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1 the Frankish Inheritance NOTES 1 The Frankish Inheritance I. Einhard, Vita Karoli, 22, ed. L. Halphen, p. 66. 2. On Einhard see A. Kleinklausz, Einhard (Paris, 1942); a new book on him is being written by David Ganz. For the arguments about the date of the work see Heinz Lowe, 'Die Entstehungzeit der Vita Karoli Einhards', DA, 39 (1963), pp. 85-103. 3. Suetonius, De Vita Caesarum II: Divus Augustus, ed. J. C. Rolfe (rev. edn, London, 1951), chs 79-81, pp. 244-6; W. S.M. Nicoll, 'Some Passages in Einhard's Vita Karoli in Relation to Suetonius', Medium JEvum, 44 (1975), pp. 117-20. See also Andrew Wallace-Hadrill, Suetonius (London, 1983), pp. 50--72. 4. Roger Collins, 'Reviser Revisited', in A. C. Murray (ed.), After Rome's Fall: Narrators and Sources of Early Medieval History (forthcoming). Why Einhard was so unusually detailed in his account of Roncesvalles is not clear. He may have had family ties with one of the Frankish commanders killed in the battle, the seneschal Eggihard. 5. Vita Karoli, prologue, ed. Halphen, pp. 2-6. An edition of the work made by Gerward, the palace librarian of Louis the Pious first mentions Einhard as its author in a short verse finale (ed. Halphen, p. xvi). 6. 'Lest I offend the spirits of the fastidious with novelty' (Einhard, Vita Karoli, ed. Halphen, p. 2). 7. For a recent attempt to redate the Vita Karoli to c. 817/18 see Rosamond McKitterick and Matthew Innes, 'The Writing of History', in R. McKitterick (ed.), Carolingian Culture (Cambridge, 1994), pp. 193-220. 8. Gregorii Turonensis Episcopi Historiarum Libri Decem, ed. Bruno Krusch and Wilhelm Levison, MGH SRM, 1 (rev. edn, Hanover, 1951). 9. J. M. Wallace-Hadrill (ed.), The Fourth Book of the Chronicle of Fredegar (London, 1960); also Roger Collins, Fredegar (Aldershot, 1996) for a survey of the work and the arguments over authorship, dating and purpose. 10. For the Continuations of Frede gar and their particular problems see Roger Collins, 'Deception and Misrepresentation in Eighth-Century Frankish Historiography: Two Case Studies', in Jorg Jamut, Ulrich Nonn and Michael Richter (eds), Karl Martell in seiner Zeit (Sigmaringen, 1994), pp. 227-47. The text is in Wallace­ Hadrill, Fourth Book (note 9 above), pp. 80--121. 11. Ed. Bruno Krusch, MGH SRM, II, pp. 214-328; see Richard A. Gerberding, The Rise of the Carolingians and the 'Liber Historiae Francorum' (Oxford, 1987). 12. For the history of this period see I. Wood, The Merovingian Kingdoms (London, 1994), pp. 255-92. 13. Irene Haselbach, 'Aufstieg und Herrschaft der Karolinger in der Darstellung der sogenannten Annales Mettenses Priores', Historische Studien, 406 (1970), 175 176 Notes pp. 1-208; Adolf Gauert, 'Noch einmal Einhard und die letzen Merowinger', in Lutz Fenske et al. (eds), Institutionen, Kultur und Gesellschaft im Mittelalter (Sigmaringen, 1984), pp. 59-72. 14. Fran~ois-Louis Ganshof, 'L'historiographie dans la monarchie franque sous les Merovingiens et les Carolingiens', Settimane, 17 (1970), pp. 631-85, at pp. 667-74; also Louis Halphen, Etudes critiques sur l'histoire de Charlemagne (Paris, 1921), pp. 16-59. 15. Annales Laureshamenses, ed. Georg Pertz, MGH SS, I, p. 22, which (after a later interpolation concerning St Benedict) begins with a list of the deaths of four Irish clerics: Canan, Domnan (i.e. Adammin of Iona), Cellan (Cellan mac Sechnusach the Wise) and Tigermal. 