A Sociolinguistic Survey of the Bhatri-Speaking Communities of Central India

DigitalResources Electronic Survey Report 2017-005

A Sociolinguistic Survey of the Bhatri-speaking Communities of Central India

Compiled by Dave Beine

A Sociolinguistic Survey of the Bhatri-speaking Communities of Central India

Compiled by Dave Beine

Researched by Dave Beine Bruce Cain Kathy Cain Michael Jeyabalan Ashok Sawlikar Satya Soren

SIL International® 2017

Abstract

This sociolinguistic survey of the Bhatri-speaking communities of Central India was carried out between February and November 1989. The goal of the survey was to assess the need for language development work and vernacular literacy programs among the Bhatri-speaking peoples of Bastar District in Madhya Pradesh and Koraput District in Orissa. Dialect intelligibility tests revealed that the whole Bhatri- speaking area can be considered one language area. Language use and attitudes questionnaires showed that the language is thriving. Bilingualism in the major languages of Hindi, Oriya, and Halbi is inadequate for people to use existing materials. Based on these findings the survey recommends that a language project be undertaken in the Bhatri community. (This survey report written some time ago deserves to be made available even at this late date. Conditions were such that it was not published when originally written. The reader is cautioned that more recent research may be available. Historical data is quite valuable as it provides a basis for a longitudinal analysis and helps us understand both the trajectory and pace of change as compared with more recent studies. Editor)

Contents

Tables Preface 1 Introduction 1.1 The people 1.2 The language 2 Goals of the survey 2.1 Introduction of goals 2.2 Dialect area study 2.2.1 Lexical similarity 2.2.2 Dialect intelligibility 2.3 Language use and attitude study 2.4 Pilot bilingualism study 3 Procedures 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Lexical similarity procedures 3.3 Dialect intelligibility testing procedures 3.4 Language use and attitudes study procedures 3.5 Pilot bilingualism testing procedures 4 Summary of findings 4.1 Dialect area study 4.2 Bilingualism 5 Recommendations 5.1 For translation 5.2 For further survey Appendix A: Wordlists Appendix B: Texts and questions Appendix C: Recorded Text Test data References

iii

Tables

Table 1. Lexical similarity percentages Table 2. Number of comparisons Table 3. Dialect intelligibility scores Table 4. Bilingualism results Table 5. Questions on language use and attitudes questionnaire

Preface

A sociolinguistic survey of the Bhatri-speaking communities of Central India was initiated early in February 1989 with a consultation and short introduction to survey methods held in Jeypore. The survey proceeded through the hot season until mid-May of the same year. After a short recess, the project was resumed in September 1989 and concluded in November of that same year. There were many along the way who made the long, hot journey a more pleasant one, and whose friendship and hospitality will never be forgotten. Thanks should be expressed to Bruce and Kathy Cain for their warm introduction to the beautiful train ride, their preliminary work, and for putting up with all the questions of a new survey worker. Many of my notes made during the survey are no longer in my possession due to unfortunate circumstances. There are many other people whom I would like to thank and many other observations I could include if I still had access to that material. As it is, I have done my best to write an accurate sociolinguistic assessment of the Bhatri language. It should be noted that I alone am responsible for any mistakes or errors contained in this report.

Dave Beine June 15, 1990 Kathmandu Nepal

1 Introduction

1.1 The people

The Bhatras, a “scheduled tribe” of Madhya Pradesh, are settled agriculturalists residing in the north- eastern plains of Jagdalpur Tahsil of Bastar District in the state of Madhya Pradesh.1 An even larger number live in the northern half of Koraput District of the state of Orissa.2 The Bhatras of Bastar District claim their descendency from Warangal District of Andhra Pradesh as their ancestral home and say they came to Bastar District thirty generations ago as attendants to the first king of Bastar.3 The Bhatras seem to have four endogenous clans. These are the Amnit Bhatra, Bade Bhatra, Pita Bhatra, and San Bhatra. The Amnit Bhatra are found mainly in Jeypore Tahsil of Koraput District while the San Bhatra are found primarily in Jagdalpur Tahsil of Bastar District. The Bade and Pita Bhatra seem to be found throughout the entire region. Tandon (1959:34) has suggested that these divisions can be subdivided even further. He writes, It seems that in Bastar, Bade and Pita Batra are again subdivided into a number of endogamous groups according to the region where they live. Before integration of the states took place, Jagdalpur Tahsil was divided into Parganas. The Bhatra of each Pargana were referred to by the name of the Pargana in which they resided. Even after the abolition of the Pargana system, the Pargana divisions of the Bhatra social organization still persist. He also suggests that besides this, the Bhatra are further divided into a number of exogamous, totemic, patralineal, and patralocal clans (ibid.). Although the Bade Bhatra men pride themselves as keepers of the sacred Hindu thread, many of their customs are far from Hindu. They have no restrictions against eating meat and they will not drink milk as they say that it was meant to be consumed only by the calf. Each clan has its own deity which may or may not be of Hindu origin. Although the 1981 census of India did not list a population figure for the Bhatras, the 1971 census gave a figure of 71,145.

