , , , –, , , , , law: and collective action –; dispute , , , , , , , , settlement –, –; and land –; Mainz , , –, , , , , –, –, and lordship –, –, –, –, –, , , , , , , , –, , –; written law-codes , –, , , , , , –, , –, –, – , , , , , , , –, Leoba, abbess of Tauberbischofsheim , , , , , –, mallus , , , , –; see also letters ; see also Einhard meetings, local Leutersheim mancipia , ; see also slavery Lex Ribuaria , Mannheim , Lex Thuringiorum Manold, local landowner Libfarius, scribe manors –; and settlement patterns Liège area , , , Marahbergen literacy: and Carolingian government , , Marcellinus, Saint: translation of ; as a patron –; and charters –; and Ottonian –; see also Seligenstadt government ; and scribes –; see also Marcward, abbot of Prüm capitularies, charters, law marks –, –, , Liutbert, archbishop of Mainz , marriage: politics of , , , , –, Liutfrid, Count , , , ; of unfree , , , ; Liutgard, daughter of Otto I , fig. of vassals ; see also morning-gift Liutolf, local landowner Matfrid, count of Orléans Liutwine, Saint, bishop of Trier –, fig. Matfrid, Count, brother of Gerard Lobdengau , , , Meersen, Treaty of () , Loire, river , , meetings: local , , , –, –, lordship –, , –, –, –, –; –, –, ; royal assemblies , of kings over church , , –, –, , –, , , , , , , –; over land –; and military service , , , , , , –; rights of lords over dependants , Meginfrid, client of Count Conrad – –, –; territorial –, –, , Megingoz, bishop of Würzburg Megingoz, Count, relation of King Odo , Lorsch , , , –, , –, –, , , –, –, , fig. –, –, –, –, , , , Megingoz, Count –, , –, , , , , , Meginrata, nun, sister of Hraban –, fig.
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Merovingians: establishment of –; political Nonn, Ulrich, historian system –, , , ; territorial Nonnenmunster, nunnery , organisation –, – Nordpert, brother of Otakar –, fig. Merseberg Nordheim messengers –, , Notbald, scribe Mettenheim nuns, nunneries –, , – Mettlach, monastery –, , , , Metz –, , , oaths: and associations –, –, –; of Meuse, river , , fidelity –, , ; and friendship , Michelstadt ; and peacemaking , military service – Oda, wife of Zwentibald – milites , , – Odenwald , –, –, , , , – Milo, bishop of Trier , Odo, king of west Francia Milz, nunnery , Odo, count of Orléans , , ministerium –, –, , , – Odo, son of Gebhard – miracles n., Odo, son of Robert the Strong , missi dominici , – office –, –, –, , –, mobility: geographical –, –, , –, –, –, – –, –, –, ; social –, Oppau – Oppenheim , Moda, wife of Engilhelm – Orléans , , monasteries: endowment of –, ; osterstufa – foundation of –; lay visits to , , , Otakar, local landowner –, –, fig. , , , , , –, –; royal lordship , of –, , –, ; and royal Otakar, follower of Louis the German government –; as social centres –; Otfrid, Wissembourg monk as providors of scribes – Otgar, archbishop of Mainz , , , , Monheim, nunnery – , – Morgenstadt Otto I, Emperor – morning-gift –, , –; see also marriage Otto II, Emperor Moselle, river , , , , –, , , Otto III, Emperor , , , , , –, , –, Otto, dux of Saxony , , ; see also Austrasia, Lotharingia, Otto of Worms, son of Conrad the Red , Metz, Trier – Münster-Dreisen, monastery Ottonians –, – Murbach, monastery , – Paderborn – Nachenheim pagus –, –, , –, , Nahe, river , , palaces, upkeep of – Nahegau , Paris Nanthar, Count parishes Nazarius, Saint: translation of –; as patron pauperes, see poor , –; see also Lorsch peacemaking , , , Neckar, river , –, , , , , , peasants , –, , , –; and church , ; see also Lobdengau –, –, , –; jurisdiction over Neustadt-am-Main, monastery unfree –; military service of –; Neustria –; see also Loire, Paris, Orleans, royal service of –; tax and tribute paid western Francia by –; tenurial position of –; see also Nierstein , freedom, land Nijmegen Peter, Saint: translation of ; patronage of Nilkheim, church –; see also Seligenstadt Nithard, count of Trier –, – Petersberg, monastic cell Nithard, historian Pfeddersheim nobility, vocabulary of, –; see also pilgrimage, to Rome aristocracy, elites Pippin, King , –
