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Regulating the Life of the Canonical Clergy in Francia, from Pippin III to Louis the Pious

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Regulating the Life of the Canonical Clergy in Francia, from Pippin III to Louis the Pious The Cloister and Beyond: Regulating the Life of the Canonical Clergy in Francia, from Pippin III to Louis the Pious Stephen Ling Submitted for the degree of Ph.D School of History (2015) University of Leicester 0 For Lucy. 1 Abstract Stephen Ling: The Cloister and Beyond: Regulating the Life of the Canonical Clergy in Francia, from Pippin III to Louis the Pious. Frankish ecclesiastics exerted great effort in defining and regulating the life of the canonical clergy between the reigns of Pippin III and Louis the Pious. Church councils and assemblies convened by Carolingian kings, such as the Synod of Ver (755) and the Council of Aachen (816), sought to impose order. These councils distinguished between three interrelated groups: the secular clergy, the canonical clergy and monks. Separating the lives of these orders was no easy task, as there was siginificant debate over the definition of each group. In response to these queries and admonitions, bishops regulated the life of the clergy in their diocese. Notably, Chrodegang of Metz (d. 766) produced the first extant rule for canons. This text has attracted much historiographical attention and is often seen as providing the basis for the influential Canonical Institute produced at the Council of Aachen (816). This thesis examines the interplay between central attempts to establish the norms of the life of canons and local response to such efforts. Focusing on the latter demonstrates the variety of appraoches taken towards the regulation of the clergy in this period and concludes that the significance and impact of Chrodegang’s Rule has been overstated. The thesis is divided into three parts. Part I investigates how the canonical clergy were defined as a group. Part II examines the different local texts and traditions used to to regulate the clergy between c. 750 and 813. Finally, part III provides a detailed textual analysis of the Canonical Institute (816), highlighting that this prominent text drew widely on a variety of different traditions used to regulate the clergy, establishing concordance out of diversity. 2 Preface: A Note on Hyperlinks Due to the word limit of this thesis I have provided stable hyperlinks to digitised primary source collections that are in the public domain, including the dMGH. These links are embedded in the references contained in the footnotes and will be functional in the electronic version of this thesis. Acknowledgements Without the aid, support, and advice of my friends and family this thesis would be a lesser work. Over the last four years Jo Story has offered sound advice and kind words, no one could have asked for a better supervisor. My research has benefitted from the wider medieval community at the University of Leicester. In particular I wish to thank Helen Foxhall Forbes, Morn Capper, and Chantal Bielmann for many useful conversations. Likewise, Matthew Potter, Charlotte Ball, Megan Leyland, Freya Brooks, Pragya Vohra Moon have been supportive friendly faces throughout this process. I must also thank the members of the Latin Reading Group, particularly Chris Mitchell, who commented on many of the Latin translations contained within this thesis. His help with Bern manuscript is much appreciated. Lucy Brunt, Nicole Peterson, Daniel Ryan, Natalie Ling and David Ling all acted as proof-readers for the various chapters contained within this thesis, their observations and corrections have improved this work. For sharing their thoughts on the Bern MS., I thank David Ganz and Charles West, and for allowing me to see an advanced copy of her chapter of Hincmar of Rheims, I thank Rachel Stone. For their moral and financial support over the last decade, I thank my parents, David and Tricia Ling. Finally this thesis is dedicated to my fianceé, Lucy Brunt. Her moral and intellectual support throughout this process has been invaluable. 3 Table of Contents Introduction p. 9 Part I: Definitions Chapter 1: Categorizing the clergy in Francia, c.750–c.840 p. 22 Part II: Local Regulation Chapter 2: Bishops and the Monasticised Clergy (c. 750–784) p. 64 Chapter 3: Regulating the ‘life’ of the clergy c. 785–813 p. 100 Chapter 4: The 813 Councils and the regulation of the p. 130 canonical clergy Part III: Concordance Chapter 5: The Canonical Institute (816): establishing p. 159 concordance from local traditions Conclusion p. 199 Appendix p. 206 4 List of Tables Table 1: Contents of Rome, BAV, Pal. lat. 485. p. 49 Table 2: The Structure of the Rule of Chrodegang p. 176 and the Canonical Institute Table 3: Sources for the Divine Office within p. 177 the Canonical Institute Table 4: Contents of Bern, Burgerbibliothek p. 211 MS. AA. 90. 