1.2 The language

The language of the Bhatra people is known as Bhatri. Bhatri [bgw] is the lingua franca of much of the area and has become the mother tongue of many of the other castes and tribes residing in the area. Many—Bhatras and non-Bhatras alike—refer to this language as Deshia (“country talk”) although one Deshia scholar explained that Deshia includes the consonantal aspiration of the neighboring Indo-Aryan languages, while Bhatri does not. For the purpose of this report we consider the two terms synonymous and will refer to both as Bhatri. The local name for Bhatri is aisi jaisi got while neighboring Halbi [hlb] is known as aia jaia got. The question has arisen how different Bhatri and Halbi really are; this will be discussed further in section 4.2. Grierson (1903) classified Bhatri as a corrupt form of Oriya [ory] with a few Marathi [mar] and Chhattisgarhi [hne] forms intermingled. He considers it a true dialect of Oriya, while considering Halbi a broken dialect of the east more closely akin to Marathi. He considered Bhatri as the link between Oriya and Halbi. Bhattacharya (1957:16) has expressed surprise that Bhatri and Halbi have been treated by Grierson as separate languages affiliated with Oriya and Marathi respectively. He has concluded that

1Although the majority of the Bhatra population is found in Koraput District of Orissa, the Orissa census lists them neither as a scheduled caste nor as a scheduled tribe. 2[In 2011, the English rendering of the state’s name was officially changed from Orissa to Odisha—Editor] 3According to Mukherji (1944), the Halbas have the same story about their origin.

Bhatri and Marathi are in fact mutually intelligible speeches. The classification of Bhatri has given rise to some controversy, yet the language has thus far remained little studied. One interesting note must be made at this point. In the 1981 census of India no reference was made to the Bhatri language. Although it is the mother tongue of thousands in the state of Orissa, it was not listed in the language tables for that state. One must make the assumption that they were simply grouped with the mother-tongue speakers of Oriya. If this is the case, it can be seen that the census- taking officials must also have viewed Bhatri as a form of Oriya.

2 Goals of the survey

2.1 Introduction of goals

The goal of the survey was to clear up many of the questions concerning the Bhatri language and to assess the need for language development and vernacular literacy programs among the Bhatri-speaking peoples of Bastar and Koraput Districts. In order to meet the stated goal of this survey, many aspects of both language use and language attitudes among the Bhatri-speaking communities needed to be investigated. It was the goal of the survey to answer the following questions:

1. Are there significant dialect differences among the Bhatri-speaking communities which may necessitate more than one Bhatri language development project? (Will one Bhatri project suffice for the whole area, and if so, where would be the best place to center a project?) 2. How do the Bhatri-speaking communities feel towards other languages? (Might they need their own language development project because of certain negative attitudes towards other dialects in which vernacular literature already exists?) 3. How stable is the Bhatri language? (Are there indications of language loss or shift?) 4. Are the Bhatri-speaking communities bilingual enough to effectively use existing materials? (Can they effectively use language materials in Hindi, Oriya, or Halbi?)

In order to answer these questions our survey was directed into the following three types of study: dialect area study, language use and attitude study, and bilingualism study. These are discussed below.

2.2 Dialect area study

The purpose of a dialect area study is to define, in linguistically quantifiable terms, the changes which have taken place among speech varieties spoken throughout an entire geographical area, and between the social strata of a given community of speakers of the same language. It is a linguistic law of nature that speech varieties change over distance, thus making a dialect area study important. In order to identify these changes in the Bhatri-speaking area, and to determine how they affect understanding between the speech varieties, a dialect area study was carried out consisting of the following two components: lexical similarity and dialect intelligibility.

2.2.1 Lexical similarity

To determine the degree of lexical similarity between the various Bhatri speech varieties, a 210-item wordlist developed by researchers in South Asia was used. The wordlists collected during this survey can be found in Appendix A of this report. The degree of lexical similarity has been expressed as a percentage based on a comparison of equivalent words using the standard wordlist.

2.2.2 Dialect intelligibility

To discover the degree of inherent intelligibility between the varieties of Bhatri, simple language tests known as recorded text tests (RTT) were used. The procedures followed were basically those put forth in 3

Eugene Casad’s book Dialect Intelligibility Testing (1974). The degree of inherent intelligibility is then expressed as a percentage based on the mean (average) score of participants in such tests. In order to ensure that what is being tested is inherent intelligibility and not learned comprehension, standard deviation figures and sample size are also stated. A high standard deviation usually indicates that subjects varied widely in their understanding of the text and that what is being tested is learned comprehension.

2.3 Language use and attitude study

An investigation was carried out to discover how the several languages of the region are used and how the speakers of Bhatri view their own language as well as other languages. The methods of investigation into this domain included language use and attitude questionnaires and observation on the part of the researchers.

2.4 Pilot bilingualism study

To investigate the extent of bilingualism in the Bhatri-speaking area with reference to Hindi (for those in Madhya Pradesh), Oriya (for those in Orissa), and Halbi (for both states), pilot bilingualism testing was carried out. Halbi was tested in both states because of its seemingly close relationship with Bhatri. This was done to determine the degree of inherent and acquired intelligibility between Bhatri and Halbi. Another reason for bilingualism testing in Halbi is that it is the reported lingua franca for northern Bastar District. Bilingualism testing was carried out using simple language tests (RTT in standard Hindi and Oriya) administered to a representative sample of the community. The result is expressed as a percentage based on the average of the scores from members of different subgroups in the community.

3 Procedures

3.1 Introduction

Wordlist comparison, dialect intelligibility testing, language use and attitude questionnaires, and pilot bilingualism tests were used together in this survey to determine to what extent different dialect areas exist among the Bhatri-speaking communities and whether they are dependent on Bhatri to meet their communication needs. Wordlists provide information concerning the linguistic relationship between the speech varieties under investigation. They are useful in identifying those varieties which are extremely similar in vocabulary, pronunciation, phonology, and grammar and those which are extremely different in any of these areas. Dialect intelligibility tests help the researcher determine the degree of understanding speakers of one dialect have of another. Language use and attitude studies along with bilingual studies are also important in giving a fuller understanding of the attitudes toward the language. All are necessary for a good understanding of the language situation among the Bhatri-speaking communities. This section describes the procedures followed during the field study.

