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Beihefte Der Francia Bd. 16,1 1989

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Beihefte Der Francia Bd. 16,1 1989 Beihefte der Francia Bd. 16,1 1989 Copyright Das Digitalisat wird Ihnen von perspectivia.net, der Online-Publi- kationsplattform der Stiftung Deutsche Geisteswissenschaftliche Institute im Ausland (DGIA), zur Verfügung gestellt. Bitte beachten Sie, dass das Digitalisat urheberrechtlich geschützt ist. Erlaubt ist aber das Lesen, das Ausdrucken des Textes, das Herunterladen, das Speichern der Daten auf einem eigenen Datenträger soweit die vorgenannten Handlungen ausschließlich zu privaten und nicht- kommerziellen Zwecken erfolgen. Eine darüber hinausgehende unerlaubte Verwendung, Reproduktion oder Weitergabe einzelner Inhalte oder Bilder können sowohl zivil- als auch strafrechtlich ver- folgt werden. Le cadr e géographiqu e e t institutionne l MICHEL ROUCH E REMARQUES SU R L A GÉOGRAPHI E HISTORIQU E DE L A NEUSTRI E (650-850) La nouvelle terr e de s Francs (Neuster, Niwastria) l a Neustrie, fut, comm e son no m l'indique, une création politique issue des premières conquêtes de Clovis et le résultat de l a défait e d e Syagriu s e n 486 \ Cett e expansio n s e fi t peut-êtr e e n deu x temps , d'abord depui s les royaumes d e Tournai et de Cambrai jusqu'à la Seine, puis jusqu'à la Loire, au contact des Armoricains e t des Wisigoths2. La première publication de la loi Salique, en 511, marqua nettemen t l'extensio n d e ce premier act e de la puissance franque pa r le s limite s officielle s qu'ell e lu i donne : d e l a Forê t Charbonnièr e à l a Loire3. Par la suite, la Neustrie devint un ensemble géographique e t politique centr é sur Paris, l'un de s trois royaumes (tria régna) de la monarchie mérovingienne. I l est demeuré jusqu'ic i l e moin s bie n connu , pa r suit e de s lacune s d e l a recherch e historique. Aussi importe-t-il d e tenter d e préciser le s frontières d e la Neustrie e t s a géogra - phie historique, depuis le règne unitaire brillant de Dagobert (629-639) jusqu'à celu i de Charle s l e Chauv e (840-877) parce que , duran t cett e époqu e l a suprémati e politique passa insensiblement, malgré de nombreux soubresauts, de la nouvelle terre franque ver s l'ancienne, de l'ouest vers l'est, c'est-à-dire d e la Neustrie vers l'Austra- sie. Le s déplacement s e t le s fragmentation s d e l a Neustrie furen t de s phénomène s capitaux qu'il importe de préciser sur le terrain, car ils permettent de mieux connaître les rapport s d e force , d e mieu x explique r l a naissanc e de s régionalisme s duran t l a deuxième moitié du VIIe siècle et l'éclatement définiti f d u partage de Verdun e n 843, lequel marqu e encor e l'Europ e actuelle . Je procédera i pou r cel a d e deu x manières , l'une négative , e n définissan t c e qui , géographiquemen t n'étai t poin t l a Neustrie , 1 E. EWIG, Di e fränkische n Teilunge n un d Teilreiche , Spätantike s un d Fränkische s Gallien , 1. 1, Mün- chen 1976 , p. 114-230. - E.DEMOUGEOT , L a Formatio n d e l'Europe et les invasions barbares, Pari s 1979, t. II, p. 688-690. - A. LONGNON, Atla s historique d e la France, Paris 1907, p. 59, note4, indique l'origine d u mot , e n insistan t su r l e sens de niuwistria qu i vient d e l'allemand neu. 2 Eo tempore dilatavit Clodovichus amplificans regnum suum usque Sequanam. Sequenti tempore Usque Ligere fluvio occupavit accepit Aurelianus castrum Malidunensem omnemque ducat um regionis illius. Liber Historia e Francorum , M.G.H.SS.R.M. , t . II, Hanovre 1888, éd. B.KRUSCH , C . 14, p. 257. 3 Et si citra Ligere aut Carbonariam ambo manent. Pactu s Legis Salicae , ed . K.A.ECKHARDT , M.G.H.SS.LL., Hanovre 1962, c 47, le, t.3, p. 183 et 185. G.FAIDER-FEYTMANS, Le s limites de la Cité des Nerviens , dans : L'Antiquit é classiqu e 21 (1952) , p. 352-353 estime qu e cett e forê t frontièr e s'étendait à l'ouest dans la cité de Tongres depuis la Rupel au nord jusqu'à la Sambre au sud, au contact du Douaisis . 