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Home , Archibald Campbell Tait, Athelm, Berhtwald, Bishop of London, Ceolnoth, Cosmo Gordon Lang

THE ARCHBISHOPS OF

And yet — in fact you need only draw a single thread at any point you choose out of the fabric of life and the run will make a pathway across the whole, and down that wider pathway each of the other threads will become successively visible, one by one. — Heimito von Doderer, DIE DÂIMONEN

“NARRATIVE HISTORY” AMOUNTS TO FABULATION, THE REAL STUFF BEING MERE CHRONOLOGY

“Stack of the Artist of Kouroo” Project Archbishops of Canterb HDT WHAT? INDEX

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597 CE

Christianity was established among the Anglo- in by Augustine (this Roman import to was of course not the Aurelius Augustinus of Hippo in Africa who had been in the ground already for some seven generations — and therefore he is referred to sometimes as “St. Augustine the Less”), who in this year became the 1st , and one of the things this meant was that fruit orchards would be established for the monasteries. Despite repeated Viking attacks many of these survived. The monastery at Ely () would be particularly famous for its orchards and vineyards.

DO I HAVE YOUR ATTENTION? GOOD.

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604 CE

May 26, 604: Augustine died (this Roman import to England was of course not the Aurelius Augustinus of Hippo in Africa who had been in the ground already for some seven generations — and therefore he is referred to sometimes as “St. Augustine the Less”), and Laurentius succeeded him as Archbishop of Canterbury.

CHANGE IS ETERNITY, STASIS A FIGMENT

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619 CE

Mellitus became Archbishop of Canterbury.

NOBODY COULD GUESS WHAT WOULD HAPPEN NEXT

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624 CE

Justus became Archbishop of Canterbury. HDT WHAT? INDEX

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627 CE

Honorius became Archbishop of Canterbury. HDT WHAT? INDEX

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655 CE

Deusdedit became Archbishop of Canterbury. HDT WHAT? INDEX

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668 CE

Theodore became Archbishop of Canterbury. HDT WHAT? INDEX

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693 CE

Berhtwald became Archbishop of Canterbury. HDT WHAT? INDEX

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731 CE

Tatwine became Archbishop of Canterbury. HDT WHAT? INDEX

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735 CE

Nothelm became Archbishop of Canterbury. HDT WHAT? INDEX

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740 CE

Cuthbert became Archbishop of Canterbury. HDT WHAT? INDEX

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761 CE

Bregowine became Archbishop of Canterbury. HDT WHAT? INDEX

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765 CE

Jaenbert became Archbishop of Canterbury. HDT WHAT? INDEX

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793 CE

Ethelhard became Archbishop of Canterbury. HDT WHAT? INDEX

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805 CE

Wulfred became Archbishop of Canterbury. HDT WHAT? INDEX

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832 CE

Feologeld became Archbishop of Canterbury.

The 1st squadron of Northmen attacked part of the English coast. These Danes had begun their ravages in a few years earlier. For two centuries Scandinavia would be sending out fleet after fleet of sea rovers to desolate all the western kingdoms of , and in many cases effect permanent conquests. HDT WHAT? INDEX

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833 CE

Ceolnoth became Archbishop of Canterbury. HDT WHAT? INDEX

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870 CE

Treaty at Aix between Louis II and Charles the Bald concerning the division of the kingdom of Lothar II. READ THE FULL TEXT

Ethelred became Archbishop of Canterbury.

From this year into 899 CE, the reign of in England. After a long and varied struggle, he would rescue England from its Danish invaders. HDT WHAT? INDEX

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890 CE

Plegmund became Archbishop of Canterbury.

At about this point the cleric Aethelstan was commissioned by King Alfred the Great of England to prepare a description of appropriate chivalric behavior, specifically requesting that this be the sort of account even his grandson would be able to comprehend. This kingly commission would result in an untitled poem that in the 18th Century scholars would begin to term “Beowulf.” Aethelstan imagined his story as happening during the 6th Century: a Swedish prince, Beowulf, sails to England to struggle against a human monster who invades Anglo/Scandinavian mead-halls at night to gorge himself upon human flesh. Beowulf, exceedingly strong, grabs the monster by the arm, and he attempts to jerk away. The arm is ripped from its socket and the monster runs screaming armless into the night to die. However, several days later, the monster’s mother attempts to avenge herself on Beowulf. When Beowulf grapples with her she throws him to the floor. She attempts to stab him but his ring-mail turns the point, and grabbing a sword, he slashes off her head.

Apparently what made this into examples of “appropriate chivalric behavior” was that the fighting made use only of the sort of weapon being employed by the opponent. Since the monster who invaded the mead-hall at night, Grendel, used only his teeth, Beowulf wrestles with him rather than resorting to any weapon. When the monster’s mother attacks, Beowulf resorts to a blade only after she has used one. Hoo-hah.

WHAT I’M WRITING IS TRUE BUT NEVER MIND YOU CAN ALWAYS LIE TO YOURSELF

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914 CE

Athelm became Archbishop of Canterbury. HDT WHAT? INDEX

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923 CE

Wulfhelm became Archbishop of Canterbury. HDT WHAT? INDEX

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942 CE

Oda became Archbishop of Canterbury.

From this point into 950 CE, a record of Welsh law would be being written down per order by Hywel Dda, Prince of all . HDT WHAT? INDEX

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959 CE

In this year first Aelfsige and then Brithelm was named Archbishop of Canterbury. HDT WHAT? INDEX

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960 CE

Dunstan became Archbishop of Canterbury. HDT WHAT? INDEX

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988 CE

At about this point Ethelgar became Archbishop of Canterbury.

According to the Primary Chronicle, created during the 12th Century, it had been in this timeframe that Prince Vladimir of Kiev wed a Byzantine princess by converting to the Greek Orthodox , a belief system that would not require him to give up either pork or , or fast or be circumcised. The Orthodox Church would indulge in some wishful reconstruction of history and assert that what this had amounted to, two centuries earlier, had been the conversion to of all Russia (although the Slavic peasantry would be worshiping a thunder-god, Pyerun, into the 18th Century and taking oaths on Moist Mother Earth into the 20th Century). HDT WHAT? INDEX

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990 CE

Sigeric became Archbishop of Canterbury.

During this decade the Toltec people would be taking over Chichen Itza. HDT WHAT? INDEX

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995 CE

Aelfric became Archbishop of Canterbury. HDT WHAT? INDEX

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1005

Alphege became Archbishop of Canterbury.

At about this point King Macbeth was born (circa 1005-1057).

LIFE IS LIVED FORWARD BUT UNDERSTOOD BACKWARD? — NO, THAT’S GIVING TOO MUCH TO THE HISTORIAN’S STORIES. LIFE ISN’T TO BE UNDERSTOOD EITHER FORWARD OR BACKWARD.

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1013

Lyfing became Archbishop of Canterbury.

Oxford surrendered and gave hostages. HDT WHAT? INDEX

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1020

Ethelnoth became Archbishop of Canterbury.

At this point “Italian” towns such as Roma (), Firenze (Florence), and Venezia (Venice) were transforming themselves into city-states.

During this decade Boleslav I would be forming Poland into a powerful state. HDT WHAT? INDEX

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1038

Eadsige became Archbishop of Canterbury.

When a Norman adventurer, Rainulf, became the Count of Aversa, French feudalism was injected into southern (subsequent to this cultural influence of the north on the south, Muslim military technologies and tax-collecting bureaucracies would be introduced into France and , examples of the south similarly influencing the north). HDT WHAT? INDEX

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1051

Robert of Jumieges became Archbishop of Canterbury. HDT WHAT? INDEX

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1052

Stigand became Archbishop of Canterbury. HDT WHAT? INDEX

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1093

Anselm succeeded as Archbishop of Canterbury. Anselm had been born in the Piedmont circa 1033 CE as the son of a Lombard noble, and as such had been given the usual classical education. When his mother had died in 1056 CE, he had given away his wealth, and in 1059 CE he had entered a monastery at Bec and become a disciple of Lanfranc. He had succeeded his mentor as of Bec in 1078 CE. While at Bec, he had written his MONOLOGIUM and PROSLOGIUM, containing what purport to be proofs of the existence of God. As Archbishop, he would oppose lay investiture and would twice be exiled to Rome, from 1097 CE to 1100 CE and from 1103 CE to 1107 CE. In 1107 CE the Synod of would rule that and were to do homage to the king before being invested by the ranking cleric; that Synod would be the model for the Concordat of Worms that would take place in 1122 CE, which would settle the issue of lay investiture for all of Europe. Anselm would die at Canterbury in 1109 CE. (We have good reason to infer that in 1163 CE he was canonized by Alexander III, which is why he now travels under the name “St. Anselm.”) HDT WHAT? INDEX

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1114

Ralph d’Escures became Archbishop of Canterbury.