3.2 Lexical similarity procedures

The degree of linguistic similarity which exists among the speech varieties being studied was investigated using a standard South Asia 210-item wordlist. This wordlist was developed by a group of researchers conducting sociolinguistic studies in South Asia; for the wordlist see Appendix A of this report. The words were elicited from a mother-tongue speaker of the speech variety under investigation. A generic equivalent was sought first. If none was found, that was noted and a specific term was recorded along with its precise meaning. The words were recorded using a modified International Phonetic Alphabet. Each entry was checked a second time with a different mother-tongue speaker of the same community. During the first elicitation emphasis was placed on obtaining words native to the area. 4

The second allowed for checking to weed out incorrect items, as well as for discovering apparently different items which are simply synonyms. Analysis was then carried out by grouping similar words together and calculating the percentage of similar words in the wordlists. Similarity was not determined by the degree to which they are cognate, but rather by their phonological similarity. The criteria used for similarity counting were those stated in Blair 1990. If the results of the wordlist comparison showed less than sixty percent similarity between two varieties then they were considered distinct languages. If the results showed a high percentage of similarity of ninety percent or above, they were considered the same or closely related varieties. In neither instance was intelligibility testing carried out. If the percentage of linguistic similarity was between sixty and ninety percent, then intelligibility testing was carried out to provide a better understanding of the intelligibility between the two varieties. The procedures followed while determining lexical similarity percentages and the criteria for determining whether dialect intelligibility testing was needed are described in Blair 1990.

3.3 Dialect intelligibility testing procedures

Given the stated goals of this survey, dialect intelligibility testing was of major importance. The results provided a better understanding of the level of intelligibility that exists between dialects in the sixty to ninety percent range of lexical similarity. If high levels of comprehension exist, dialect intelligibility results are also useful in determining whether the comprehension is due to inherent similarity in the dialects or some form of learning (see Blair 1990). The procedures followed in the creation and administration of the recorded text tests (RTT) used in this survey are those described in Casad 1974, with a few modifications (as noted in Blair 1990). A detailed summary of the procedures followed during this survey can be found in these publications. The texts used, the scores of the test subjects, and biographical information concerning the respondents can be found in Appendix B of this report.

3.4 Language use and attitudes study procedures

In determining the language use patterns and the attitudes toward these languages, two social research techniques, open-ended questioning and observation, were employed. Questionnaires were administered in many of the villages throughout the Bhatri-speaking area. Observations relevant to language use and language attitudes were recorded by the researcher during the course of data collection.

3.5 Pilot bilingualism testing procedures

Bilingualism is a very important issue in determining the vitality of a language, the direction of any language shift, and the need for vernacular literature. It was decided, therefore, at the outset of this project that pilot bilingualism testing would be conducted in various villages of the Bhatri-speaking area. Pilot bilingualism testing was conducted using the recorded text testing method (Blair 1990). The Hindi, Halbi, and Oriya texts along with the scores and biographical information of the test subjects are included in Appendix B of this report.

4 Summary of findings

4.1 Dialect area study

The collection and comparison of wordlists showed that all samples collected throughout the entire region are very similar. All varieties of Bhatri were between 71 and 90 percent similar when compared using the 210-item wordlist. The lexical similarity percentages can be seen in table 1. All entries beginning with a “B” are varieties collected in the Bhatri-speaking areas. It was also decided to include wordlists from Halbi (HBH), Oriya (OCU), and Adivasi Oriya (OAR), in order to see how similar these dialects are in relation to Bhatri. The results can also be found in table 1. A key to the three-letter codes 5 used in this survey to identify the various language varieties, showing where the respective wordlists were collected, can be found below.4

Key to three-letter codes OAR Adivasi Oriya from Araku Valley, Visak District, Andhra Pradesh HBH Halbi from Bhatpal, Kondagaon Tahsil, Bastar District, Madhya Pradesh BAU Bhatri from Auli, Nowrangapur Tahsil, Koraput District, Orissa BSA Bhatri from Sargipal, Jagdalpur Tahsil, Bastar District, Madhya Pradesh BJE Bhatri from Jeypore Tahsil, Koraput District, Orissa OCU Oriya from Cuttack Tahsil, Cuttack District, Orissa BKP Bhatri from Kotpad Tahsil, Koraput District, Orissa BUM Bhatri from Umarkot Tahsil, Koraput District, Orissa BCB Bhatri from Chote Badal, Jagdalpur Tahsil, Bastar District, Madhya Pradesh BAN Bhatri from Anantpur, Kondagaon Tahsil, Bastar District, Madhya Pradesh BAR Bhatri from Karpaud, Jagdalpur Tahsil, Bastar District, Madhya Pradesh BAG Bhatri from Amaguda, Jagdalpur Tahsil, Bastar District, Madhya Pradesh

Table 1. Lexical similarity percentages

OAR 49 HBH 68 52 BAU 61 62 75 BSA 71 58 85 76 BJE 53 41 49 43 53 OCU 69 58 83 82 87 52 BKP 64 63 80 83 82 49 90 BUM 59 65 70 90 75 44 82 82 BCB 60 67 71 90 73 47 81 90 90 BAN 58 62 73 85 74 45 82 85 87 88 BAR 58 64 71 88 75 44 81 83 93 88 89 BAG

In some locations it proved impossible to collect certain words so it was not possible to compare every word with an equivalent word in every dialect. In such cases the gloss was marked as a non- comparison for those dialects and the gloss was not counted for that pair of dialects. In some cases more than one word was recorded and compared so it is possible to have more than 210 comparisons for a pair of dialects. The number of comparisons for each pair of dialects can be seen in table 2.