2 Michel Rouch e l'autre positive , e n cernan t mieu x so n contenu . L'évolutio n général e s e préciser a alors d'elle-même . La géographi e historiqu e d u Haut-Moyen-Age , malgr é le s travau x magistrau x d'Auguste Longnon 4 es t un e disciplin e abandonné e e n Franc e depui s l e débu t d u XXe siècle 5. Les quelques recherches qui lui ont été consacrées n'ont fai t que répéter les découvertes du Maître, mais il faut bien avouer qu'il était difficile d e le prendre en défaut. Seules , des études strictement locale s pouvaient fair e progresser nos connais- sances. Or, elle s viennent seulemen t de se multiplier depuis une vingtaine d'années 6. Aussi, tout en continuant à me fonder su r les travaux géographiques de Longnon, ou les articles d e M. Eugen Ewi g sur le s partages de s royaumes francs , san s oublier le s ouvrages d u Pèr e d e Dainville , qu i a confirm é l'extraordinair e conservatism e de s circonscriptions ancienne s figée s par l'Eglise7, je ne proposerai ic i que des modifica - tions d e détail 8. M a démarch e ser a empirique e n progressant selo n l a technique d e description de s terres qu'utilisaient le s arpenteurs romains, mérovingiens e t carolin- giens, dans le sens que nous appelons encore aujourd'hui mai s bientôt autrefois , de s aiguilles d'un e montre , o u plu s prosaïquement, d e l a droite ver s l a gauche . Puisque la Forêt Charbonnière forme la limite entre les Francs Saliens et les Francs Rhénans, nous pouvons déj à exclur e de la Neustrie l a cité de Tongres-Maestricht e t considérer qu'ell e es t e n Austrasie, a u contraire de celle de Bavai-Cambrai. En effet , le pseudo-Frédégaire précis e qu'e n 622 les Vosges e t le s Ardenne s n e son t pa s le s vraies limites séparant les deux royaumes. Un diplôme de Sigebert IIJ roi d'Austrasie, corrobore ce point de vue pour l'année 651, tandis qu'il est prouvé qu'en 680, Namur fait parti e d u mêm e royaume 9. Le s évêché s d e Reim s e t Laon , leque l es t u n dédoublement d u premier , opér é e n 533, sont eu x aussi , naturellement austrasiens . Reims e n effe t es t l a première capital e d e c e royaume avan t Metz 10. Un diplôm e d e Childéric II en 661, alors qu'il n'est seulemen t qu e roi d'Austrasie, prouv e qu'i l es t maître du Laonnais 11. Cette appartenance est ancienne. Elle remonte au VIe siècle, au 4 A. LONGNON, Géographi e d e l a Gaule a u VIe siècle, Paris 1878, en fu t l e point d e départ . 5 L. MIROT, Manuel de Géographie historique d e la France, Paris 1929. Les atlas les plus récents, comme le Großer Historische r Weltatla s herausgegebe n vo m Bayerische n Schulbuch-Verlag , II Mittelalter, München 1970 , ne sont pa s asse z détaillés , malgr é leu r trè s grand e qualité , pour l'époqu e mérovin - gienne. M. CHAUME, Le s Origines du duché de Bourgogne, 1. 1, Dijon 1925, comporte toute une séri e de cartes de l a Bourgogne qu i reproduisent e n fait A. Longnon. L a perspective est toujours l a même: comment s'es t réalisé e petit à petit, l'unité d e l a France, conceptio n parfaitemen t finaliste . 6 On s e reportera au x histoires de s provinces éditée s à Toulouse, chez Privat, notamment Histoir e de s Pays-Bas français , 1972, p. 51-94; Histoire d e l a Normandie, 1970, p. 75-129. Cf. auss i A. CHEDDE- VILLE e t H. GUILLOTEL, L a Bretagne de s Saint s e t de s Rois, V e-Xe siècles , Rennes 1984. 7 J. DE DAINVILLE, Carte s ancienne s d e l'Eglise d e France, Paris 1956. 8 La bas e d e mes recherches es t évidemmen t M . ROUCHE, L e Changement d e nom de s Chefs-lieu x d e cité en Gaule au Bas Empire, dans: Mémoires de la Société Nationale des Antiquaires de France, Paris, 4 (1969), p. 47-64, avec la carte p. 56 et toutes celles qui sont dans ma thèse, L'Aquitaine de s Wisigoths aux Arabes, Paris 1979. 9 J'ai déj à montr é cett e méthode d e description de s terre s dans : M.ROUCHE, L a Dotation foncièr e d e l'Abbaye d e Corbie , (659-661), dans: Revu e d u Nor d 60 (1973) , p. 219-230. - J. M. PARDESSUS, Diplomata, chartae , epistolae, leges, aliaque instrumenta a d res gallo-francicas spectancia , Pari s 1843, n°CCCXLX, p.
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