THE FUTURE IS MOST READILY PREDICTED IN RETROSPECT

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1123

William de Corbeil became Archbishop of Canterbury.

In this year at Smithfield, a stockyard outside , Rahere, a German court famed for his juggling, initiated an Augustinian and hospice. HDT WHAT? INDEX

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1139

Theobald became Archbishop of Canterbury.

From this year into 1153 CE there would be civil war in England.

Since weapons such as crossbows and Greek fire were contrary to Christian morality, Pope Innocent II banned their use in contests between Christians. Christians might resort to such devices only in battle against enemies of Christ such as the Muslims (thus they would be relied upon during the 3d Crusade, of 1189-1192 CE). HDT WHAT? INDEX

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1162

Murtough MacLochlainn became High King. IRELAND

Thomas à Becket became Archbishop of Canterbury, the initial instance since the of any Saxon being raised to high office in church or state. HDT WHAT? INDEX

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1170 CE

Thomas à Becket, Archbishop of Canterbury, was martyred in his own .

Construction began on . HDT WHAT? INDEX

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1174

Richard of became Archbishop of Canterbury. HDT WHAT? INDEX

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1184

Baldwin became Archbishop of Canterbury. HDT WHAT? INDEX

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1191

The Order of St. Thomas of Canterbury was founded. HDT WHAT? INDEX

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1193

Hubert Walter became Archbishop of Canterbury.

From this year into 1230 CE, the Livonian Crusade. HDT WHAT? INDEX

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1207

Stephen Langton became Archbishop of Canterbury.

King Pedro II of Aragon sponsored the initial European tournament known to have officially been in honor of a woman. This was his mistress, since of course in Iberia the noble families allied themselves by marriage not for affection or companionship but merely to deal with business matters such as properties and heirs. Facilities would be prepared so that the honored lady guest and her entourage would not need to stand like ordinary folk in the mud. HDT WHAT? INDEX

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1229

Richard le Grant became Archbishop of Canterbury.

From this year into 1233 CE there would be civil war on Cyprus. HDT WHAT? INDEX

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1234

Edmund of Abingdon became Archbishop of Canterbury. HDT WHAT? INDEX

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1245

In this year or the following one in , took the degree of master in sacred . For the next 30 years he would lead a very active life as teacher and administrator, including periods as provincial of his order in Germany and as of Ratisbon. His printed works, mostly composed in this period, comprise 38 quarto volumes and cover every field of learning. At Cologne and Paris he would have as one of his pupils , and one of his last missions would be to defend some of this former pupil’s writings against attacks at Paris for .

The Carpini sent embassies to the Khan. Dominicus of Aragon journeyed to Armenia. of St. Quentin and Simon of St. Quentin journeyed to Georgia and the court of the Mongolian leader Baiju, and Andreas of Longjumeau journeyed to Tabriz. Carpini encountered Italian traders from Constantinople in Kiev. At the court of Guyug Khan he was aided by a Russian goldsmith.1

Boniface of Savoy became Archbishop of Canterbury.

The Teutonic Order was authorized to wage a permanent crusade in Prussia.

The Council of Lyons deposed Frederick II.

Sligo castle was built for Maurice FitzGerald. IRELAND

1. Refer to J.R.S. Phillips’s THE MEDIEVAL EXPANSION OF EUROPE (/NY: Oxford UP, 1988). HDT WHAT? INDEX

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1273

Robert Kilwardby became Archbishop of Canterbury.

Rudolph I became the 1st Habsburg ruler of Austria.

Construction began on a cathedral at Limoges.

When the Count of Chalons grabbed hold of the English monarch to avoid being unhorsed during a tournament, a number of retainers for the two contestants rushed to battle each other. To prevent bouts from degenerating into battles, new tournaments rules would be needed not only to prohibit competitors from ever touching each other in such manner, but also to place limits upon the number of squires and footmen who could attend them at an event. HDT WHAT? INDEX

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1279

Roger Bacon’s protégé was named Archbishop of Canterbury. His treatise PERSPECTIVA COMMUNIS would be, in various editions, a classic for three centuries. HDT WHAT? INDEX

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1294

Robert Winchelsey became Archbishop of Canterbury.

THE FUTURE CAN BE EASILY PREDICTED IN RETROSPECT

Archbishops of Canterbury “Stack of the Artist of Kouroo” Project HDT WHAT? INDEX

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1313

Walter Reynolds became Archbishop of Canterbury. HDT WHAT? INDEX

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1328

Simon Meopham became Archbishop of Canterbury. HDT WHAT? INDEX

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1333

John de became Archbishop of Canterbury. HDT WHAT? INDEX

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1349 HDT WHAT? INDEX

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In this year first became Archbishop of Canterbury, and then Simon Islip.

There is a preserved graffitum in the church at Ashwell in Hertfordshire, that reads

Primula pestis in M ter CCC fuit L minus uno,

which being translated means “The first plague of the 1300s was in the year ’50 minus one.” (Actually, the outbreak of bubonic plague had already begun in London in 1348.)

Barbara Tuchman reports in THE DISTANT MIRROR (page 99) that: In Paris, where the plague lasted through 1349, the reported death rate was 800 a day, in Pisa 500, in Vienna 500 to 600 [a day]. The total dead in Paris numbered 50,000 or half the population. Florence, weakened by the famine of 1347, lost three to four fifths of its citizens, Venice two thirds, Hamburg and Bremen, though smaller in size, about the same proportion. Cities, as centers of transportation, were more likely to be affected than villages, although once a village was infected, its death rate was equally high. At Givry, a prosperous village in of 1,200 to 1,500 people, the parish register records 615 deaths in the space of fourteen weeks, compared to an average of thirty deaths a year in the previous decade. In three villages of Cambridgeshire, manorial records show a death rate of 47 percent, 57 percent, and in one case 70 percent. … Economically, the century would fare badly (page 125): When death slowed production, goods became scarce and prices soared. In France the price of wheat increased fourfold by 1350. At the same time a shortage of labor brought [the unthinkable], a concerted demand for higher wages.... Within a year after the plague had passed through northern France, the textile workers of St. Omer near Amiens had gained three successive wage increases. In many guilds artisans struck for higher pay and shorter hours. In an age when social conditions were regarded as fixed, such action was revolutionary. The plague would scourge the 14th Century through six outbreaks in six decades. As society disintegrated (pages 171-175 passim): … the Free Companies who “write sorrow on the bosom of the earth” … were to become the torment of the age. Composed of English, Welsh, and Gascons released after [the Battle of] Poitiers by the Black Prince, … they had acquired in ’s campaigns a taste for the ease and riches of plunder. Along with German mercenaries and Hanault adventurers, they gathered in groups of twenty to fifty around a captain and moved northward … they swelled, merged, organized, spread, and operated with ever more license. … Led by professional captains, the companies, sometimes numbering 2,000 to 3,000, [burned, tortured, killed, and looted the countryside]. For defense against the companies, villages made forts of their stone churches, surrounding them HDT WHAT? INDEX

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with trenches, manning the bell towers with sentinels, and piling up stones to throw down upon the attackers. … Peasant families who could not reach the church spent nights with their livestock on islands in the Loire or in boats anchored in mid- river. In Picardy they took refuge in underground tunnels enlarged from caves dug at the time of the Norman invasions. With a well in the center and air holes above, the tunnels could shelter twenty or thirty people with space around the walls for cattle. (page 129): Survivors of the plague, finding themselves neither destroyed nor improved, could discover no Divine purpose in the pain they had suffered. God’s purposes were usually mysterious, but this scourge had been too terrible to be accepted without questioning. If a disaster of such magnitude, the most lethal ever known, was a mere wanton act of God or perhaps not God’s work at all, then the absolutes of a fixed order were loosed from their moorings. Minds that opened to admit these questions could never again be shut. Once people envisioned the possibility of change in a fixed order, the end of an age of submission came in sight; the turn to individual conscience lay ahead. To that extent the Black Death may have been the unrecognized beginning of modern man. Meantime it left apprehension, tension, and gloom. It accelerated the commutation of labor services on the land and in so doing unfastened old ties. It deepened antagonism between rich and poor and raised the level of human hostility. An event of great agony is bearable only in the belief that it will bring about a better world. When it does not, as in the aftermath of another vast calamity in 1914-18, disillusion is deep and moves on to self-doubt and self-disgust. In creating a climate for pessimism, the Black Death was the equivalent of the First World War, although it took fifty years for the psychological effects to develop. These were the fifty-odd years of the youth and adult of Enguerrand de Coucy [the noble whose life Tuchman uses to chronicle the century]. HDT WHAT? INDEX

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Jews were expelled from Hungary.