4These codes are specific to this report and are not to be confused with the ISO language codes from the Ethnologue (Grimes 1988) used to identify languages. 6

Table 2. Number of comparisons

OAR 176 HBH 209 175 BAU 202 171 203 BSA 206 173 212 201 BJE 208 174 210 204 208 OCU 208 178 212 206 214 210 BKP 205 175 208 204 209 209 215 BUM 199 169 205 200 202 201 206 203 BCB 200 169 201 199 199 199 205 204 199 BAN 203 172 204 200 204 203 209 208 200 199 BAR 203 173 206 204 206 204 211 208 199 199 203 BAG

The dialect intelligibility tests revealed that all points in the Bhatri-speaking area understand all other points at an adequate level to consider the area as one language area. The scores of each community are found in table 3. The first line represents the average score. The second line illustrates the standard deviation of the scores on the test. The third line represents the sample size.

Table 3. Dialect intelligibility scores

Test Points BKP BAU BUM BAN BSA BCB BKP 98 92 97 89 94 88 4.2 6.3 6.7 9.9 6.9 13.2 20 10 10 10 11 10 BAU 94 95 91 92 97 95

7.0 6.7 8.8 7.9 4.7 7.1 10 12 10 10 11 10 oints

P BUM 95 94 98 92 96 94 7.6 5.2 6.3 7.9 6.7 8.4 20 10 10 20 11 10

eference BAN 92 R 7.9 10 BSA 96 90 91 93 96 99 5.2 6.6 9.9 8.2 5.2 3.6 10 10 10 10 10 14 BCB 96 5.2 10

It should be noted that BAN and BUM as well as BCB and BSA were considered the same dialects due to proximity as well as high lexical similarity percentages. Therefore, no testing other than hometown testing was deemed necessary in using texts from BAN and BCB. The tests from BUM and BSA were used as the hometown tests in BAN and BCB respectively. This accounts for the gaps in the BAN and BCB rows of table 3. Understanding is high enough from all test points that it seems that a project centered in any of these places in the Bhatri-speaking area will be adequate. However, the Kotpad and Jagdalpur 7

Tahsils would be preferable since the largest population of Bhatri speakers are found here and language attitudes are most strongly positive in these tahsils.

4.2 Bilingualism

Pilot bilingualism testing showed that the Bhatri-speaking communities surveyed in Madhya Pradesh are not sufficiently bilingual in Hindi to effectively use Hindi materials. It likewise revealed that the Bhatri communities surveyed in Orissa understood on average only 75 percent of the Oriya pilot test. The test was simple and demanded only low levels of bilingual ability. Low results on the pilot test reveal that people do not have knowledge of the second language even at a rudimentary level. Given the results on the pilot test it would seem that the Bhatri-speaking communities of Bastar and Koraput Districts are not sufficiently bilingual to use Hindi or Oriya materials effectively. The bilingualism results are shown in table 4.

Table 4. Bilingualism results

Test Points BKP BAU BUM BAN BSA BCB

Halbi 70 57 79 86 82 76 11.5 14.2 14.5 15.0 19.9 24.6 oints

P 10 10 10 10 10 10 Hindi 42 45 25 31.9 29.5 18.4

eference 10 14 10 R Oriya 79 70 74 14.5 30.6 29.5 20 10 10

The scores of recorded text testing in Halbi provide some insight as to the linguistic closeness of Bhatri and Halbi. The results in table 4 show that understanding of Halbi in the Bhatri-speaking communities is mixed. Standard deviation figures suggest that the scores over 80 percent are due only to Bhatri speakers’ learning of Halbi because of their geographical proximity to Halbi speakers rather than to inherent intelligibility between the two languages. Those locations not contiguous to the Halbi- speaking communities (BKP, BAU, BUM) had lower average scores and standard deviation figures of between 11.5 and 14.5. The standard deviation among those villages with nearby Halbi speakers (BAN, BSA, BCB) had a wider standard deviation of between 15.0 and 24.6. In theory, low standard deviation figures indicate that intelligibility is inherent. Reciprocally, high standard deviation indicates that intelligibility is at least partly a result of learning. It seems, therefore, that those communities which are not contiguous to Halbi-speaking communities do not have an adequate understanding of Halbi to use language materials in the Halbi language. Two-thirds of the Bhatri-speaking area is not contiguous to communities of Halbi speakers. This knowledge may help to explain the historical division of opinion between linguists as to the degree of relationship between Bhatri and Halbi. It seems that the assertion that the two languages are mutually intelligible (Bhattacharya 1957:16) may indeed be true, albeit marginally, in some of the Bhatri-speaking area. It seems, however, given the high standard deviation figures on tests in areas where the Bhatri speakers are found contiguous to Halbi speakers, that the comprehension observed is learned rather than inherent. It is also true, as displayed in table 4, that in much of the area, Bhatri speakers’ comprehension of Halbi is marginal at best. Table 1 shows that the lexical similarity between the Halbi and Bhatri samples collected is between 41 and 67 percent. The lexical similarity between Bhatri and standard Oriya (OCU) is between 43 and 53 percent while the lexical similarity between Bhatri and Adivasi Oriya (OAR) is between 58 and 71 percent. Therefore, Grierson’s statement (Grierson 1903) that Bhatri is a kind of connecting link between Oriya and Halbi and closer to Oriya than to Halbi is also possibly accurate if one considers Adivasi Oriya 8 to be a representative dialect of Oriya. When compared with other dialects of Oriya the similarity may be less marked. The high standard deviation figures of Bhatri speakers tested on standard Oriya in table 4, however, seem to suggest that the 70 to 80 percent comprehension is possibly due more to learning of some kind than to inherent intelligibility. Standard deviation figures are lower on the Halbi tests given to Bhatri speakers, but they are not low enough to conclude that the 57 to 86 percent comprehension of these tests is due to inherent intelligibility alone. Thus, the debate will continue. One thing is certain, however, namely that comprehension of Halbi and Oriya by Bhatri speakers is marginal and not adequate for their understanding of materials in those languages. The language use and attitudes study was designed to discover which languages are used by the Bhatri-speaking community, and how they are used. Since many different castes use Bhatri as their mother tongue, there was also interest in discovering if there were any positive or negative attitudes toward any caste dialect that may exist. In order to reach this goal a language use and attitudes study was conducted in selected villages throughout the entire region. The questions asked are listed in table 5.