11 5 Abbreviations AL Annales Laureshamense [Annals of Lorsch], (ed.), G. H. Pertz, MGH, SS. I (Hanover, 1826) pp. 22-39; extracts trans., P. D. King, Charlemagne: Translated Sources (Kendal, 1987) pp. 137-145 Alcuin, Ep. Alcuini sive Albini epistolae, (ed.), Ernst Dümmler, MGH, Epistolae Karolini Aevi, II, Epp. III (Berlin, 1895) pp. 1-493; extracts trans., S. Allott, Alcuin of York: His Life and Letters (York, 1974) AMP Annales Mettense Priores [Earlier Annals of Metz] (ed.), B. von Simson, MGH, SRG in Usum Separatim Editi, X (Hanover, 1905), pp. 1-98 ANS Anglo-Norman Studies ARF Annales regni francorum [Royal Frankish Annals], (ed.), F. Kurze, MGH, SRG in Usum Separatim Editi, VI (Hanover, 1895); trans., B. Scholz, Carolingian Chronicles (Ann Arbor, MI, 1970), pp. 35-127 ARF (rev.) Annales qui dicuntur Einhardi [Revised Royal Frankish Annals], (ed.), F. Kurze, MGH, SRG in Usum Separatim Editi, VI (Hanover, 1895); trans., B. Scholz, Carolingian Chronicles (Michigan, 1970), pp. 35-127 Astronomus Vita Hludowici Imperatoris, [The Astronomer], (ed.), E. Tremp, MGH, SRG in Usum Separatim Editi, DXIV, (Hannover, 1995), pp. 279-559; trans., T. F. X. Noble, Charlemagne and Louis the Pious: The Lives by Einhard, Notker, Ermoldus, Thegan and the Astronomer (Pennsylvania, PA, 2009) pp. 226-303 BAV Rome, Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana Bischoff, Katalog B. Bischoff, Katalog der festländischen Handschriften des neunten Jahrhunderts (mit Ausnahme der wisigotischen), Veröffentlichungen der Kommission für die Herausgabe der Mittelalterlichen Bibliothekskataloge Deutschlands und der Schweiz / Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften, 3 vols (Wiesbaden, 1998–2014), Vol. 1: Aachen – Lambach, Vol. 2: Laon – Paderborn, Vol. 3: Padua-Zwickau Capit. I, II Capitularia Regum Francorum, (eds.), A. Boretius and V. Krause, MGH, Leges Sectio III, 2 vols. (Hanover, 1883-97) 6 Capit. Epis., I, II Capitula Episcoporum, (eds.), P. Brommer et al. MGH, Leges Sectio VI, 2 vols., (Hanover, 1984 and 1995) CC Codex Carolinus, (ed.), W. Gundlach MGH, Epistolae Merovingi et Karolini aevi I (Epp. III) (Berlin, 1892), pp. 476- 657 CCCM Corpus Christianorum, Continuatio Medievalis CCM Corpus Consuetudinum Monasticarum Conc. II.1, II.2 Concilia aevi karolini II.1 and II.2 (ed.), A. Werminghoff, MGH, Leges Sectio V, 2 vols., (Hanover, 1906-1908) Dipl. Kar. I Die Urkunden der Karolinger I: Die Urkunden Pippins, Karlmanns und Karls des Großen, (eds.), E. Mühlbacher et al., MGH, Diplomata Karolinorum I (Hanover, 1906) EHR English Historical Review EME Early Medieval Europe EnlR Regula Longior Canonicorum seu Regula S. Chrodegangi Interpolata, [The Enlarged Rule of Chrodegang], (ed. and trans.), J. Bertram, The Chrodegang Rules: The Rules for the Common Life of the Secular Clergy from the Eighth and Ninth Centuries: Critical Texts with Translations and Commentary (Aldershot, 2005), pp. 184-286 IC Institutio Canonicorum Concilii Aquisgranensis a. 816 [The Canonical Institute] (ed.), A. Werminghoff, MGH, Conc.II.1 (Hanover, 1906), pp. 307-421; extracts trans., J. Bertram (ed. and trans.,) The Chrodegang Rules: The Rules for the Common Life of the Secular Clergy from the Eighth and Ninth Centuries: Critical Texts with Translations and Commentary (Aldershot, 2005), pp. 132-175 LEM Liber de Episcopis Mettensibus, (ed. and trans.,) D. Kempf, Paul the Deacon, Liber de Episcopis Mettensibus: Edition, Translation, and Introduction. (Paris, 2013), pp. 48-91 LP Liber Pontificalis [Book of the Popes], (ed.), L. Duchesne, Le Liber Pontificalis. Texte, Introduction et Commentaire, Vol. I. (Paris, 1886); trans., R. Davis, The Lives of the Eighth Century Popes (Liverpool, 1992) MGH Monumenta Germaniae Historica SS Scriptores SRG Scriptores rerum Germanicarum 7 Ep. Epistolae Epp. Epistolae (in Quart) Conc. Concilia Capit. Capitularia Dipl. Diplomata NCMH New Cambridge Medieval History ODNB H. C. G. Matthew et al., (eds.), Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (Oxford, 2004) PL Patrologia Latina, (ed.), J. P. Migne, Patrologia Cursus Completus, Series Latina, 221 vols. (Paris, 1841-1866) RB The Rule of Saint Benedict, (ed. and trans.,) B. L. Vernarde (London, 2011) RC Regula Sancti Chrodegangi, [Chrodegang’s Rule], (ed. and trans.,) J. Bertram, The Chrodegang Rules: The Rules for the Common Life of the Secular Clergy from the Eighth and Ninth Centuries: Critical Texts with Translations and Commentary (Aldershot, 2005), pp. 27-84 SCH Studies in Church History TRHS Transactions of the Royal Historical Society 8 Introduction 9 The eighth and ninth centuries witnessed an increasing focus on defining and regulating the life of the clergy within Francia. Generally speaking, there were two types of cleric in this period: the canonical clergy who lived semi-monastic lives within the cloister, and the diocesan extra-claustral clergy who dealt with the pastoral needs of the laity. These clergy served the Frankish Church alongside an extensive network of monastic houses. Throughout the eighth and ninth centuries the Frankish kings and their bishops sought to define, regulate, and order the lives of both groups of clergy. Texts such as Chrodegang’s Rule (c. 750), Theodulf of Orléans’ First Episcopal Statute (c. 798), and the Canonical Institute (816) were all created with this purpose in mind. This process of defining and regulating the clerical order is the subject of this thesis, which focuses primarily on the period between 750 and 816.
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