After the Black Death had killed one out of every three Europeans, European governments started instituting increasingly draconian laws designed to force laborers to stay at home rather than moving about in search of better pay or working conditions. HDT WHAT? INDEX

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1366

Simon Langham became Archbishop of Canterbury.

Holding a at Kilkenny, in an attempt to ensure English dominance Lionel imposed draconian statutes. King Edward III would mandate that: •No Irish tenant may graze his cattle upon the lands of the crown. • Any intermarriage of English with Irish constitutes . • Toleration of the Brehon Laws constitutes High Treason. HDT WHAT? INDEX

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1368

William Whittlesey became Archbishop of Canterbury. HDT WHAT? INDEX

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1375

Simon Sudbury became Archbishop of Canterbury.

On the island of Majorca, a possession of the kingdom of Aragon on the Iberian peninsula, a Jewish cartographer, Abraham Cresques, created on twelve vellum leaves an atlas of the world as then known. This was made up of Europe, Asia, and North Africa, innocent of any awareness of an Africa that stretched south of the Sahara, or of the Americas, etc. The known world of the period was surrounded only by an ambiguous assortment of nondescript islands, yet to be sorted out: “In the Indian Ocean there are 7,548 islands, containing marvelous riches that we cannot enumerate here, as well as gold and silver, spices and precious stones.” In Fall 1381, on the occasion of the coronation of a thirteen-year-old as Charles VI of France, this map would become a state present by the Infante Juan of Aragon. HDT WHAT? INDEX

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1381

June 14, day (Old ): After city people had lowered the drawbridge protecting , the revolutionary forces under Wat Tyler captured it and the . Books and documents that came into their hands at the Temple and in Palace were burned. Wine cellars were broken into at Savoy and other manors.

Chancellor , the Archbishop of Canterbury2, and the King’s Confessor, William Appleton, had sought refuge at the Tower of London during the Peasants’ Revolt. On this day the rebels of Kent dragged them, along with Sir Robert Hales and King’s Sergeant John Legg, out and subjected them to a mock trial before beheading, after which the headless corpses were hacked to pieces by the mob. A 5th individual, Richard Somenour, was likewise treated by this mob, but it is not known whether the rebels had taken him also from the Tower. According to Jean Froissart’s CHRONIQUES, in French on vellum, prepared in Flanders in the late 15th century (Royal MS 18E.I, ff.165v-166, with a polychrome miniature about four by seven inches showing , labeled, astride a plough horse, preaching to the rebels),

here is how the released minister preached among Wat Tyler’s rebels of Kent (as backtranslated from the French version):

2. became the new Archbishop of Canterbury. HDT WHAT? INDEX

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Ah ye good people, the matters goeth not well to pass in England, nor shall do till everything be common, and that there be no villeins nor gentlemen, but that we may be all united together; and that the lords be no greater masters than we be.

After the rebellion collapsed there would be testimony, presumably biased and exaggerated, that this minister had urged the slaughter of lords and prelates — and for this he would hang at St. Albans.

King Edward III of England (1327-1377) had put up a new gatehouse at the Tower of London, between the Lanthorn Tower and the Salt Tower, and added the Cradle Tower. He had extended the Tower Wharf to the east as far as St. Thomas’s Tower. King Richard II and many of his family and household were forced to shelter in the Tower for a couple of days while more than 10,000 of his rebellious subjects were plundering and burning his royal capital .

The four conditions upon which the revolutionaries were planning to insist, they averred, were as follows: • the abolition of serfdom • the right of everyone to buy and sell like freemen • pardon for any and all past offenses • in the future rents on land would be fixed at a certain sum of money rather than being required in service HDT WHAT? INDEX

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King Richard II pledged at Smithfield to make concessions in honor of these demands. In fact he kept his scribes up all night, copying out multiple copies of his Charter for the People:

It wasn’t very sympathetic of him, to keep his scribes up all night like that. What was going to happen next was also going to be not so very sympathetic. HDT WHAT? INDEX

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1396

Thomas Arundel was designated to succeed William Courtenay as Archbishop of Canterbury. HDT WHAT? INDEX

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1397

John Gower’s TRAITÉ.

King Richard II of England attempted to restore his hegemony by arresting members of the Lords Appellant, a powerful group of barons. became Archbishop of Canterbury. HDT WHAT? INDEX

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1398

In about this period French and English knights, growing weary of the overly-regulated tournaments being sponsored by the apparatus of state, began to attend their own private tournaments at which they could employ real weapons and standard armor (this sort of contest they termed outrance or “to the ultimate”).

Roger Walden became Archbishop of Canterbury.

John Gower had by this point taken up residence in rooms provided by the Priory of St Mary Overie, which is now Southwark Cathedral. He remarried (this wife, Agnes Groundolf, would survive him).

In Korea, the Songgyun’gwan (“National Confucian ”) was established near Taejon (this makes it the oldest surviving Neoconfucian school in what has since become the world’s most Confucian society).

The Tatar army of Tamerlane sacked Delhi. Unlike his predecessors, Tamerlane had a plan for dealing with the Indian elephants, which had always before panicked Tatar and Mongol horses, thus making accurate archery impossible. The plan involved terrifying the Indian elephants before they had a chance to panic the Central Asian ponies. His cavalry would drop caltrops in front of advancing elephants, to tear their feet. His engineers and infantry had lashed bundles of dried grass to buffaloes and camels, which they soaked in oil and ignited as the elephants approached. The burning animals would run toward the approaching elephants. From this year into 1399, the army would be proceeding across the subcontinent. Tamerlane’s army would sack Lahore, massacre not fewer than 100,000 prisoners, and return to Samarkand with tens of thousands of the skilled masons Tamerlane needed to make his capital the finest city in Central Asia.

The Stecknitz Navigation was completed. CANALS HDT WHAT? INDEX

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1399 HDT WHAT? INDEX

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Thomas Arundel was restored to his previous position as Archbishop of Canterbury. HDT WHAT? INDEX

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1401

The Archbishop of Canterbury, Thomas Arundel, sponsored DE HÆRETICO COMBURENDO, the 1st act of the English Parliament specifically against witchcraft. Sorcery and divination were constructed as species of heresy, an ecclesiastical offence rather than a felony at common law, and therefore suspects were to be examined before an ecclesiastical tribunal, precisely as in the on the continent of Europe. The act directed that an accused person who refused to abjure belief in such sortilegium was to be burnt at the stake. Burning at the stake was the mode of execution of choice not in order to inflict the greatest pain but simply in order to obey Biblical injunctions against the shedding of blood: “Whosoever sheddeth man’s blood, by man shall his blood be shed....” GENESIS 9:6 while obeying the Biblical injunction against allowing a witch to remain alive: “Thou shalt not suffer a witch to live.” EXODUS 22:18. HDT WHAT? INDEX

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1414

Henry Chichele became Archbishop of Canterbury. HDT WHAT? INDEX

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1443

John Stafford became Archbishop of Canterbury.

While digging the foundation of St. Stephen’s Cathedral in Vienna workmen came upon a huge femur, presumably from a mammoth (the find, inscribed with the date of its discovery and the motto of Emperor Frederick III, would end up chained to one of the doors of this cathedral). PALEONTOLOGY HDT WHAT? INDEX

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1452

John Kempe became Archbishop of Canterbury.

Final expulsion of the English from France, except Calais. (Fellow, don’t let the door hit you in the butt on the way out. :-) HDT WHAT? INDEX

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1454

Thomas Bourchier became Archbishop of Canterbury. HDT WHAT? INDEX

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1486

John Morton became Archbishop of Canterbury. HDT WHAT? INDEX

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1501

Henry Deane became Archbishop of Canterbury. HDT WHAT? INDEX

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1503

William Warham became the last Archbishop of Canterbury of the English pre- Church.

Canterbury Cathedral, that had been begun in 1070, was finished. HDT WHAT? INDEX

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1513

Thomas Wolsey became Archbishop of Canterbury (-1530). HDT WHAT? INDEX

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1533

March 30, Sunday, (Old Style): was consecrated as Archbishop of Canterbury.

May 23, Friday (Old Style): Archbishop of Canterbury Thomas Cranmer declared King Henry VIII’s marriage to to be lawful (usurping, you will notice, the authority of Pope Clement VII).