Table 5. Questions on language use and attitudes questionnaire

1. What language(s) is/are spoken in your home? 2. What other languages do you speak? 3. What other castes in this village speak Bhatri? 4. Can you understand them? 5. Which dialect (of what caste) is the sweetest? 6. Could you marry someone from this other group? 7. What language do you use with your own caste? 8. What language do you use with other castes? 9. What language do you use with Oriya (in Orissa)/Hindi (in Madhya Pradesh) speakers? 10. What language do you use at the market? 11. What language would you use with a bank officer? 12. What language do you use for private/public prayers? 13. What language do children use while playing? 14. Do you ever use Oriya/Hindi with Bhatri speakers? If so, why? 15. Do you know a person who can no longer speak Bhatri? If so, is that good or bad? 16. Will Oriya/Hindi ever replace Bhatri?

The majority of those questioned responded that Bhatri is the language of choice in the critical domains of home and religion. Most also responded that they use Bhatri in most of their daily social interaction with their own caste and others. Most questioned do not acknowledge any dialect difference between the castes that speak Bhatri. Sixty-five percent of those questioned felt that there is no possibility of Bhatri dying out. Twenty percent felt that it would and fifteen percent voiced the opinion that if people get educated they may stop speaking Bhatri. However, out of all questioned, only ten percent acknowledged knowing someone who no longer speaks Bhatri. Some have very strong attitudes like the man who stated, “No matter if you teach them Oriya, they will still speak Bhatri.” From the results of the language use and attitudes study it can be seen that the Bhatri language is thriving. Bhatri is used exclusively as the language of choice in the most critical domains of home and religion. In most of the Bhatri-speaking area it is also the language of the community although respondents report using Hindi (in Madhya Pradesh) and Oriya (in Orissa) with government officials. In most other domains speakers list Bhatri as the language of choice. The Bhatri-speaking communities maintain a positive attitude toward their own language and it seems that Bhatri is in no danger of dying out in the near future. 9

5 Recommendations

5.1 For translation

Since the Bhatri-speaking communities understand one another quite well, are not adequately bilingual in Hindi, Oriya, or Halbi, and have positive language attitudes toward their mother tongue, it is recommended that a language development project in Bhatri be undertaken. It appears that literature centered anywhere in the area would be easily understood. It is recommended, however, that the project be centered where the language is in most vigorous use. This would be in Kotpad Tahsil of Koraput District of Orissa or in Jagdalpur Tahsil of Bastar District of Madhya Pradesh.

5.2 For further survey

Wordlist comparison showed a lexical similarity ranging from fifty-eight to seventy-one percent between Bhatri and Adivasi Oriya. This suggests marginal comprehension between the two. Therefore, intelligibility testing should be done using an Adivasi Oriya text in the Bhatri area. If Bhatri speakers should score well on an Adivasi Oriya recorded text test, language attitudes toward Adivasi Oriya may have to be assessed also.

Appendix A: Wordlists

Key to codes for speech varieties:

OAR Adivasi Oriya from Araku Valley, Visak District, Andhra Pradesh OCU Oriya from Cuttack Tahsil, Cuttack District, Orissa HBH Halbi from Bhatpal, Kondagaon Tahsil, Bastar District, Madhya Pradesh BAU Bhatri from Auli, Nowrangapur Tahsil, Koraput District, Orissa BSA Bhatri from Sargipal, Jagdalpur Tahsil, Bastar District, Madhya Pradesh BJE Bhatri from Jeypore Tahsil, Koraput District, Orissa BKP Bhatri from Kotpad Tahsil, Koraput District, Orissa BUM Bhatri from Umarkot Tahsil, Koraput District, Orissa BCB Bhatri from Chote Badal, Jagdalpur Tahsil, Bastar District, Madhya Pradesh BAN Bhatri from Anantpur, Kondagaon Tahsil, Bastar District, Madhya Pradesh BAR Bhatri from Karpaud, Jagdalpur Tahsil, Bastar District, Madhya Pradesh BAG Bhatri from Amaguda, Jagdalpur Tahsil, Bastar District, Madhya Pradesh

1. body 2. head 3. hair OAR ɡaɡorˑ OAR mundˑ OAR sendˑi OCU sorir̩ o̩ OCU mu̽ndˑc̠ OCU balˑe ̠ HBH aɡ̽ HBH mu̽dˑ HBH kes BAU ɡaɡerˑ̠ BAU mu̽dˑe̠ BAU bal BSA ɡaɡerˑ̠ BSA mu̽dˑ BSA bal BJE ɡvɡe̠ r̠ ̩ BJEmu̽dˑ BJE bal BKP ɡaɡro̩ BKP mu̽ndˑe̠ BKP bale ̠ BUM dⁿeha/ɡaɡe̽ r̩ BUM mu̽dˑa BUM kes BCB ɡaɡv̠r ̩ BCBmu̽dˑ BCB bal BAN ɡaɡv̠r ̩ BANmu̽dˑ BAN kes BAR ɡaɡer̠ ̩ BAR mu̽dˑ BAR bal BAG ɡaɡv̠r ̩ BAGmu̽dBAGbal