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Pippin II, mayor of the palace , Ricbod, abbot of Lorsch and archbishop of Pirmin, Saint Trier, on ‘reform’ Planig , – Riculf, archbishop of Mainz Plankstadt Rimibert, bishop of Mainz political thought – Ripwin, local landowner , – polyptychs –, –, –, , –; and ritual: at law –; political –, , military service –, ; and royal levies roads: upkeep of –; from Metz to Worms – , ; Roman poor: protection of –, , ; military Roden, nunnery – service of –, Rohrbach Poppo, Count –, –, , –, , Roman Empire: , –, , ; influence , , , fig. of legal practice from , , ; survival of Poppo, Count , fig. infrastructure –, –, –, ; power –, , –, , –; local tenurial arrangements within , –; political –; public and private Roman sites: and Christianity , –; and – pagus system –; and urbanism – prayer –, , –, –, –, –, Roxheim –, , royal service –; evasion of –; as index precarial grants (precaria) , –, –, , of freedom , , , , –, –, , – Rudit, local landowner private , –, , –, –; private Rudolf, bishop of Würzburg justice – Rudolf, Fulda monk: author of Life of Leoba property: vocabulary of, –, –; see also ; on ordeal of the cross ; as scribe ; land political career , prosopography, as methodology, –, – Rudwig, local landowner – Prüm, monastery , , , – Ruochar, Count public , , –, –; public action Rupert, Saint, bishop of Worms and Salzburg, –; ‘public functions’ –; , –, fig. ; relics of ‘representative publicness’ ; vocabulary in Rupert, dux of Hesbaye –, fig. charters –, – Rupert, Count, father of Cancor –, , fig. Rachel, daughter of Cancor –, figs. , Rupert, Count, descendant of Cancor , , Radolf, dux of Thuringia –, , , , , , fig. Raffold, Count Rupert, Count, also known as Robert the Ratbod, local landowner – Strong –. –, –, , , Ratgar, abbot of Fulda –, , , , fig. Ratleig, abbot of Seligenstadt , Rupert, son of Turincbert –, fig. Ratolf, local landowner , Rupert, local landowner, kin of Megingoz rebellion: (in –) –, ; (in ) ; (in ) –; (in –) –; (in ) rural settlements –, –, – –; (in ) ; (in ) –, ; Rutwine, local landowner (in –) Ruthard, Count reciprocity, and power –, , –, , –, –, – Saale, river reform: of church , , , , –; and Saalegau Carolingian politics –, –, – Saar , , Reichenau, monastery St Gallen, monastery relics –, –, , –, ; of St Goar, monastery , , Boniface –; of Marcellinus and Peter St Trond, monastery , –, –; of Nazarius , ; Roman Saint Denis ; see also Fulrad –; of Rupert St Maximian, Trier, monastery –, – residences, aristocratic , , , –, – sales of land , –, Rethel, monastery Salzburg , , Rheims , , , , Samuel, abbot of Lorsch and bishop of Worms Rheingau , , , , , , , ,
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Saulheim –, Trier , –, , , Saxony , –, , , , Turincbert, brother of Cancor –, fig. , scabini –, , , – Tuto, local landowner Scarra Schulze, H. K., historian Umstadt , , – Schwetzingen unfree, see slaves Schwanheim –, , – urbanism –; and church – scribes – Utrecht Seligenstadt, monastery , –, –, , , , Vandals Selz vassals –, –; and government –, servi , , , , , , Sigebert II, King Verdun , Sigehard, local landowner Verdun, Treaty of () slaves –, villa –, – social status –; links to military service violence –, , –, –, , – –, , , – Sölnhofen, monastic cell – Visigoths sources, see evidence Vosges –, , , Spessart , Speyer , , –, –, , , , Wackernheim , –, , Walaho, Count , fig. Staab, Franz, historian Walaram, local landowner –, –, Starcharius, scribe fig. state –, –, –, , –, – Walbert, Hornbach monk and priest Stephen, Count –, , , fig. Waldo, abbot of Schwarzach , fig. Stockstadt – Wallerstädt Strasbourg , , Waltolf, local landowner – Sturm, Life of Waltrata, wife of Walaram – Sueves Waning, client of Baugolf Suntilingen Warin, Count , , , , , –, Swarzesmuore – Swicgar, Count , – Wattenheim – weapons: gifts of – (from lords), (from Tauberbischofsheim, nunnery , – monasteries), (to king), (as grave- Taunus, mountains goods); social significance of , tax: Frankish –; haribannus –; ostarstufa Wegelenzo, local landowner – –; Roman – Weiblingen Tegernsee, monastery Weinheim , , Thegan, , ; on Ebbo of Rheims ; and Weinsheim Count Hatto ; on royal gifts Weliman, scribe Theotamar, Fulda monk and scribe Werner, Count –, –, , –, Theotamar, local landowner – fig. Theotbald, dux of Thuringia Werner, joint owner of Hornbach Theotrich, scribe Weschnitz, river , Thionville western Francia , –, –, –, Tholey, monastery –, , , Thuringia, Thuringians , , , , , Wetterau , , –, Wetzlar tithe – Wicbert, Count Tournai Wido, dux of Spoleto towns, see urbanism Wido, Count trade –, , Widukind of Corvey, historian Trebur - , , , Wiglar, scribe tribute – Wigrich, judge
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Wilauwilare ; see also deo sacrata, marriage, morning- Willeswind, mother of Cancor , , – gift, nuns Willibald, bishop of Eichstätt , Worms , , , –, , , , , , Willibert, local landowner – , –, –, –, , , , Willibert, local landowner – –, , , , , , , , Willibrord, Saint , , , , , , , , Winebert, dependant of St-Arnulf’s, Metz –, –, –, , –, Wingarteiba –, , Wormsgau , , , , Wissembourg , –, , , , , , Wülflingen , –, , , , , , – Würzburg , , , , Witagowo, Count – Wynnebald, abbess of Heidenheim witnesses, significance of , , , – Wolfram, scribe Zeizo, hundredman – women: and church –, , –; in family Zenten – –; in politics , , , –, Zullestein –, , , , ; unfree women Zwentibald, King –
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