May 28, Wednesday (Old Style): Coronation as Queen Consort of King Henry VIII’s 2d wife Anne Boleyn. In this timeframe the monarch had had put up at the Tower of London a large range of timber-framed lodgings. The building of these lodgings (used only once) marked the end of the history of royal residence at the Tower. LONDON

July 11, Friday (Old Style): Pope Clement VII condemned King Henry VIII’s marriage to Anne Boleyn. It didn’t matter that she had been some three months with the princess Elizabeth. The monarch was given till September to return to Queen Consort Catherine of Aragón under threat of . Henry would respond by renouncing the , and Thomas Cranmer, his Archbishop of Canterbury, would cooperatively declare the old marriage of Henry and Catherine to have been void and the new marriage of Henry and Anne to be real and lawful.

LONDON Follow the money: Henry would confiscate all the holdings of the Church and proclaim himself Supreme Head of the Church in England. He would out-Luther Luther, beginning an . HDT WHAT? INDEX

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1541

Early November: When King Henry VIII returned to Hampton Court, Archbishop of Canterbury Thomas Cranmer immediately informed him of rumors that had been circulating in his absence. His 5th wife, , whom he had described as a “very jewel of womanhood,” had appointed a former beau as her private secretary, and there was talk in the court of an ongoing sexual liaison. Although the monarch refused to credit these rumors, he allowed an investigation into them to begin. The investigators would uncover nothing more than what would amount to flirting, but would also dig up old stuff about some sensual dalliances to her marriage to the king. On this basis Catherine would be removed to the Tower of London, tried, and condemned. HDT WHAT? INDEX

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1542

February 13, Monday (1541, Old Style): Catherine Howard, King Henry VIII’s 5th wife and according to him a “very jewel of womanhood,” had during the previous year appointed a former beau as her private secretary. Rumors of an ongoing sexual liaison had spread through the court and the monarch had allowed an investigation to begin. Although the investigators had discovered only that the queen had been engaging in what might be characterized as flirting, but they also dug up old evidence that prior to her marriage to the king, Catherine had allowed her very jewel of womanhood to dally. On this day, outside the of St. Peter ad Vincula which Henry had rebuilt a few years before at the Tower of London, she and Jane, Lady Rochford (a party to this), were beheaded. HEADCHOPPING

The Countess of Bridgewater, also held in the Tower on charges of having concealed the Queen’s offences, would be pardoned and released.

Lord William Howard, Catherine Howard’s uncle, also held in the Tower on charges of misprision of Treason for having concealed a knowledge of his niece’s premarital affairs, would be pardoned.

John Lasels (or Lascelles) had informed Archbishop of Canterbury Thomas Cranmer of all details of the Queen’s levity. He had been committed to the Tower of London to keep him silent until her execution.3

3. Possibly, we may suppose, he was then released, for a man of this name would be executed while the dissenter poet was being tortured in the Tower and then burned at the stake in 1545 by operatives of King Henry VIII. HDT WHAT? INDEX

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1543

John Heywood was arrested during the suppression of a plot to arraign Archbishop of Canterbury Thomas Cranmer for heresy, along with John More, and eventually would be walked to the gallows. He and More, by recanting, would obtain pardons. A contemporary writer, Sir John Harington, would comment that Heywood had escaped being hanged by the excellent deployment of “his mirth.” HDT WHAT? INDEX

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1544

February 15, Friday (1543, Old Style): , implicated with John More in a plot to arraign Archbishop of Canterbury Thomas Cranmer for heresy, was indicted at Westminster.

April 12, Saturday (Old Style): John More, implicated with John Heywood in a plot to arraign Archbishop of Canterbury Thomas Cranmer for heresy, recanted and was pardoned.

July 6, Sunday (1543, Old Style): John More having recanted and been pardoned for his role in a plot to arraign Archbishop of Canterbury Thomas Cranmer for heresy, at this point John Heywood also was pardoned. Afterward, at St Paul’s Cross, he read a recantation. HDT WHAT? INDEX

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1545

For the following approximately four years, Thomas Whythorne would be serving as John Heywood’s “servant and skoller.” Heywood would be authoring the play “Parts of Man” for Archbishop of Canterbury Thomas Cranmer. HDT WHAT? INDEX

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1556

At Cardinal Pole’s visitation in this year, the rector at Odell, Sir Oswald Butler, was severely reprimanded for having gotten married, and was ordered to do public for this offense in All and in St. Mary’s Church at Bedford. Later in this year, Cardinal Pole would become Archbishop of Canterbury.

March 21, Saturday, (1555, Old Style): Archbishop of Canterbury Thomas Cranmer was burned at the stake (“CREMATUS VIVIUS”) at Oxford. This required 6 shillings worth of wood plus 3 shillings 4 pence worth of faggots. It also required a new archbishop (which would be Cardinal Pole).

(Note that this medallion has the name as “CRAMMERUS.”) HDT WHAT? INDEX

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1559

Jasper Heywood, a fellow of All Souls College, Oxford (Alsolne Colledge in Oxenforde), translated the Troades (“Troas,” which was what we now refer to as “The Trojan Women”), the 1st of three of the ten tragedies of Seneca the Younger that he would translate into English verse. This play had been written around 54 CE, largely based on Euripides’s The Trojan Women and Hecuba. This was the initial rendering of the material into English, and was not a straightforward translation. Heywood not only took liberties with the text but also introduced material of his own creation.

Matthew Parker became Archbishop of Canterbury.

William Hunnis got married with the recently widowed Margaret Brigham. By about the middle of the year she was on her deathbed, and made him sole heir of everything she had, and executor of her will, with the exception that she left her Allmes House, the tenements and mansion house lying at Westchester, to her cousin Francis Brigham, with her husband William being allowed the use of that home for his lifetime. By the 12th of October she was dead, for that was the date on which her will was proved by Thomas Willot “procurator for William Hunnis.”4

4. It seems that this inheritance was contested by a Brigham relative and that the decision was in his favor, but that when he ousted William Hunnis from the Allmes House, Queen Elizabeth took care of the matter by the granting to her choirmaster of other patents. HDT WHAT? INDEX

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The Anglican church was restored in England and the was published.5

5. The edition illustrated is THE BOOK OF COMMON PRAYER, AND ADMINISTRATION OF THE , AND OTHER RITES AND CEREMONIES OF THE CHURCH, ACCORDING TO THE USE OF THE : TOGETHER WITH THE PSALTER OR OF DAVID, PRINTED AS THEY ARE TO BE SUNG, OR SAID, IN CHURCHES, that would be printed by John Baskett, printer to the King’s Most Excellent Majesty, for the in 1716. There is a phrase “noble army of ” in the BOOK OF COMMON PRAYER that may explain Henry Thoreau’s remark about becoming willing to kill, or to die, to end enslavement. The phrase may have come into the BOOK OF COMMON PRAYER from the TE DEUM, quite a bit older. HDT WHAT? INDEX

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1576

Edmund Grindal became Archbishop of Canterbury. HDT WHAT? INDEX

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1583

John Whitgift became Archbishop of Canterbury. HDT WHAT? INDEX

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1604

Richard Bancroft became Archbishop of Canterbury

Robert Dover, a attorney, sponsored the Cotswold Olympick Games as a way to counter the spirit of English Puritanism. These festivities featured village crowdpleasers such as horse-racing, shin-kicking, and quarter-staff fighting, and Dover offered prizes for the winners. Most competitions were for men only, but women of course participated in the dancing, and also in foot races. Dover would die in 1641, and with no more prizes, the competitions would fall off.

King James I of England and more or less ended a dispute about whether English or Italian fencing masters were better, when he retained French fencing masters to train the .

Novas

185

369

1006

1054

1572

1604

1885

1901

1918

1925

1934

1942

1975 HDT WHAT? INDEX

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1611

George Abbot became Archbishop of Canterbury. HDT WHAT? INDEX

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1633

In England, trial of the witches as William “We have ways to make you believe” Laud became Archbishop of Canterbury and began rigorously to enforce worship. The Puritan ministers and arrived in Boston. HDT WHAT? INDEX

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1640

November 21, Saturday (Old Style): Archbishop of Canterbury William “We have ways to make you believe” Laud was taken into custody. HDT WHAT? INDEX

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1645

January 10, Friday (1644, Old Style): Archbishop of Canterbury was beheaded and ascended to Heaven to don a golden crown.