4. face 5. eye 6. ear OAR mu̽k OAR anki OAR kan OCU mu̽ha OCU akhi OCU kanˑo HBH mu̽. ̩ HBHaikHBHkan̽ BAU mu̽ BAUaki̽ BAU kan BSA mu̽ BSA aki̽ BSA kan BJE mu̽e ̠ BJE aki BJE kan BKP mu̽he ̠ BKPakhi̽ BKP kan.̩o BUM mu̽ha BUM akhi BUM kan BCB tⁿvmnˑa̠ BCB aki̽ BCB kan BAN mu̽ BAN aki BAN kan BAR mu̽ BAR aki̽ BAR kan BAG tⁿvmna̠ BAG akhi BAG kan

7. nose 8. mouth 9. teeth OAR nak OAR tˑondˑ OAR dant OCU nakho OCU patˑ.̩i OCU dⁿantⁿo HBH nak HBH tˑo̽dˑ HBH dat BAU nak BAU tˑo̽dˑ BAU dⁿatⁿ BSA nak BSA tˑo̽dˑ BSA dⁿatⁿ BJE nake̠ BJE tˑo̽dˑ BJE dⁿe̠tⁿ BKP nake̠ BKP tu̽dˑe̠ BKP dⁿa̽nntⁿe̠ BUM nakhe̠ BUM tⁿondˑe̠ BUM dⁿa̽tⁿe̠ BCB nak BCB to̽d BCB dⁿatⁿ BAN nak BAN to̽dˑ BAN dⁿatⁿ BAR nak BAR tˑo̽dˑ BAR dⁿatⁿ BAG nak BAG tˑo̽dˑ BAG dⁿatⁿ

10. tonɡue 11. breast 12. belly OAR zib OAR dud OAR petˑ OCU dʒibhe̠̩ OCU dⁿudⁿe̠ OCU petⁿto HBH dʒ̩ib HBH momo HBH petˑ BAU dʒ̩ib BAU – BAU petˑ BSA dʒ̩ib BSA – BSA petˑ BJE dʒ̩ib BJE dⁿudⁿe̠ BJE petˑ BKP dʒibe̠̩ BKP dⁿudⁿe̠ BKP petˑe̠ BUM dʒ̩ib BUM dⁿudⁿ BUM petˑĥ BCB dʒ̩ib BCB dⁿudⁿh BCB petˑ BAN dʒ̩ib BAN dⁿudⁿ BAN petˑ BAR dʒ̩ib BAR dⁿudⁿ BAR petˑ BAG zib BAG dⁿudⁿ BAG petˑĥ

13. arm 14. elbow 15. palm OAR atˑ OAR kompur OAR podom OC hatˑo OCU koini OCU tolˑohato HBH hat HBH kohni HBH he̠trˑi BAU hatⁿ BAU koe̠ni BAU pe̠dⁿe̠m BSA hatⁿ BSA koe̠ni BSA atⁿe̠ri BJE atⁿ BJE koe̠ni BJE pe̠dⁿe̠m BKP hatⁿe̠ BKP koe̠ni BKP pe̠dⁿe̠me̠ BUM dˑenˑa BUM koe̠.̩ni BUM pe̠dⁿe̠m BCB hatⁿ BCB kv̠ûni BCB pv̠dⁿv̠m BAN atⁿ BAN kohoni BAN atⁿrˑi BAR ba̽ha BAR ko.̩ni BAR hatⁿrˑi BAG hatⁿ BAG ko.̩c ̠ni BAG pv̠dⁿv̠m

16. finɡer 17. nail 18. leɡ OAR anˑtˑi OAR nak OAR ɡodˑ OCU anˑɡuti OCU no.̩kĥo OCU ɡudˑo HBH andˑki HBH ne̠k HBH pa̽j BAU anˑtˑi BAU ne̠k BAU ɡorˑ BSA a̽dˑki BSA ne̠k BSA ɡorˑ BJE anˑɡti BJE ne̠k BJE ɡorˑ BKP anˑɡuthi BKP ne̠khe̠ BKP ɡorˑe̠ BUM a̽dˑki BUM nakh BUM ɡorˑ BCB a̽dˑki BCB nv̠k BCB ɡorˑ BAN a̽dˑki BAN nv̠kh BAN ɡorˑ BAR a̽dˑki BAR nv̠k BAR ɡorˑ BAG a̽dˑki BAG nv̠k BAG ɡorˑ

19. skin 20. bone 21. heart OAR sam OAR adˑ OAR kodeli OCU tʃar̩ê̠mo̩̽ OCU ha.̩dˑo OCU he̠r̩udⁿaio HBH tʃamrˑa̩ HBH harˑa HBH dʒ̩iu BAU tʃam̩ BAU harˑ BAU kaldʒa̩ BSA tʃamrˑi̩ BSA arˑa BSA – BJE tʃam̩ BJE harˑ BJE dʒibe̠n̩ dⁿv̠k dⁿv̠k BKP tʃame̠̩ BKP harˑe̠ BKP dʒibê̠ne̠̩ BUM tsamrˑi BUM harˑ BUM dʒibe̠n̩ dĥe̠k dĥe̠k BCB tʃamrˑi̩ BCB arˑa BCB dʒ̩iû BAN tsamrˑi BAN arˑa BAN dʒ̩iû BAR tʃamrˑi̩ BAR harˑa BAR dʒ̩iû BAG tʃamrˑi̩ BAG harˑa BAG dʒ̩iû

