DOCSLIB.ORG

Francia – References for Each Section of the Journey Are From

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Francia – References for Each Section of the Journey Are From In the Steps of Augustine of Canterbury A Pilgrim’s Guide in France In the Steps of Augustine of Canterbury A Pilgrim’s Guide in France For historical background on the sixth century and the implications of Augustine’s journey through France – ancient Francia – references for each section of the journey are from: Robin Mackintosh, Augustine of Canterbury: Leadership, Mission and Legacy, Canterbury Press, 2013 Rob Mackintosh & Peter Ingrams 1 Contents Chapter 3 Raging Waters Copyright - Arles to Lyon Dedication Chapter 4 Crucial Encounter - Lyon to Nevers Preface Chapter 5 Ready at Last Acknowledgements - Nevers to Paris Chapter 1 The Great Beginning Chapter 6 Taking Risks, Meeting Ancestors - Villefranche-sur-Mer to Aix-en-Provence - Paris to Laon Chapter 2 A Fresh Start Chapter 7 Imperium or Emporium? - Aix-en-Provence to Arles - Laon to Quentovic 2 b Copyright Dedication © Rob Mackintosh & Peter Ingrams 2016 This Pilgrim Guide is dedicated to the Companions of Augustine of Canterbury, and to everyone on a pilgrim First published in 2016 way in the hope that their lives will be enriched in many and unexpected ways. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, In the end, as in the beginning, pilgrimage is a response to in any from or by any means, electronic, mechanical, an impulse of Love. photocopying or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publishers. “The proof of love is in the works. Where love exists, it works great things. But when it ceases to act, it ceases to The Authors have asserted their rights under the exist” Copyright, Designs and Patents Act, 1988, to be identified – Pope St. Gregory the Great as the Authors of this work. 3 Preface may be helpful for our own journey today. Our main aim of this particular quest was to follow St. Augustine s as he journeyed THERE ARE MANY REASONS WHY PEOPLE UNDERTAKE through ancient Francia (now present-day France) on his way to PILGRIMAGES. A quest of some kind often underlies most our England, and to learn what we can about the journey first motivations. These could be religious or secular, and our undertaken in AD 596-7. destinations as diverse as the tomb of the Prophet or Elvis Presley's Graceland. The earliest Christian pilgrimages were undertaken to It seemed to us that this would not only bring to life our own the places, or last resting place, of extraordinary individuals, understanding of events that took place over 1,400 years ago, but merely to be in the presence of their bones and relics. A piece of a also that this exploration might be helpful to others who follow garment, a cross, a bone somehow brought the seeker into contact some or all of Augustine’s journey through sixth-century France. with the holy, the numinous. Or a pilgrimage may be in memory of We divided the journey into a number of smaller, more manageable someone, or to sort out one's life, or simply for the pleasure of the stages to describe what Augustine and his companions from Rome journey itself. might have seen as he and they journeyed from the south to the north of ancient Francia. On the way, historical details of the period There are no relics in France associated with Augustine the first helped to enrich our understanding of events. Archbishop of Canterbury, but there are many places - stretching from Rome to Canterbury - that have associations with his Another aim was to assess the possibiity of mapping a new missionary journey to the Anglo-Saxon peoples of England. pilgrimage route through France, based on Augustine’s journey, and also assess the potential for a group of pilgrims following this That is the main purpose for this pilgrimage guide - to help us route, perhaps starting from Rome. Lastly, we aimed to explore follow in his footsteps, to stand where he stood, perhaps to see more about pilgrimage by following this route and reflecting on it what he saw, to think his thoughts after him, and discover what as the journey unfolded. This is what we discovered. 