HEADCHOPPING Here are three appreciations of the life of William Laud, by Clarendon, by Thomas Fuller, and by Sir : It was within one weeke after the Kings returne from Scotlande that Abbott dyed at his house at Lambeth, and the Kinge tooke very little tyme to consider who should be his successour, but the very next tyme the Bishopp of London (who was longer upon his way home, then the Kinge had bene) came to him, his Majesty entertayned him very cheerefully, with this compellation, My L’ds Grace of Canterbury you are very wellcome, and gave order the same day for the dispatch of all the necessary formes for the translation, so that within a moneth, or therabouts, after the death of the other Arch-Bishopp, he was compleately invested in that high dignity, and setled in his Pallace at Lambeth: This Greate Prelate had bene before in greate favour with the Duke of Buckingham, whose greate confident he was, and by him recommended to the Kinge, as fittest to be trusted in the conferringe all Ecclesiasticall præferments, when he was but Bishopp of S’t Davids, or newly præferred to Bath and Wells, and from that tyme he intirely governed that Province without a ryvall, so that his promotion to Canterbury was longe foreseene and exspected, nor was it attended with any encrease of envy, or dislike. HDT WHAT? INDEX

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He was a man of greate parts and very exemplar virtues, allayed and discredited by some unpopular6 naturall infirmityes, the greatest of which was (besydes a hasty sharpe way of exspressinge himselfe) that he believed innocence of hearte, and integrity of manners, was a guarde stronge enough to secure any man, in his voyage through this worlde, in what company soever he travelled, and through what wayes soever he was to passe, and sure never any man was better supplyed with that provisyon. He was borne of honest parents, who were well able to provyde for his education, in the schooles of learninge, from whence they sent him to St. Johns Colledge in Oxforde, the worst indowed at that tyme, of any in that famous university; from a scholar he became a fellow, and then the President of that Colledge, after he had receaved all the graces and degrees, the Proctorshipp and the Doctorshipp, could be obtained ther: He was alwayes maligned and persequted by those who were of the Calvinian faction, which was then very pouerfull, and who accordinge to ther usefull maxime and practice, call every man they do not love, Papist, and under this senselesse appellation they created him many troubles and vexations, and so farr suppressed him, that though he was the Kings Chaplyne, and taken notice of for an excellent preacher, and a scholer of the most sublime parts, he had not any præferment to invite him to leave his poore Colledge, which only gave him breade, till the vigour of his age was passed; and when he was promoted by Kinge James, it was but to a poore Bishopricke in Wales, which was not so good a supporte for a Bishopp as his Colledge was for a pri[v]ate scholler, though a Doctor. in that tyme were frequent, and grew very busy, and the party under which he had suffer’d a continuall perseqution appeared very powerfull and full of designe, and they who had the courage to oppose them, begann to be taken notice of with approbation and countenance, and under this style he came to be first cherished by the Duke of Buckingham, after he had made some exsperiments of the temper and spiritt of the other people, nothinge to his satisfaction: from this tyme he prospered at the rate of his owne wishes, and beinge transplanted out of his cold barren Diocesse of S’t Davids, into a warmer climate, he was left, as was sayd before, by that omnipotent Favorite, in that greate trust with the Kinge, who was sufficiently indisposed towards the persons or the principles of M’r Calvins disciples. When he came into greate authority, it may be he retayned to keene a memory of those who had so unjustly and uncharitably persequted him before, and I doubte was so farr transported with the same passyons he had reason to complayne of in his ad[v]ersaryes, that, as they accused him of Popery, because he had some doctrinall opinions, which they liked not, though they were nothinge allyed to Popery, so he intertayned to much præjudice to some persons, as if they were enimyes to the disciplyne of the Church, because they concurred with Calvin in some doctrinall points, when they abhorred his disciplyne, and 6. In the MS of this, the word “unpopular” had been inserted as a substitute for “ungracious.” HDT WHAT? INDEX

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reverenced the goverment of the Church, and prayed for the peace of it, with as much zeale and fervency, as any in the kingdome, as they made manifest in ther lives, and in ther sufferings with it and for it. He had, from his first entrance into the worlde without any disguise or dissimulation declared his owne opinion of that Classis of men, and as soone as it was in his power, he did all he could to hinder the growth and encrease of that faction, and to restrayne those who were inclined to it, from doinge the mischieue they desyred to do: But his power at Courte could not enough qualify him, to goe through with that difficulte reformation, whilst he had a superiour in the Church, who havinge the raynes in his hande, could slacken them accordinge to his owne humour and indiscretion, and was thought to be remisse to irritate his cholirique disposition, but when he had now the Primacy in his owne hande, the Kinge beinge inspired with the same zeale, he thought he should be to blame, and have much to answer, if he did not make hast to apply remedyes, to those diseases, which he saw would grow apace.... The Arch-Bishopp had all his life eminently opposed Calvins doctryne in those contraversyes, before the name of Arminius was taken notice of or his opinions hearde of; and therupon for wante of another name they had called him a Papiste, which nobody believed him to be, and he had more manifested the contrary in his disputations and writings, then most men had done: and it may be the other founde the more seveare and rigourous usage from him, for ther propagatinge that calumny against him. He was a man of greate courage and resolution, and beinge most assured within himselfe that he proposed no end in all his actions or designes, then what was pyous and just (as sure no man had ever a hearte more intire, to the Kinge, the Church, or his country) he never studyed the best wayes to those ends; he thought it may be, that any arte or industry that way, would discreditt, at least make the integrity of the end suspected: let the cause be what it will, he did courte persons to little, nor cared to make his designes and purposes appeare as candid as they were, by shewinge them in any other dresse, then ther owne naturall beauty and roughnesse: and did not consider enough what men sayd, or were like to say of him. If the faultes and vices were fitt to be looked into and discover’d, let the persons be who they would that were guilty of them, they were sure to finde no connivence of favour from him. He intended the disciplyne of the Church should be felte, as well as spoken of, and that it should be applyed to the greatest and most splendid transgressors, as well as to the punishment of smaller offences, and meaner offenders; and therupon called for, or cherished the discovery of those who were not carefull to cover ther owne iniquitycs, thinkinge they were above the reach of other mens, or ther power, or will to chastice: Persons of honour and great quality, of the Courte, and of the Country, were every day cited into the High Commissyon Courte, upon the fame of ther incontinence, or other skandall in ther lyves; and were ther prosequted to ther shame and punishment, and as the shame, (which they called an insolent HDT WHAT? INDEX

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tryumph upon ther degree and quality, and levellinge them with the common people) was never forgotten, but watched for revenge, so the Fynes imposed ther were the more questioned and repyned against, because they wer assigned to the rebuildinge and repayringe St. Pauls Church, and thought therfore to be the more sevearely imposed, and the lesse compassionately reduced and excused, which likewise made the jurisdiction and rigour of the Starrchamber more felte and murmured against, which sharpened many mens humours against the Bishopps, before they had any ill intention toward the Church. By THOMAS FULLER. [Sidenote: Over-severe in his censures.] Amongst his humane frailties, choler and passion most discovered it self. In the Star-Chamber (where if the crime not extraordinary, it was fine enough for one to be sued in so chargable a Court) He was observed always to concur with the severest side, and to infuse more vinegar then oyle into all his censures, and also was much blamed for his severity to his Predecessor easing him against his will, and before his time, of his jurisdiction. [Sidenote: Over-medling in State matters.] But he is most accused for over-medling in State-matters, more then was fitting, say many, then needful, say most, for one of his profession. But he never more overshot himself, then when he did impose the Scotch Liturgie, and was [Greek: allotrio- archiepis[ko]pos] over a free and forrain Church and Nation. At home, many grumbled at him for oft making the shallowest pretence of the Crown deep enough (by his powerfull digging therein) to drown the undoubted right of any private Patron to a Church-living. But Courtiers most complained, that he persecuted them, not in their proper places, but what in an ordinary way he should have taken from the hands of inferior officers, that He with a long and strong Arm reached to himself over all their heads. Yet others plead for him, that he abridg’d their bribes not fees, and it vexed them that He struck their fingers with the dead-palsie, so that they could not (as formerly) have a feeling for Church Preferments.... [Sidenote: An enemy to gallantry in Clergiemens cloaths.] He was very plain in apparrel, and sharply checkt such Clergymen whom he saw goe in rich or gaudy cloaths, commonly calling them of the Church-Triumphant. Thus as Cardinal Woolsy is reported the first Prelate, who made Silks, and Sattens fashionable amongst -men; so this Arch-Bishop first retrenched the usual wearing thereof. Once at a Visitation in , one in Orders (of good estate and extraction) appeared before him very gallant in habit, whom D’r Laud (then ) publickly reproved, shewing to him the plainness of his own apparrel. My Lord (said the Minister) you have better cloaths at home and I have worse, whereat the Bishop rested very well HDT WHAT? INDEX