22. blood 23. urine 24. feces OAR boni OAR mutˑ OAR ɡu OCU r̩akto OCU mutⁿto OCU dʒ̩arˑa HBH lohu HBH mutˑ HBH haɡa BAU boni BAU pisab BAU ɡue̠ BSA le̠u BSA pisab BSA be̠̽dⁿarˑ BJE boni BJE mutⁿe̠ BJE ɡu̽e̠ BKP boni BKP mutⁿhe̠ BKP be̠dⁿarˑa BUM boni BUM mutⁿe̠ BUM dʒ̩harˑa BCB lv̠u BCB mu̽tⁿ BCB ɡu.̩ BAN lv̠u BAN mu̽tⁿʔpise̠b BAN ɡu BAR le̠u BAR pisab BAR ɡu BAG lv̠u BAG mutⁿ BAG ɡu

25. villaɡe 26. house 27. roof OAR ɡurˑa OAR ɡor OAR sani OCU ɡra.̩mo̽ OCU ɡĥorˑo OCU tʃĥ̩ a.̩to HBH ɡa̽w HBH ɡĥe̠r HBH tʃhani̩ BAU ɡa̽ BAU ɡe̠r BAU tʃani̩ BSA ɡa̽o BSA ɡe̠r BSA – BJE ɡa̽o BJE ɡe̠r BJE tʃa.̩nˑi̩ BKP ɡa̽ BKP ɡĥe̠r̩e̠ BKP tʃala̩ BUM ɡa̽o BUM ɡhe̠r̩ BUM tʃauni̩ BCB ɡa̽o BCB ɡv̠r̩ BCB tʃal̩ BAN ɡa̽o BAN ɡv̠r̩ BAN – BAR ɡa̽vo BAR ɡhe̠r̩ BAR tʃauni̩ BAG ɡa̽vêo BAG ɡhar̩ BAG osna

28. door 29. firewood 30. broom OAR kopatˑ OAR katˑʔdaru OAR badˑni OCU kobato OCU ka.̩to OCU tʃant̩ ʃoni̩ HBH polaʔke̠patˑ HBH dⁿar̩u HBH barˑe̠n BAU besi BAU dⁿar̩u BAU barˑni BSA ke̠pat BSA dⁿar̩u BSA barˑni BJE besiʔkopv̠t BJE dⁿar̩u BJE barˑni BKP kabat BKP dⁿar̩u BKP barˑni BUM ke̠pat BUM dⁿar̩u BUM barˑni BCB kv̠pat BCB dⁿar̩u BCB barˑni BAN kv̠pat BAN dⁿar̩u BAN barˑni BAR ke̠pat BAR dⁿar̩u BAR barˑni BAG batˑ BAG dⁿar̩u BAG barˑni

31. mortar 32. pestle 33. hammer OAR musol OAR zantˑa OAR mutˑlaʔsute OCU kotⁿtuni OCU potĥorˑo OCU hatⁿudˑi HBH kote̠n HBH muse̠r HBH mutˑla BAU sil BAU ɡorˑa BAU mutˑla BSA sil BSA lorˑa BSA bar̩si BJE pokna BJE lorˑa BJE mutˑla BKP silʔpokna BKP lorˑa BKP bar̩siʔmutˑla BUM sil BUM lorˑa BUM mutˑlaʔbar̩si BCB sil BCB lorˑa BCB mutˑla BAN sil BAN lorˑa BAN bar̩si BAR sil BAR lorˑa BAR mutˑli BAG sil BAG lorˑa BAG mutˑli

34. knife 35. axe 36. rope OAR katˑra OAR tˑenˑia OAR dˑori OCU kati OCU tanˑɡi.̩a OCU dˑowudˑi HBH ke̠dˑri HBH tˑe̠̽ɡeaʔkurˑhar HBH borhi BAU ke̠rˑri BAU tanˑɡiaʔkurˑar BAU dor BSA ke̠rˑr̩i BSA tanˑɡiaʔkurˑar BSA dˑori BJE ke̠rˑr̩i BJE tanˑɡijaʔkurˑar BJE dˑor̩i BKP ke̠rˑr̩i BKP tanˑɡijaʔkur̩arˑi BKP dˑor̩i BUM ke̠rˑr̩i BUM kurˑar̩ BUM dˑori BCB kv̠rˑr̩i BCB tanˑaija BCB dˑor̩i BAN kv̠rˑr̩i BAN kurˑar̩ BAN dˑor̩i BAR ke̠rˑr̩i BAR kur̩arˑ BAR dˑor̩i BAG ke̠rˑr̩i BAG tˑanˑɡija BAG dˑor̩i

37. thread 38. needle 39. cloth OAR suta OAR suza OAR luɡa OCU su.̩tⁿa OCU su̽n.̩tʃi̩ OCU lu.̩ɡa HBH sut HBH sudʒi̩ HBH photˑe̠i BAU sutⁿa BAU sudʒi̩ BAU ke̠dⁿi BSA sutⁿ BSA sudʒi̩ BSA pe̠ti BJE sutⁿv̠ BJE sudʒi̩ BJE pe̠tˑi kanv̠ BKP sutⁿa BKP sudʒi̩ BKP pe̠ti BUM sutⁿ BUM sudʒi̩ BUM potˑiʔkv̠prˑa BCB sutⁿ BCB sudʒi̩ BCB kv̠prˑa BAN sutⁿ BAN sudʒi̩ BAN kv̠prˑa BAR sutⁿ BAR suzi BAR kv̠prˑa BAG sutⁿ BAG sudʒi̩ BAG pv̠ti