4 Acknowledgments SEVERAL YEARS IN THE MAKING, THIS GUIDE DEVELOPED DURING holidays in France, a day spent with a marine archaeologist in Etaples, a week by car t mapping-out Augustine’s route, and several years of reading the key texts and letters that unfold Augustine’s journey I thank my wife Gill for her support, patience and endurance during many trips to France, particularly Tours, Lyon, Paris and Provence. Not least, my sincere thanks to friend and colleague Peter Ingrams, for his invaluable support, encouragement and involvment in mapping out the journey, driving the length of France in less than seven days, and making crucial discoveries at key places on the way. Lastly, my grateful thanks to marine arhaeologist Dr. Michel Philippe for an unforgettable day spent with him exploring Etaples and the River Canche and the fortress town of Montreuil, in search of the location of the ancient Roman emporium port of Quentovicus. Icon of Pope Gregory the Great, who sent a monk from his monastery in Rome to the Kingdome of Kent. 5 6 Chapter 1 Lerins 7 Chapter 1 The Great Beginning Villefranche-sur-Mer to Aix-en-Provence OUR PILGRIMAGE JOURNEY FOLLOWS AUGUSTINE’S FOOTSTEPS from the Côte d’Azur to the English Channel. These were difficult and desperate times for Rome where the journey began for Augustine and his party of twenty monks and lay brothers. The city found itself isolated by hostile Lombard dukes and their warriors who continually threatened Rome’s food supply, farming communities and neighbouring towns. Pope Gregory the Great launched a mission to Kent partly through a request from the Kingdom of Kent, and partly in response to a Gospel imperative to preach Good News before the End of the world could come. Anglo-Saxon England was regarded as the last pagan society still untouched by the teachings of Christianity. With little confidence in the ability of his own bishops to lead such a mission, and with no Lerins: Saracen fort well response from the bishops of the Franks across the English Channel, the pope sent his own monks to undertake this mission. 8 Chapter 1 Villefranche-sur-Mer to Aix- 1. Villefranche-sur-Mer en-Provence OUR PILGRIMAGE JOURNEY BEGINS ON THE D2564, OR GRANDE CORNICHE, following the route of the Roman Via Aurelia that passes by on a hillside overlooking Villefranche-sur-Mer. The road down to Villefranche’s wide sweeping anchorage is lined THE ROUTE with attractive period cafés and houses, ending under shady trees just yards from the waterfront. The walls of an old fort, the 1. Villefranche-sur-Mer Citadelle, looming nearby, were built in the C16th to protect the 2. Iles de Lerins port. The view is impressive. It is also a good place to stop for morning coffee. 3. The Coastal Route and Via Aurelia 4. Fréjus (Foroiuliensis – Forum of Julius) On this morning, the large bay can seem strangely empty, with one sailboat anchored a short distance from the quay, and in the 5. Vieux Cannet distance near the mouth of the anchorage, a single large cruise liner 6. St-Maximin-la-Ste-Baume lay at anchor. Significance 9 (See also, Augustine of Canterbury, p. 12) Villeranche-sur-Mer is one of only two landing places where Augustine, departing from Ostia the Port of Rome, might have landed. The bay at Villefranche is one of the deepest natural harbours of any port in the Mediterranean, and can provide safe anchorage for large ships with its depths down to 95 m (320 ft). The Greeks - and later the Romans - used this natural harbour as a stop-over en route to Greek settlements around the Western Mediterranean. Did Augustine make landfall here? That depends in part on the tonnage of ship they were able to secure from Ostia. Grain ships Villefranche-sur-Mer: were generally large vessels requiring a deep harbour. harbour; marina Alternatively they mav have secured a merchant ship small enough to anchor at one of the Lerins islands, which is the next destination on our own pilgrimage journey. 10 2. Iles de Lerins ISLES DE LERINS REFERS TO TWO ISLANDS - ILE STE MARGUERITE (possibly named after St. Honorius’ sister) and once a prison island that has a fortress (now a museum). It is closer to Cannes; Ile-St-Honorat, lies a mile or so further south. A journey to the monastery on Ile-St-Honorat is essential to the itinerary, and for pilgrims today, the coastal city of Cannes is its gateway. Contact online: Cannestouristinformation.co.uk Abbayedelerins.com In Cannes, a castle stands on top of Le Suquet Hill overlooking the sea. This ancient town may have taken its name from an early coastal settlement, or perhaps from an ancient Ligurian word for Ferry to Lerins at Cannes; fortified ‘high ground’. looking back at Cannes; Map of Ile St-Honorat on the island. Getting to St-Honorat A regular ferry service departs from Quai Laubeuf on the western edge of the old Cannes marina-harbour, except in bad weather, which may prevent visitors reaching the island, or alternatively, delaying their departure. 11 Background: Ile-St-Honorat In succeeding generations, particularly after the unification of the Frankish Kingdom under Clovis I (AD 465-511), monastery St. Honorius, founder of the abbey on the island and a Gaul by churches such as Lerins and St Martin’s Abbey in Autun became birth, was born into a pagan family. He became a convert to recognised as spiritual power-houses of the Merovingian Church.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Lesser Feasts and Fasts 2018