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contented.... [Sidenote: No whit addicted to covetousness.] Covetousness He perfectly hated, being a single man and having no project to raise a name or Family, he was the better enabled for publick performances, having both a price in his hand, and an heart also to dispose thereof for the general good. S’t Johns in Oxford, wherein he was bred, was so beautified, enlarged, and enriched by him, that strangers at the first sight knew it not, yea, it scarce knoweth it self, so altered to the better from its former condition. Insomuch that almost it deserveth the name of Canterbury-Colledge, as well as that which Simon Islip founded, and since hath lost its name, united to Christ-Church. More buildings he intended, (had not the stroke of one Axe hindred the working of many hammers) chiefly on Churches, whereof the following passage may not impertinently be inserted. [Sidenote: The grand causer of the repairing of Churches.] It happened that a Visitation was kept at S’t Peters in Corn- hill, for the Clergy of London. The Preacher discoursing of the painfulness of the Ministerial Function, proved it from the Greek deduction of [Greek: Diakonos] or , so called from [Greek: konis] dust, because he must laborare in arena in pulvere, work in the dust, doe hard service in hot weather. ended, Bishop Laud proceeded to his charge to the Clergy, and observing the Church ill repaired without, and slovenly kept within, I am sorry (said He) to meet here with so true an Etymologie of Diaconus, for here is both dust and dirt too, for a Deacon (or either) to work in. Yea it is dust of the worst kind, caused from the mines of this ancient house of God, so that it pittieth his [Psal. 102. 14] servants to see her in the dust. Hence he took occasion to press the repairing of that, and other decaied places of divine worship, so that from this day we may date the general mending, beautifying and adorning of all English Churches, some to decency, some to magnificence, and some (if all complaints were true) to superstition. [Sidenote: Principally of S. Pauls] But the Church of S’t Pauls, (the only Cathedral in Christendom dedicated to that Apostle) was the master: piece of his performances. We know what one [in a footnote, this “one” is parsed as “Lord F.”] Satyrically said of him, that he pluckt down , and Property, to build up Pauls and Prerogative. But let unpartial Judges behold how he left, and remember how he found that ruinous fabrick, and they must conclude that (though intending more) he effected much in that great designe. He communicated his project to some private persons, of taking down the great Tower in the middle, to the Spurrs, and rebuild it in the same fashion, (but some yards higher) as before. He meant to hang as great and tuneable a ring of Bels, as any in the world, whose sound advantaged with their height and vicinity of the Thames, must needs be loud and melodious. But now he is turned to his dust, and all his thoughts have perished, yea that HDT WHAT? INDEX

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Church, formerly approached with due reverence, is now entred with just fear, of falling on those under it, and is so far from having its old decays repaired, that it is daily decayed in its new reparations. He was low of Stature, little in bulk, chearful in countenance, (wherein gravity and quickness were well compounded) of a sharp and piercing eye, clear judgement, and (abating the influence of age) firme memory. He wore his hair very close, and though in the beginning of his greatness, many measured the length of mens stricktness by the shortness of their hair, yet some will say, that since out of Antipathy to conform to his example, his opposites have therein indulged more liberty to themselves. And thus we take our leave of him. By SIR PHILIP WARWICK. Archbishop Laud was a man of an upright heart and a pious soul, but of too warm blood and too positive a nature towards asserting what he beleived a truth, to be a good Courtier; and his education fitted him as little for it, as his nature: which having bin most in the University, and among books and scholars, where oft canvassing affairs, that are agitated in that province, and prevailing in it, rather gave him wrong than right measures of a Court. He was generally acknowledg’d a good scholar, and throughly verst in Ecclesiastical learning. He was a zealot in his heart both against Popery and Presbytery; but a great assertor of Church-authority, instituted by Christ and his Apostles, and as primitively practised; which notwithstanding, he really and freely acknowledged subject unto the secular authority. And therefore he carefully endeavored to preserve the jurisdiction, which the Church anciently exercised, before the secular authority own’d her; at least so much thereof, as the law of this our Realm had apply’d to our circumstances; which our common Lawyers dayly struck at; and thro’ prohibitions and other appeals every day lessened; and this bred an unkindnes to him in many of the long robe, however some of them were very carefull of the Ecclesiasticall jurisdiction. He was a man of great modesty in his own person and habit, and of regularity and devotion in his family: and as he was very kind to his Clergy, so he was very carefull to make them modest in their attire, and very diligent in their studies, in faithfully dispensing God’s Word, reverently reading the Prayers, and administring the Sacraments, and in preserving their Churches in cleanlines and with plain and fitting ornament, that so voyd of superstition, GOD’s House in this age, where every man bettered his own, might not lye alone neglected; and accordingly he sett upon that great work of St. Paul’s Church, which his diligence perfected in a great measure: and his Master’s piety made magnificent that most noble structure by a Portico: but not long after the carved work thereof was broken down with axes and hammers, and the whole sacred edifice made not only a den of thieves, but a stable of unclean beasts, HDT WHAT? INDEX

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as I can testifie, having once gone into it purposely to observe: from which contamination Providence some few years since cleansed it by fire. He prevented likewise a very private and clandestine designe of introducing Nonconformists into too too many Churches; for that society of men (that they might have Teachers to please their itching ears) had a designe to buy in all the Lay- Impropriations, which the Parish-Churches in Henry the VIII’s time were robb’d of, and lodging the and Presentations in their own Feoffees, to have introduced men, who would have introduced doctrines suitable to their dependences, which the Court already felt too much the smart of, by being forced to admitt the Presentations of the Lay-Patrons, who too often dispose their benefices to men, rather suitable to their own opinions, than the Articles and Canons of the Church. All this bred him more and more envy; but if it had pleas’d God to have given him an uninterrupted course, and if few of his Successors had walked in his stepps, wee might, without any tendency to Popery, or danger of superstition, have serv’d God reverently and uniformely, and according unto Primitive practice and purity, and not have bin, as we are now, like a shivered glass, scarse ever to be made whole again. Thus finding Providence had led him into authority, he very really and strongly opposed both Popery and Presbytery. He was sensible, how the first by additions had perverted the purity of Religion, and turned it into a policy; but resolving not to contest Rome’s truths, tho’ he spared not her errors, both Papist and Presbyter, with all their Lay-Party, were well contented, that it might be believed, he was Popishly affected. And being conscious likewise, how Presbytery or the Calvinisticall Reformation, which many here, and more in Scotland, affected, by substraction and novel interpretation, had forsaken the good old ways of the primitive Church, and was become dangerous to Monarchy, he sett himself against this, as well as that: but both their weights crusht him.... As this good Arch-Bishop I write of, had these great eminences, so he may be acknowledged to have failed in those prudences, which belong unto a great Minister of State, who like a wise Physician is to consider times and seasons, as well as persons and diseases, and to regard those complications, which usually are mixed in ill habits of body, and to use more alterative than purgative Physick. For popular bents and inclinations are cured more by a steddy than precipitate hand or counsel; multitudes being to be drawn over from their errors, rather by wayes they discerne not, than by those, which they are likely to contest; whilst upon single persons and great men courses of violence and authority may be exercised. But Ministers of State unwillingly run this course, because they would have the honour of perfecting the work they affect in their own time; and the multitude of this good man’s busines, and the promptnes of his nature, made those ceremonies, which are necessary by great HDT WHAT? INDEX

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Persons to be paid unto men in his station, to be unwelcome unto him, and so he discharged himselfe of them, and thereby disobliged those persons, who thought their quality, tho’ not their busines, required a patient and respectfull entertainment. This I reflect upon, because I heard from a good hand, that the Marquiss of Argile making him an insidious visit, and he, knowing he neither loved him nor the Church, entertaining him not with that franknes he should have done, but plainly telling him, he was at that time a little busy about the King’s affairs, this great Lord took it so much in indignation, and esteem’d it such a Lordly Prelacy, that he declaimed against it, and became (if possible) more enemy both to him and the Church, than he was before. The rectitude of his nature therefore made him not a fitt instrument to struggle with the obliquity of those times; and he had this infirmity likewise, that he beleived those forward instruments, which he employed, followed the zeal of their own natures, when they did but observe that of his: for as soon as difficulty or danger appeared, his petty instruments shrunk to nothing, and shewed, from whom they borrowed their heat. He weighed not well his Master’s condition; for he saw him circled in by too many powerfull Scots, who mis-affected the Church, and had joyned with them too many English Counsellors and Courtiers, who were of the same leaven. If he had perceived an universall concurrence in his own Clergy, who were esteemed Canonicall men, his attempts might have seem’d more probable, than otherwise it could: but for him to think by a purgative Physick to evacuate all those cold slimy humors, which thus overflowed the body, was ill judged; for the good affections of the Prince, back’d only by a naked or paper-authority, sooner begets contumacy, than complyance in dissaffected Subjects.... And this shall suffice to be said of that well intentioned, but not truly considerative, great man, unles wee add this single thing further, that he who looks upon him thro’ those Canons, which in Synod passed in his time, will find him a true Assertor of Religion, Royalty, and Property; and that his grand designe was no other, than that of our first Reformation; which was, that our Church might stand upon such a foot of Primitive and Ecclesiastick authority, as suited with God’s word, and the best Interpreters of it, sound reason and Primitive practice. And untill this Nation is blest with such a spirit, it will lye in that darknes and confusion the Sects at this time have flung it into. HDT WHAT? INDEX

