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The Role and Status of the Catholic Church in the Church-State Relationship Within the Roman Empire from A.D Andrews University Digital Commons @ Andrews University Dissertations Graduate Research 2009 The Role and Status of the Catholic Church in the Church-State Relationship Within the Roman Empire from A.D. 306 to 814 Jean Carlos Zukowski Andrews University Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.andrews.edu/dissertations Part of the Catholic Studies Commons, and the History of Christianity Commons Recommended Citation Zukowski, Jean Carlos, "The Role and Status of the Catholic Church in the Church-State Relationship Within the Roman Empire from A.D. 306 to 814" (2009). Dissertations. 174. https://digitalcommons.andrews.edu/dissertations/174 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate Research at Digital Commons @ Andrews University. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ Andrews University. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Thank you for your interest in the Andrews University Digital Library of Dissertations and Theses. Please honor the copyright of this document by not duplicating or distributing additional copies in any form without the author’s express written permission. Thanks for your cooperation. Andrews University Seventh-day Adventist Theological Seminary THE ROLE AND STATUS OF THE CATHOLIC CHURCH IN THE CHURCH-STATE RELATIONSHIP WITHIN THE ROMAN EMPIRE FROM A.D. 306 TO 814 A Dissertation Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy by Jean Carlos Zukowski July 2009 TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ............................. viii Chapter I. INTRODUCTION ................................ 1 Background of the Problem ........................ 1 Statement of the Problem .......................... 4 Purpose .................................... 6 Justification for the Research ........................ 6 Scope/Delimitations ............................. 7 Methodology ................................. 9 II. ANALYSIS OF ANCIENT AND CONTEMPORARY VIEWS ON CHURCH-STATE RELATIONSHIPS AT THE TIME OF CONSTANTINE ........................ 12 Introduction .................................. 12 The Christian Church and the State before Constantine ............................... 13 Church and State in the NT ...................... 15 Overview of the Development of Church and State Understanding ........................... 20 Summary ................................. 28 Roman Religious Policy .......................... 29 Summary ................................... 39 Constantine and the Christian Church ................... 40 The Edict of Milan (A.D. 313) .................... 42 The Donatist Crisis ........................... 47 The Council of Nicaea ......................... 56 Constantine, the Bishops, and the Church .............. 66 Constantine‘s Choice ....................... 66 Constantine and the Bishops ................... 70 Constantine and the Aristocracy ................ 72 Constantine and the Church ................... 73 Summary ................................. 84 Conclusion .................................. 85 iii III. ANALYSIS OF ANCIENT AND CONTEMPORARY VIEWS ON CHURCH-STATE RELATIONSHIPS FROM CONSTANTINE‘S SONS TO JUSTINIAN ................. 88 Introduction .................................. 88 Religious Policies from Constantine‘s Sons to Justinian ................................. 90 Religious Policies Related to Church Affairs ............ 91 Religious Legislation Related to Catholic Church Affairs ........................ 94 Religious Legislation regarding Heretics and Schismatics .......................... 100 Religious Policies regarding Non-Christians ............ 102 Religious Legislation against Pagans .............. 103 Religious Legislation against Jews ............... 106 Summary ................................. 108 Bishops‘ Responses to Imperial Intervention in Church Affairs ............................. 109 The Development of the Ecclesiastical Supremacy of the Bishop of Rome ...................... 114 Summary ................................. 130 The Church in the West and the Barbarian Invasions .......... 131 The Political Situation in Italy after the Barbarian Invasions .............................. 133 Summary ................................. 143 Justinian‘s Policies on Church-State Relationships ........... 143 Theological Controversies Inherited by Justinian—Chalcedon and the Acacian Schism ............................... 146 Justinian‘s Ecclesiastical Policies .................. 151 Justinian and the Bishops of Rome on Church-State Relationships ................. 152 Justinian and Popes Felix IV, Boniface II (530-532), John II (533-535), and Agapetus ......................... 