    Lesser Feasts and Fasts 2018 Conforming to General Convention 2018 1 Preface Christians have since ancient times honored men and women whose lives represent heroic commitment to Christ and who have borne witness to their faith even at the cost of their lives. Such witnesses, by the grace of God, live in every age. The criteria used in the selection of those to be commemorated in the Episcopal Church are set out below and represent a growing consensus among provinces of the Anglican Communion also engaged in enriching their calendars. What we celebrate in the lives of the saints is the presence of Christ expressing itself in and through particular lives lived in the midst of specific historical circumstances. In the saints we are not dealing primarily with absolutes of perfection but human lives, in all their diversity, open to the motions of the Holy Spirit. Many a holy life, when carefully examined, will reveal flaws or the bias of a particular moment in history or ecclesial perspective. It should encourage us to realize that the saints, like us, are first and foremost redeemed sinners in whom the risen Christ’s words to St. Paul come to fulfillment, “My grace is sufficient for you, for my power is made perfect in weakness.” The “lesser feasts” provide opportunities for optional observance. They are not intended to replace the fundamental celebration of Sunday and major Holy Days. As the Standing Liturgical Commission and the General Convention add or delete names from the calendar, successive editions of this volume will be published, each edition bearing in the title the date of the General Convention to which it is a response.
    [Show full text]
  • The Tombs of the Kings and Archbishops in St Austin's Abbey
    http://kentarchaeology.org.uk/research/archaeologia-cantiana/ Kent Archaeological Society is a registered charity number 223382 © 2017 Kent Archaeological Society ( THE TOMBS OF THE KINGS AND ARCH-, BISHOPS IN ST. AUSTIN'S ABBEY. (Based on a Lecture given by request of the Dean in the Cathedral Chapter House, Canterbury, on Thursday, July 9th, 1925.) BY THE REV. R. U. POTTS, M.A.., F.S.A., BURSAR OF ST. AtIGUSTINE'S COLLEGE. THE following is an attempt to give a brief collective account of the tombs of the Kings and Archbishops in St. Augustine's Abbey, both of those of which some remains have been found; and of those of which a record is preserved in writing. How the bodies of the Kings and Archbishops came to be buried in St. Augustine's is explained in Bede's descrip- tion. of the founding of the Abbey.* After mentioning the' founding of the Cathedral within the city, he goes on "He(i.e.,Augustine) alsobuiltamonasterynotfarfrom the' city to the eastward, in which by his advice Ethelbert erected from the foundation the church of the blessed Apostles Peter and Paul; and enriched it with several donations: wherein the bodies of the same Augustine and of all the bishops of Canterbury and of the Kings of Icent might be buried." The foundation of the monastery, according to the Augustinian Ohronicle, was begun in 598, though the church was. not completed at the death of St; Augustine in 605. It was consecrated, according to Bede, by Augustine's successor, Laurence. Its distinct function as the home of the monks and the royal and episcopal burial-place is described at some length by Gotselin,t the monk who lived.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 Gallo-Roman Relations Under the Early Empire by Ryan Walsh A
    Gallo-Roman Relations under the Early Empire By Ryan Walsh A thesis presented to the University of Waterloo in fulfillment of the thesis requirement for the degree of Master of Arts in Ancient Mediterranean Cultures Waterloo, Ontario, Canada, 2013 © Ryan Walsh 2013 1 Author's Declaration I hereby declare that I am the sole author of this thesis. This is a true copy of the thesis, including any required final revisions, as accepted by my examiners. I understand that my thesis may be made electronically available to the public. ii Abstract This paper examines the changing attitudes of Gallo-Romans from the time of Caesar's conquest in the 50s BCE to the start of Vespasian's reign in 70-71 CE and how Roman prejudice shaped those attitudes. I first examine the conflicted opinions of the Gauls in Caesar's time and how they eventually banded together against him but were defeated. Next, the activities of each Julio-Claudian emperor are examined to see how they impacted Gaul and what the Gallo-Roman response was. Throughout this period there is clear evidence of increased Romanisation amongst the Gauls and the prominence of the region is obvious in imperial policy. This changes with Nero's reign where Vindex's rebellion against the emperor highlights the prejudices still effecting Roman attitudes. This only becomes worse in the rebellion of Civilis the next year. After these revolts, the Gallo-Romans appear to retreat from imperial offices and stick to local affairs, likely as a direct response to Rome's rejection of them.