16. Wattenbach-Levison, Deutschlands Geschichtsquellen im Mittelalter, 2 (Weimar, 1953), pp. 180-92. 17. The first Irish annals may date to the mid- to late-seventh century: Kathleen Hughes, Early Christian Ireland: Introduction to the Sources (London, 1972), pp. 97-159, and A. P. Smyth, 'The Earliest Irish Annals', Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy, 72C (1972), pp. 1-48. 18. Edited by F. Kurze, MGH SRG. See Wattenbach-Levison, Deutschlands Geschichtsquellen (note 16 above), 2, pp. 245-54. 19. Leopold von Ranke, 'Zur Kritik frankisch-deutsch Reichsannalisten', Abhandlungen der koninglike Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin (1854), pp. 415-35. 20. On this see Wattenbach-Levison, Deutschlands Geschichtsquellen (note 16 above), 2, pp. 254-7, and ARF, ed. Kurze, pp. xii-xiv. 21. Ibid.; P. D. King, Charlemagne: Translated Sources (Lancaster, 1987), p. 18, would like to see the debate re-opened. 22. Collins, 'Reviser Revisited' (note 4 above). 23. Max Manitius, 'Einharts Werke und ihr Stil', NA, 7 (188112), pp. 517-68, and footnotes to Kurze's edition. 24. See the apparatus criticus to ARF, ed. Kurze, pp. 117-78. 25. Collins, 'Reviser Revisited' (note 4 above). 26. Matthias Becher, Eid und Herrschaft (Sigmaringen, 1993), pp. 74-7. 27. CLA, X, no. 1482; there is a photographic facsimile in F. Unterkircher, Das Wiener Fragment der Lorscher Annalen (Graz, 1967). 28. Bernhard Bischoff, Lorsch im Spiegel seiner Handschriften (Munich, 1974), pp. 53 and 79, note 106. 29. MS Paris, Bibliotheque Nationale lat. 4886. Jean Dufour, La bibliotheque et le scriptorium de Moissac (Geneva, 1972), pp. 17, 40, 88-9. The text is edited by Georg Pertz in MGH SS, 1, pp. 282-313 and 2, pp. 257-9. 30. MGH SRM, vols I-VII, ed. Bruno Krusch. See also Paul Fouracre and Richard A. Gerberding, Late Merovingian France: History and Hagiography, 640-720 (Manchester, 1996), which includes some translations. 31. For the most recent assessment of what forms the corpus of genuinely Merovingian Lives see Ian Wood, 'Forgery in Merovingian Hagiography', in Fiilschungen im Mittelalter, V (MGH Schriften, 33: Hanover, 1988), pp. 369-84. 32. On Carolingian relics see Patrick J. Geary, Furta Sacra (2nd edn, Princeton, NJ, 1990), pp. 28-43. Notes 177 33. Gerberding and Fouracre, Late Merovingian France (note 30 above), pp. 166-253. Strangely, more can be gleaned of Merovingian politics from the Northumbrian Life of Wilfred by Stephanus (c. 715) than from most of the lives of these significant Frankish bishops. 34. Vita Alcuini, ed. W. Arndt, MGH SS, 15, pp. 182-97; see Donald Bullough, 'Alcuino e la tradizione culturale insulare', Settimane, 20 (1973), pp. 571-600, at pp. 577-80. 35. Texts are in PL, 120, columns 1507-650. See B. Kasten, Ada/hard von Corbie. Die Biographie eines karolingischen Politikers und Klostervorstehers (Dusseldorf, 1985), and L. Weinrich, Wala, Graf, Monch und Rebel/ (Berlin, 1963); also David Ganz, 'The Epitaphium Arsenii and Opposition to Louis the Pious', in Godman and Collins (eds), pp. 537-50. 36. Gesta Sanctorum Patrum Fontanellensis Coenobii, ed. F. Lohier and J. Laporte (Rouen and Paris, 1936); Walter Goffart, 'Paul the Deacon's Gesta episcoporum Mettensium and the Early Design of Charlemagne's Succession', Traditio, 42 (1986), pp. 59-93. 