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1647

April 29, Thursday (Old Style): Mr. David Clarkson was a fellow and a tutor at Clare Hall, and received as his pupil (who would succeed him when he resigned his fellowship during about November 1651 and eventually would be made Archbishop of Canterbury). HDT WHAT? INDEX

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1651

November: At about this point Mr. David Clarkson resigned his fellowship at Clare Hall, Cambridge, presumably on account of his marriage with Elizabeth Holcroft,7 with his pupil John Tillotson succeeding him as fellow and tutor (Tillotson eventually would be made Archbishop of Canterbury).

7. It appears that the family would produce four children, one son, Robert, named after his grandfather, and three daughters, Rebecca, Gertrude, and Katherine. We know nothing of the son, but know that Rebecca, the eldest, married, while the other two daughters did not marry. Rebecca and Gertrude authored published accounts of their religious sensibilities. HDT WHAT? INDEX

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1660

William Juxon became Archbishop of Canterbury. HDT WHAT? INDEX

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1662

The Bishop of London, , who would soon become the Archbishop of Canterbury, presented to the rectory of Ashwell in Herefordshire. HDT WHAT? INDEX

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1663

Gilbert Sheldon became Archbishop of Canterbury. HDT WHAT? INDEX

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1670

July 29, Friday (Old Style): On the 29th of 7th month, 1670 (this is the way were recording dates), Gilbert Sheldon, Archbishop of Canterbury, directed the noted architect of churches to demolish the meeting-house of the Friends at Horsley Down. HDT WHAT? INDEX

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1678

William Sancroft became Archbishop of Canterbury. From this year into 1681, there would be occurring what is referred to as the “Exclusion Crisis,” a complex of political events triggered by an allegation by of a Jesuit “Popish Plot” to murder King Charles II, involving attempt of elements of a “Country” party, led by Shaftesbury, to exclude the legitimate heir James, Duke of , from succession, on account of his being a Catholic, in favor of one of King Charles II’s bastard sons, James, Duke of Monmouth. HDT WHAT? INDEX

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1691

The Reverend John Tillotson was made Archbishop of Canterbury. HDT WHAT? INDEX

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1695

Thomas Tenison became Archbishop of Canterbury. HDT WHAT? INDEX

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1712

The Reverend Dr. veered dangerously close to , the sense that Jesus could have been neither fully human nor fully divine, in SCRIPTURE-DOCTRINE OF THE and was dismissed as a chaplain to the Queen and nearly defrocked by , until he recanted and agreed to remain silent on this vexing issue. The controversy would last until his death. He had a handful of followers to defend him, and in fact, despite his promise, he would continue to hold such views and several times would anonymously re-enter the controversy. In his theological controversies, the Reverend Clarke drew heavily on Newtonian and Leibnizian concepts. Herr Professor G.W. von Leibnitz criticized his Newtonian views. After the accession of George I as King of England, Princess Caroline would become Clarke’s patron. Volt aire held that Caroline had wanted to appoint him Archbishop of Canterbury, although his heterodox reputation blocked this. After Clarke’s death she would bestow a pension on his widow. HDT WHAT? INDEX

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1716

William Wake became Archbishop of Canterbury. HDT WHAT? INDEX

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1737

John Potter became Archbishop of Canterbury. HDT WHAT? INDEX

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1747

Thomas Herring became Archbishop of Canterbury (there is a story that Bishop had declined to be nominated). HDT WHAT? INDEX

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1757

Matthew Hutton became Archbishop of Canterbury. HDT WHAT? INDEX

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1758

Thomas Secker became Archbishop of Canterbury.

Carlo della Torre di Rezzonico of Venice became Pope Clement XIII. HDT WHAT? INDEX

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1768

Frederick Cornwallis became Archbishop of Canterbury. HDT WHAT? INDEX

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1783

From this year into 1801, William Pitt the Younger would serve as the prime minister of England.

John Moore became Archbishop of Canterbury. HDT WHAT? INDEX

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1784

The Reverend ’s THE LIFE OF THOMAS CRANMER, ARCHBISHOP OF CANTERBURY.

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“Crematus vivus” happens to be the Latin way to say “burned alive” HDT WHAT? INDEX

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1805

Charles Manners-Sutton became Archbishop of Canterbury. HDT WHAT? INDEX

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1816

Charles Lyell entered College, Oxford, where the lectures of Dr. Buckland would draw him into the study of geology.

The evangelical Reverend , who would in 1848 be made Archbishop of Canterbury, in this year authored a TREATISE ON THE RECORDS OF CREATION AND THE MORAL ATTRIBUTES OF THE CREATOR (London). HDT WHAT? INDEX

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1821

Grace Kennedy’s initial publication, THE DECISION: OR, RELIGION MUST BE ALL, OR IS NOTHING (everything she would ever publish would be anonymous).

The evangelical Reverend John Bird Sumner, who would in 1848 be made Archbishop of Canterbury, in this year authored THE EVIDENCE OF CHRISTIANITY DERIVED FROM ITS NATURE AND RECEPTION (London). HDT WHAT? INDEX

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1828

William Howley became Archbishop of Canterbury. HDT WHAT? INDEX

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1837

June 20, Tuesday: When King William IV of the house of Hanover died of pneumonia in his palace, his niece Victoria

acceded to the throne of England. When Archbishop of Canterbury tried to shove the ring on a finger that was too big for it, there was, shall we say, embarrassment all around. The monarch would banish Sir John Conroy, her ambitious Irish counselor, from the royal court in order not to be in any way under his HDT WHAT? INDEX

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influence. Soon she would be receiving a couple of death threats:

George III 1760 1820

The Prince 1811 1820 Regency

George IV 1820 1830

William IV 1830 1837

Victoria 1837 1901

Speaking of thrones, at this point, although there was a water closet of the Harington design in Richmond Palace, there wasn’t a single such device in , the nobles there being in the habit of using servants with chamber pots. A throne, a throne, my queendom for a throne!8 GOD IN THE JAKES WATER SUPPLY

8. Henry Wadsworth Longfellow is credited with the 1st water closet in the USA, within a private home. This does not, however, explain anything about his poetry. Nowadays, when the Queen of England travels, she takes along a special toilet that blends and cooks her excreta into an homogenous and sterile and entirely anonymous fluid — in order to prevent the more imaginative of her loyal subjects from getting bold ideas about the money to be made in the retailing of personal mementos of her majesty. This, and the events of a very recent year in Canada, of course bring special meaning to the common phrase “when the royal shit hit the fan.” HDT WHAT? INDEX

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1848

By this point William Howells could consistently meet the journeyman printer’s standard of being able to set five thousands ems of type per day, despite being as yet but eleven years of age.

The American Art Union purchased the first version of Thomas Cole’s “Voyage of Life” series of paintings from the heirs of the deceased New York banker Sam Ward, and placed them on display. At a time when there were only a million people living in New York City, approximately half a million people viewed this enormously popular moralistic art exhibit. When the American Art Union offered engravings of this series to its subscribers, its membership grew from about 800 to about 16,000 — more than an order of magnitude.

John Bird Sumner became Archbishop of Canterbury. HDT WHAT? INDEX

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1851

In has been related that in London, when in this year Archbishop of Canterbury John Bird Sumner had an opportunity to meet the Reverend Josiah Henson, a polite piece of conversation ensued: “From which university did you graduate?”

The Reverend Henson is reported to have responded politely, but not putting too fine a point on it, “The U. of Adversity.”