    [Show full text]
  • Tables of Contemporary Chronology, from the Creation to A. D. 1825
    : TABLES OP CONTEMPORARY CHUONOLOGY. FROM THE CREATION, TO A. D. 1825. \> IN SEVEN PARTS. "Remember the days of old—consider the years of many generations." 3lorttatttt PUBLISHED BY SHIRLEY & HYDE. 1629. : : DISTRICT OF MAItfE, TO WIT DISTRICT CLERKS OFFICE. BE IT REMEMBERED, That on the first day of June, A. D. 1829, and in the fifty-third year of the Independence of the United States of America, Messrs. Shiraey tt Hyde, of said District, have deposited in this office, the title of a book, the right whereof they claim as proprietors, in the words following, to wit Tables of Contemporary Chronology, from the Creation, to A.D. 1825. In seven parts. "Remember the days of old—consider the years of many generations." In conformity to the act of the Congress of the United States, entitled " An Act for the encouragement of learning, by securing the copies of maps, charts, and books, to the authors and proprietors of such copies, during the times therein mentioned ;" and also to an act, entitled "An Act supplementary to an act, entitled An Act for the encouragement of learning, by securing the copies of maps, charts and books, to the authors and proprietors of such copies, during the times therein mentioned ; and for extending the benefits thereof to the arts of designing, engraving, and etching historical and other prints." J. MUSSEV, Clerk of the District of Maine. A true copy as of record, Attest. J MUSSEY. Clerk D. C. of Maine — TO THE PUBLIC. The compiler of these Tables has long considered a work of this sort a desideratum.
    [Show full text]
  • Murder in Aubagne: Lynching, Law, and Justice During the French
    This page intentionally left blank Murder in Aubagne Lynching, Law, and Justice during the French Revolution This is a study of factions, lynching, murder, terror, and counterterror during the French Revolution. It examines factionalism in small towns like Aubagne near Marseille, and how this produced the murders and prison massacres of 1795–1798. Another major theme is the conver- gence of lynching from below with official terror from above. Although the Terror may have been designed to solve a national emergency in the spring of 1793, in southern France it permitted one faction to con- tinue a struggle against its enemies, a struggle that had begun earlier over local issues like taxation and governance. This study uses the tech- niques of microhistory to tell the story of the small town of Aubagne. It then extends the scope to places nearby like Marseille, Arles, and Aix-en-Provence. Along the way, it illuminates familiar topics like the activity of clubs and revolutionary tribunals and then explores largely unexamined areas like lynching, the sociology of factions, the emer- gence of theories of violent fraternal democracy, and the nature of the White Terror. D. M. G. Sutherland received his M.A. from the University of Sussex and his Ph.D. from the University of London. He is currently professor of history at the University of Maryland, College Park. He is the author of The Chouans: The Social Origins of Popular Counterrevolution in Upper Brittany, 1770–1796 (1982), France, 1789–1815: Revolution and Counterrevolution (1985), and The French Revolution, 1770– 1815: The Quest for a Civic Order (2003) as well as numerous scholarly articles.