37. Amongst the rare exceptions are the writing tablets from Vindolanda and from Carlisle; see Alan K. Bowman, Life and letters on the Roman Frontier (London, 1994). 38. Isabel Velazquez Soriano, Las pizarras visigodas: edici6n crftica y estudio (Murcia, 1989). 39. J.-0. Tjacter, Die nichtliterarischen lateinischen Papyri ltaliens aus der Zeit 445-700, 3 vols (Lund, 1954-5; Stockholm, 1982). 40. Ian Wood, 'Disputes in Late Fifth- and Sixth-century Gaul: Some Problems', in Wendy Davies and Paul Fouracre (eds), The Settlement of Disputes in Early Medieval Europe (Cambridge, 1986), pp. 7-22. 41. Chartae Latini Antiquiores, vols XIII-XVI, ed. Hartmut Atsma et al. (Zurich, 1981-6); David Ganz and Walter Goffart, 'Charters Earlier than 800 from French Collections', Speculum, 65 (1990), pp. 906-32. 42. For the Merovingian period J. M. Pardessus (ed.), Dip/ornata, Chartae, Epistolae, Leges ad Res Gallo-Francicas Spectantia (2 vols, Paris, 1843); for Pippin III and Charles see Engelbert Muhlbacher (ed.), MGH Dip/ornata Karolinorum, 1. 43. On which see Paul Fouracre, 'Placita and the settlement of disputes in later Merovingian Francia', in Wendy Davies and Paul Fouracre (eds), The Settlement of Disputes in Early Medieval Europe (Cambridge, 1986), pp. 23-44. 44. Margarete Weidemann, Das Testament des Bischofs Berthramn von Le Mans (Mainz, 1986); Patrick J. Geary, Aristocracy in Provence (Stuttgart and Philadelphia, 1985). 45. There are suggestions that one or two noble families in Spain have documentary collections relating to their holdings that extend back to the ninth century, but this is very exceptional. 46. Edmund E. Stengel (ed.), Urkundenbuch des Klosters Fulda, vol. I: Die Zeit der Abte Sturmi und Baugolf (Marburg, 1958) for Fulda charters of 750 to 802, and H. Waartmann, Urkundenbuch der Abtei St Gallen, vols I-II: 700-920 (Zurich, 1863); also Rosamond McKitterick, The Carolingians and the Written Word (Cambridge, 1989), pp. 77-134. 47. David Ganz, 'Bureaucratic Shorthand and Merovingian Learning', in Patrick Wormald, Donald Bullough and Roger Collins (eds), Ideal and Reality in 178 Notes Frankish and Anglo-Saxon Society (Oxford, 1983), pp. 58-75, especially pp. 61-7. 48. Franc;ois-Louis Ganshof, Recherches sur les capitulaires (Paris, 1958); H. Mordek, 'Karo1ingische Kapitularien' in idem. (ed.), Uberlieferung und Geltung normativer Texte desfriihen und hohen Mittelalters (Sigmaringen, 1986), pp. 25-50. 49. For a comprehensive catalogue of the capitulary manuscripts see Hubert Mordek, Biblioteca capitularium regum Francorum manuscripta. Uberlieferung und Traditionszusammenhang der friinkischen Herrschererlasse (Munich, 1995); for Ghaerbald's collection see Karl August Eckhardt, Die Kapitulariensammlung Bischofs Ghaerbalds von Liittich (Gottingen, 1955), pp. 81-130. 50. For a recently discovered capitulary see Hubert Mordek, 'Recently Discovered Capitulary Texts Belonging to the Legislation of Louis the Pious', in Godman and Collins (eds), pp. 437-54. 51. Karl August Eckhardt, 'Die Capitularia missorum specialia von 802', DA, 12 ( 1956), pp. 498-516. 52. Ed. K. A. Eckhardt, MGH Legum, section I, 4, pp. 238-73. 53. Ed. A. Boretius, MGH Legum, section II, 1, items 39 and 41, pp. 111-14, 117-18. Item 68, pp. 157-8 contains capitula to be added to the Bavarian code, Lex Baiuariorum.
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