153 Justinian and Popes Silverius, Vigilius, and Pelagius I ...................... 157 The Political Implications of the Gothic War for Church-State Relationships in Italy .......... 166 The Corpus Juris Civilis ..................... 169 Justinian‘s policies regarding pagans, Jews, Samaritans, and Heretics ............ 178 Summary ................................. 182 Conclusion .................................. 1840 iv IV. ANALYSIS OF ANCIENT AND CONTEMPORARY VIEWS ON CHURCH-STATE RELATIONSHIPS DURING CLOVIS‘S REIGN (A.D. 481-511) ................ 190 Introduction .................................. 190 Gaul before Clovis .............................. 192 Demographic Background ....................... 192 Political Background .......................... 196 Religious Background ......................... 200 Theological Trends ........................ 201 Christian Writers and Military Affairs ............. 202 The Catholic Diocesan System ................. 204 Historical Background ......................... 208 Summary ................................. 209 Clovis‘s Kingdom .............................. 211 Introduction ............................... 211 Beginning of Reign (481 or 482) ................... 212 War against Syagrius (486) ...................... 213 Clovis‘s Marriage (492-493) ..................... 215 War against the Alamanni (496 or 506) and Clovis‘s Baptism (496 or 508) ................. 216 War against the Visigoths ....................... 226 Clovis and the Council of Orléans .................. 229 The Salic Law .............................. 231 Summary ................................. 234 Frankish Expansion and the Church-State Relationship during Clovis‘s Reign ................. 235 Introduction ............................... 235 Frankish Expansion .......................... 236 Expansion, not Migration .................... 236 Assimilation of Local Institutions and Rulers ......... 237 Geographical Position ...................... 238 Religious Factors ......................... 238 The Council of Orléans ........................ 242 Summary ................................. 245 The Impact of Clovis‘s Conversion Described by Historians and Theologians ...................... 246 Introduction ............................... 246 Clovis, the Champion of Catholicism ................ 247 Movement toward Independence ................... 249 Historical Criticism........................... 250 Conclusion .................................. 251 v V. ANALYSIS OF ANCIENT AND CONTEMPORARY VIEWS ON CHURCH-STATE RELATIONSHIPS FROM POPE GREGORY THE GREAT TO CHARLEMAGNE .......... 254 Introduction .................................. 254 The Merovingian Kingdom and Its Decline after Clovis .................................. 256 Carolingian Dynasty ............................. 262 Charles Martel ............................. 263 Pepin the Short ............................. 266 Charlemagne .............................. 267 Religious Reform ......................... 269 The Temporal Authority of the Papacy up to Charlemagne ......................... 273 Church-State Relationships ................... 288 Summary and Conclusion.......................... 298 VI. ANALYSIS AND COMPARISON OF THE MODELS OF CHURCH-STATE RELATIONSHIPS DURING THE RULERSHIPS OF CONSTANTINE, CLOVIS, JUSTINIAN, AND CHARLEMAGNE .................... 302 Introduction .................................. 302 Similarities and Differences ........................ 303 Emperors and Catholicism ...................... 303 Emperor‘s Appointment ........................ 305 Theology and Religious Tolerance .................. 307 Relationship with Bishops ....................... 308 Legislation ................................ 311 Historical Development ........................... 313 Constantine ............................... 313 From Constantine‘s Sons to Justinian ................ 315 Church-State under Barbarian Government ............. 317 Justinian ................................. 319 Charlemagne .............................. 327 Summary and Conclusion.......................... 328 VII. CONCLUSION .................................. 332 vi Appendix A. CHRONOLOGICAL LIST OF BISHOPS OF ROME, ROMAN EMPERORS, AND FRANKISH KINGS FROM A.D. 280-816 .................................... 343 B. THE ROMAN EMPIRE AND THE BARBARIAN INVASIONS—MAPS ............................... 357 C. THE FRANKS FROM CLOVIS TO CHARLEMAGNE— MAPS ......................................... 362 D. ITALY AND ROME—MAPS .......................... 367 BIBLIOGRAPHY .................................... 370 Primary Sources .................................. 378 Secondary Sources ................................. 379 vii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ACO Acta Conciliorum Oecumenicorum, Series I, ed. E. Schwartz
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