    [Show full text]
  • Slaves in Lusitania: Identity, Demography and Social Relations Autor(Es): Curchin, Leonard A
    Slaves in Lusitania: identity, demography and social relations Autor(es): Curchin, Leonard A. Publicado por: Imprensa da Universidade de Coimbra URL persistente: URI:http://hdl.handle.net/10316.2/43447 DOI: DOI:https://doi.org/10.14195/1647-8657_56_3 Accessed : 2-Oct-2021 05:49:58 A navegação consulta e descarregamento dos títulos inseridos nas Bibliotecas Digitais UC Digitalis, UC Pombalina e UC Impactum, pressupõem a aceitação plena e sem reservas dos Termos e Condições de Uso destas Bibliotecas Digitais, disponíveis em https://digitalis.uc.pt/pt-pt/termos. Conforme exposto nos referidos Termos e Condições de Uso, o descarregamento de títulos de acesso restrito requer uma licença válida de autorização devendo o utilizador aceder ao(s) documento(s) a partir de um endereço de IP da instituição detentora da supramencionada licença. Ao utilizador é apenas permitido o descarregamento para uso pessoal, pelo que o emprego do(s) título(s) descarregado(s) para outro fim, designadamente comercial, carece de autorização do respetivo autor ou editor da obra. Na medida em que todas as obras da UC Digitalis se encontram protegidas pelo Código do Direito de Autor e Direitos Conexos e demais legislação aplicável, toda a cópia, parcial ou total, deste documento, nos casos em que é legalmente admitida, deverá conter ou fazer-se acompanhar por este aviso. impactum.uc.pt digitalis.uc.pt Leonard A. Curchin Classical Studies. University of Waterloo (Canada) [email protected] SLAVES IN LUSITANIA: IDENTITY, DEMOGRAPHY AND SOCIAL RELATIONS “Conimbriga” LVI (2017) p. 75-108 https://doi.org/10.14195/1647-8657_56_3 Summary: An analysis is made of inscriptions from Lusitania naming slaves, which is necessarily limited to persons explicitly identified as servi or the like.
    [Show full text]
  • Demography Roman Spain
    CARRERAS MONFORT C. A new perspective for the demographic study of Roman Spain. Revista de Historia da Arte e Arqueologia n.2, 1995-1996; pp. 59-82. A NEW PERSPECTIVE FOR THE DEMOGRAPHIC STUDY OF ROMAN SPAIN César Carreras Monfort* * Universitat Oberta de Catalunya e-mail: [email protected] In the last years, there has been an increase in the number of demographic studies of ancient societies, with the main aim to recognize the internal organization of the populations and, to some extent, how the resources of a territory determined patterns of distribution [Gallo, 1984; Parkin, 1992]. Actually, within the limits of the Roman society, these studies allowed us to revise again basic concepts such as the relationship between the urban and rural world [López Paz, 1994], or even, to discuss about the degree of urbanism that supposedly it is accepted for the Graeco-Roman world. The demographic analyses on the Roman period were recently favoured by a better knowledge now, of the urban perimeters of ancient Roman cities, and the patterns of rural distribution; thanks to the contribution of either the urban archaeology and the rural field-surveys [Barker, 1991] and cadastres studies [Chouquer and Favory, 1991]. Furthermore, the important contribution of papyrology also stands out, since they supply information on demography, which despite being basically about Roman Egypt, it can be extrapolated to other provinces [Hombert and Preaux, 1952; Bagnall and Frier, 1994]. These new documental evidences allow us to carry out a new estimate, from another viewpoint, of the population in a very particular province such as Roman Spain, and also they become a headway in the detailed study of population patterns.