Graduate, Eton & King’s College Graduate, University of Adversity

(Is this merely one of those just-so stories, that are so excellent that someone absolutely had to invent it? The Reverend Henson did indeed tour England being admired as the model for the character “Uncle Tom,” but strangely enough, in the two biographies that have been written about this Archbishop of Canterbury, both leave unmentioned the privilege of the good Archbishop having being able to schmooze with the original “Uncle Tom”!)

“It is simply crazy that there should ever have come into being a world with such a sin in it, in which a man is set apart because of his color — the superficial fact about a human being. Who could want such a world? For an American fighting for his love of country, that the last hope of earth should from its beginning have swallowed slavery, is an irony so withering, a justice so intimate in its rebuke of pride, as to measure only with God.” — Stanley Cavell, MUST WE MEAN WHAT WE SAY? 1976, page 141 HDT WHAT? INDEX

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1862

John Percival the American war hero, AKA “Mad Jack” or “Roaring Jack,” died. Have you ever heard of him?

Charles Thomas Longley became Archbishop of Canterbury.

Dr. Robert Knox of Edinburgh9 again circulated the knowledge he had originated in 1850 in his THE RACES OF MEN: A FRAGMENT (this time under the title THE RACES OF MEN: A PHILOSOPHICAL ENQUIRY INTO THE INFLUENCE OF RACE OVER THE DESTINIES OF NATIONS), knowledge attained by the dissection of the purchased, hardly cold bodies of executed men of various races. “Race is everything,” he reiterated,

literature, , art — in a word, civilization depends on it.

THE SCIENCE OF 1862 In order to hold at arm’s length any accusation that a portion of the misery in Ireland might be due to some measure of misrule on the part of England, the physician still hypothecated that:

[T]he source of all evil lies in the race, the Celtic race of Ireland. Look at Wales, look at Caledonia; it is ever the same. The race must be forced from the soil; by fair means, if possible; still they must leave.

For the animadversions to be found in this 1850/1862 treatise, Philip Curtin has recently awarded to Doctor Knox a title of sorts: “the father of English racism.”10 RACISM

Who is our neighbor? –Dr. Knox asked. The wisdom he had to offer was that there is no point in trying to be a Good Samaritan to a person who is of dark race rather than of Saxon blood, as for instance a Chinese:

Destined by the nature of their race to run, like all other animals, a certain limited course of existence, it matters little how their extinction is brought about.

9. This is the same notorious physician whose repeated purchases of bodies for dissection had inspired William Burke and William Hare to lure into their boarding house, make drunk, and suffocate, some 15 persons in series in order to supply the ongoing market. He had managed due to his social position, despite the fact that he had been hanged in effigy by an indignant crowd outside his home, to evade formal prosecution. Eventually, this physician’s body would in its turn be dissected. 10. Curtin, Philip. THE IMAGE OF AFRICA. BRITISH IDEAS AND ACTION 1780-1850 (Madison WI: U of Wisconsin P, 1964, page 377). It is worth noting, however, that this title “the father of English racism” is a disputed title, for Paul Fryer, in STAYING POWER: THE HISTORY OF BLACK PEOPLE IN BRITAIN (London: Pluto P, 1984, page 70), has awarded it to Edward Long, the slavemaster who in 1774 had authored a racist HISTORY OF JAMAICA. HDT WHAT? INDEX

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He again recommended, for deployment on the white homefront, the teachings of Jesus on the mount, but abroad, he recommended for deployment the principles of Machiavelli. When Emerson had perused this obviously self-serving scientism, he had discovered in Knox’s pages not drivel but “pungent and unforgettable truths.” However, there was a difference between Knox’s approach and Emerson’s: temperamentally the Sage of Concord was more inclined to praise the excellence of the fittest to survive, at least during these years of his life,11 than he was to express contempt for the incompetence of our unfit inferiors such as the Mexicans whom we overrun

and it will in the course of ages be of small import by what particular occasions and methods it was done.

And, by temperament, Emerson lovers down the decades have been inclined to overlook the fact that there is no practical difference between Emerson’s praising the excellence of “the strong British race” as the fittest to survive and Knox’s expressions of contempt for any group of colored pseudo-people which whom civilization could murder to dissect — as long as a culture-maven is legitimating this work, he or she is doing this work,

11. Later in life, the kindly Emerson grew noticeably less well-dispositioned toward the of humanity, when he discovered that the “calamity” was these “enormous populations, like moving cheese,” the “guano-races” in regard to which “the worst of charity is, that the lives you are asked to preserve are not worth preserving.” HDT WHAT? INDEX

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he or she is a full-fledged co-conspirator in genocide.

Sue Petrovski has pointed up the fact that although Emerson clearly had dementia of some form at the end of his life, this may well have been coloring some of his thinking far earlier, even as early as this period. In her years of activity with the Alzheimer’s Association she has heard many caregivers say, “Well, s/he’s been a little strange for a long time.” Her experience has been that the late 50s is a common time for Early Onset Alzheimer’s to begin. While the average length of life with Alzheimer’s is about 8 to 10 years, her friend’s mother lived 20 years with that attacking her sanity. She points out that “Paranoia, a suspicious nature, anger, and even an unprovoked dislike of someone once trusted by the patient is not uncommon.” The disturbing elements that we find in this period, in Emerson’s musings, may, if that is the case, be forgiven him. HDT WHAT? INDEX

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1868

Archibald Campbell Tait became Archbishop of Canterbury. HDT WHAT? INDEX

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1883

Edward White Benson became Archbishop of Canterbury. HDT WHAT? INDEX

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1896

Frederick Temple became Archbishop of Canterbury. HDT WHAT? INDEX

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1903

Giuseppe Melchiorre Sarto of Riese became Pope Pius X.

Randall Thomas Davidson became Archbishop of Canterbury. HDT WHAT? INDEX

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1928

Cosmo became Archbishop of Canterbury. HDT WHAT? INDEX

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1942

William Temple became Archbishop of Canterbury. HDT WHAT? INDEX

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1945

Geoffrey Francis Fisher became Archbishop of Canterbury. HDT WHAT? INDEX

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1961

Arthur Ramsey became Archbishop of Canterbury. HDT WHAT? INDEX

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1974

Frederick became Archbishop of Canterbury. HDT WHAT? INDEX

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1980

Robert Alexander Kennedy Runcie became Archbishop of Canterbury. HDT WHAT? INDEX

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1991

George Leonard Carey became Archbishop of Canterbury.

“MAGISTERIAL HISTORY” IS FANTASIZING, HISTORY IS CHRONOLOGY

Archbishops of Canterbury “Stack of the Artist of Kouroo” Project HDT WHAT? INDEX

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COPYRIGHT NOTICE: In addition to the property of others, such as extensive quotations and reproductions of images, this “read-only” computer file contains a great deal of special work product of Austin Meredith, copyright 2014. Access to these interim materials will eventually be offered for a fee in order to recoup some of the costs of preparation. My hypercontext button invention which, instead of creating a hypertext leap through hyperspace —resulting in navigation problems— allows for an utter alteration of the context within which one is experiencing a specific content already being viewed, is claimed as proprietary to Austin Meredith — and therefore freely available for use by all. Limited permission to copy such files, or any material from such files, must be obtained in advance in writing from the “Stack of the Artist of Kouroo” Project, 833 Berkeley St., Durham NC 27705. Please contact the project at .

“It’s all now you see. Yesterday won’t be over until tomorrow and tomorrow began ten thousand years ago.” – Remark by character “Garin Stevens” in William Faulkner’s INTRUDER IN THE DUST

Prepared: April 30, 2014 HDT WHAT? INDEX

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ARRGH AUTOMATED RESEARCH REPORT

GENERATION HOTLINE

This stuff presumably looks to you as if it were generated by a human. Such is not the case. Instead, someone has requested that we pull it out of the hat of a pirate who has grown out of the shoulder of our pet parrot “Laura” (as above). What these chronological lists are: they are research reports compiled by ARRGH algorithms out of a database of modules which we term the Kouroo Contexture (this is data mining). To respond to such a request for information we merely push a button. HDT WHAT? INDEX

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Commonly, the first output of the algorithm has obvious deficiencies and we need to go back into the modules stored in the contexture and do a minor amount of tweaking, and then we need to punch that button again and recompile the chronology — but there is nothing here that remotely resembles the ordinary “writerly” process you know and love. As the contents of this originating contexture improve, and as the programming improves, and as funding becomes available (to date no funding whatever has been needed in the creation of this facility, the entire operation being run out of pocket change) we expect a diminished need to do such tweaking and recompiling, and we fully expect to achieve a simulation of a generous and untiring robotic research librarian. Onward and upward in this brave new world.

First come first serve. There is no charge. Place requests with . Arrgh.