    [Show full text]
  • The Rhetoric of Corruption in Late Antiquity
    UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA RIVERSIDE The Rhetoric of Corruption in Late Antiquity A Dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Classics by Tim W. Watson June 2010 Dissertation Committee: Dr. Michele R. Salzman, Chairperson Dr. Harold A. Drake Dr. Thomas N. Sizgorich Copyright by Tim W. Watson 2010 The Dissertation of Tim W. Watson is approved: ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ Committee Chairperson University of California, Riverside ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS In accordance with that filial piety so central to the epistolary persona of Q. Aurelius Symmachus, I would like to thank first and foremost my parents, Lee and Virginia Watson, without whom there would be quite literally nothing, followed closely by my grandmother, Virginia Galbraith, whose support both emotionally and financially has been invaluable. Within the academy, my greatest debt is naturally to my advisor, Michele Salzman, a doctissima patrona of infinite patience and firm guidance, to whom I came with the mind of a child and departed with the intellect of an adult. Hal Drake I owe for his kind words, his critical eye, and his welcome humor. In Tom Sizgorich I found a friend and colleague whose friendship did not diminish even after he assumed his additional role as mentor. Outside the field, I owe a special debt to Dale Kent, who ushered me through my beginning quarter of graduate school with great encouragement and first stirred my fascination with patronage. Lastly, I would like to express my gratitude to the two organizations who have funded the years of my study, the Department of History at the University of California, Riverside and the Department of Classics at the University of California, Irvine.
    [Show full text]
  • Low-Res-Fourvière and Lyon Booklet-4 Print Ready
    2015 2016 Fourvière Our Lady of Fourvière and Lyon Our Lady of Fourvière and Lyon Now that same day two of them were going to a village called Emmaus, about seven miles from Jerusalem. They were talking with each other about everything that had happened. As they talked and discussed these things with each other, Jesus himself came up and walked along with them; but they were kept from recognizing him. He asked them, “What are you discussing together as you walk along?” They stood still, their faces downcast. One of them, named Cleopas, asked him, “Are you the only one visiting Jerusalem who does not know the things that have happened there in these days?” “What things?” he asked. “About Jesus of Nazareth,” they replied. “He was a prophet, powerful in word and deed before God and all the people. The chief priests and our rulers handed him over to be sentenced to death, and they crucified him; but we had hoped that he was the one who was going to redeem Israel. And what is more, it is the third day since all this took place. In addition, some of our women amazed us. They went to the tomb early this morning but didn’t find his body. They came and told us that they had seen a vision of angels, who said he was alive. Then some of our companions went to the tomb and found it just as the women had said, but they did not see Jesus.” He said to them, “How foolish you are, and how slow to believe all that the prophets have spoken! Did not the Messiah have to suffer these things and then enter his glory?” And beginning with Moses and all the Prophets, he explained to them what was said in all the Scriptures concerning himself.
    [Show full text]
  • Pentagons in Medieval Architecture
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Repository of the Academy's Library Építés – Építészettudomány 46 (3–4) 291–318 DOI: 10.1556/096.2018.008 PENTAGONS IN MEDIEVAL ARCHITECTURE KRISZTINA FEHÉR* – BALÁZS HALMOS** – BRIGITTA SZILÁGYI*** *PhD student. Department of History of Architecture and Monument Preservation, BUTE K II. 82, Műegyetem rkp. 3, H-1111 Budapest, Hungary. E-mail: [email protected] **PhD, assistant professor. Department of History of Architecture and Monument Preservation, BUTE K II. 82, Műegyetem rkp. 3, H-1111 Budapest, Hungary. E-mail: [email protected] ***PhD, associate professor. Department of Geometry, BUTE H. II. 22, Egry József u. 1, H-1111 Budapest, Hungary. E-mail: [email protected] Among regular polygons, the pentagon is considered to be barely used in medieval architectural compositions, due to its odd spatial appearance and difficult method of construction. The pentagon, representing the number five has a rich semantic role in Christian symbolism. Even though the proper way of construction was already invented in the Antiquity, there is no evidence of medieval architects having been aware of this knowledge. Contemporary sources only show approximative construction methods. In the Middle Ages the form has been used in architectural elements such as window traceries, towers and apses. As opposed to the general opinion supposing that this polygon has rarely been used, numerous examples bear record that its application can be considered as rather common. Our paper at- tempts to give an overview of the different methods architects could have used for regular pentagon construction during the Middle Ages, and the ways of applying the form.
    [Show full text]
  • The Ideology of Monastic and Aristocratic Community in Late Román Gaul
    roUS. Revista de ideas y formas políticas de la Antigüedad Clásica 6, 1994, pp. 203-220. THE IDEOLOGY OF MONASTIC AND ARISTOCRATIC COMMUNITY IN LATE ROMÁN GAUL Ralph W. Mathisen University of South Carolina The fifth century was a time of great change in the Mediterranean world. The classical, pagan world was being replaced by a new Christian one. And, in the west, there was a new barbarían presence to be dealt with as well. The élite classes around the empire dealt with these changes in different ways. In Gaul, aristocratic society carne under siege during the fifth century. The barbarían settlement in particular caused a crísis for Gallic aristocrats. The barbaríans competed with Gauls for social status, economic influence, and political office. Another problem for the Gauls was that there just were not very many of them. They were scattered far and wide, each focused on his own local interests. If Gallic aristocrats were to survive as a class, they were going to 203 have to devise ways to maintain aristocratic solidarity'. This study will argüe that, unlike other áreas of the empire, where aristocrats often contributed to their own decline by their competition with each other, Gallic aristocrats made common cause^. Few in number they may have been, but they compensated by finding novel means of creating unity from diversity and a new sense of aristocratic community. The Christian church played a significant part in the way that Gallo-Roman aristocrats redefined their roles. One does not normally think of Christianity as advocating an elitist ideal during this period, but the Gauls managed to find aspects of Christian beliefs and practices that were consistent with their own ideologies.
    [Show full text]
  • Site/Non-Site Explores the Relationship Between the Two Genres Which the Master of Aix-En- Provence Cultivated with the Same Passion: Landscapes and Still Lifes
    site / non-site CÉZANNE site / non-site Guillermo Solana Museo Thyssen-Bornemisza, Madrid February 4 – May 18, 2014 Fundación Colección Acknowledgements Thyssen-Bornemisza Board of Trustees President The Museo Thyssen-Bornemisza Hervé Irien José Ignacio Wert Ortega wishes to thank the following people Philipp Kaiser who have contributed decisively with Samuel Keller Vice-President their collaboration to making this Brian Kennedy Baroness Carmen Thyssen-Bornemisza exhibition a reality: Udo Kittelmann Board Members María Alonso Perrine Le Blan HRH the Infanta Doña Pilar de Irina Antonova Ellen Lee Borbón Richard Armstrong Arnold L. Lehman José María Lassalle Ruiz László Baán Christophe Leribault Fernando Benzo Sáinz Mr. and Mrs. Barron U. Kidd Marina Loshak Marta Fernández Currás Graham W. J. Beal Glenn D. Lowry HIRH Archduchess Francesca von Christoph Becker Akiko Mabuchi Habsburg-Lothringen Jean-Yves Marin Miguel Klingenberg Richard Benefield Fred Bidwell Marc Mayer Miguel Satrústegui Gil-Delgado Mary G. Morton Isidre Fainé Casas Daniel Birnbaum Nathalie Bondil Pia Müller-Tamm Rodrigo de Rato y Figaredo Isabella Nilsson María de Corral López-Dóriga Michael Brand Thomas P. Campbell Nils Ohlsen Artistic Director Michael Clarke Eriko Osaka Guillermo Solana Caroline Collier Nicholas Penny Marcus Dekiert Ann Philbin Managing Director Lionel Pissarro Evelio Acevedo Philipp Demandt Jean Edmonson Christine Poullain Secretary Bernard Fibicher Earl A. Powell III Carmen Castañón Jiménez Gerhard Finckh HSH Prince Albert II of Monaco Giancarlo Forestieri William Robinson Honorary Director Marsha Rojas Tomàs Llorens David Franklin Matthias Frehner Alejandra Rossetti Peter Frei Katy Rothkopf Isabel García-Comas Klaus Albrecht Schröder María García Yelo Dieter Schwarz Léonard Gianadda Sir Nicholas Serota Karin van Gilst Esperanza Sobrino Belén Giráldez Nancy Spector Claudine Godts Maija Tanninen-Mattila Ann Goldstein Baroness Thyssen-Bornemisza Michael Govan Charles L.
    [Show full text]