40. rinɡ 41. sun 42. moon OAR mundi OAR bel OAR zon OCU mudˑi OCU sudʒo̩ OCU dʒ̩anha HBH mu̽di HBH ber̩ HBH dʒ̩on BAU mu̽dⁿi BAU bel BAU dʒe̠n̩ BSA mu̽di BSA ber̩ BSA dʒ̩on BJE mu̽di BJE bel BJE dʒv̠n̩ BKP mudⁿi BKP bel BKP dʒ̩ana BUM mu̽dⁿi BUM ber̩ BUM dʒv̠n̩ BCB mu̽dⁿi BCB ber̩ BCB dʒ̩on BAN mu̽dⁿi BAN ber̩ BAN dʒ̩on BAR mu̽dⁿi BAR ber̩ BAR dʒ̩on BAG mu̽dⁿi BAG ber̩ BAG dʒ̩on

43. sky 44. star 45. rain OAR soroɡ OAR tara OAR paniʔborsa OCU akasau OCU nakʃatⁿr̩a̩ OCU bor̩osa HBH se̠re̠ɡ HBH tara HBH paniʔbe̠r̩sv̠ BAU badⁿe̠l BAU tⁿar̩a BAU be̠r̩sv̠ BSA badⁿr̩i BSA tⁿar̩a BSA be̠r̩sv̠ BJE badⁿli BJE tⁿar̩a BJE pani BKP badⁿli BKP tⁿar̩a BKP panˑi BUM badⁿe̠l BUM tⁿar̩a BUM pani BCB badⁿr̩i BCB tⁿar̩a BCB pani BAN badⁿv̠r̩ BAN tⁿar̩a BAN bv̠r̩sa BAR badⁿr̩i BAR tⁿar̩a BAR pani BAG badⁿr̩i BAG tⁿar̩a BAG pani

46. water 47. river 48. cloud OAR pani OAR ɡadˑʔnodi OAR badol OCU pani OCU ne̠dˑi OCU meɡĥ.̩o HBH pani HBH ne̠̽di HBH badri BAU pani BAU ne̠dⁿi BAU badⁿe̠l BSA pani BSA ne̠̽dⁿi BSA badⁿr̩i BJE pani BJE nv̠dˑi BJE bv̠dⁿe̠l BKP panˑi BKP ne̠dⁿi BKP badⁿli BUM pani BUM ne̠dⁿi BUM badⁿli BCB pani BCB lv̠̽dⁿi BCB badⁿr̩i BAN pani BAN nv̠̽dⁿi BAN badⁿv̠r̩ BAR pani BAR te̠r̩i BAR badⁿr̩i BAG pani BAG ne̠dⁿi BAG badⁿr̩i

49. liɡhtninɡ 50. rainbow 51. wind OAR bizuli OAR indor dun OAR bau OCU bidʒuli̩ OCU indⁿr̩o dⁿanase̠ OCU dʒ̩ĥor̩aka HBH dʒ̩aɡuk HBH ̤ HBH lehra BAU b i ̩d ʒ̩li BAU dⁿe̠nu pe̠nti BAU pe̠ûbe̠n BSA dʒ̩aɡsi BSA dⁿhe̠nu ka̽dˑ BSA leher̩a BJE bidʒli̩ BJE dⁿanu pe̠ntⁿi BJE pe̠be̠nʔlehera BKP bidʒuli̩ BKP indra dⁿanu BKP pe̠be̠ne̠ʔlehe̩ra BUM bidʒli̩ BUM dⁿhe̠nu ka̽dˑ BUM pe̠be̠nʔleher̩a BCB dʒ̩aɡasi BCB dⁿhe̠nu ka̽dˑ BCB leher̩a BAN bidʒli̩ BAN dⁿhv̠nu ka̽dˑ BAN leher̩a BAR dʒ̩aɡsi BAR dⁿv̠nu BAR leher̩a BAG dʒ̩aɡsi BAG dv̠nu ka̽dˑ BAG leher̩a

52. stone 53. path 54. sand OAR pakan OAR batˑ OAR bali OCU pe̠tⁿhe̠r̩e̠ OCU batoʔr̩astr̩a OCU bali HBH pokna HBH batˑ HBH baru BAU pokna BAU batˑ BAU bali BSA pokna BSA kor̩i BSA bali BJE poknaʔɡorˑi BJE batˑʔhirˑi BJE bali BKP poknaʔɡorˑi BKP hirˑi BKP bali BUM pokna BUM hirˑi BUM bali BCB pokna BCB ir̩i BCB bali BAN pokna BAN ir̩i BAN bali BAR poknaʔɡotˑi BAR ir̩i BAR bali BAG pokna BAG batˑ BAG bali

55. fire 56. smoke 57. ash OAR zoi OAR du̽a OAR sar OCU n � ̽.̩ a OCU dⁿhua̽ OCU pa̽usa HBH aiɡ HBH kume̠l HBH lakrˑi BAU dʒ̩oj BAU dⁿunˑɡija BAU lak.̩r̩i BSA dʒ̩oj BSA me̠si BSA le̠ke̠rˑi BJE dʒ̩ai BJE du̽aʔdunˑɡija BJE lv̠krˑi BKP dʒ̩oj BKP dⁿunˑija BKP lakrˑi BUM dʒ̩oj BUM kuhu̽r̩a BUM lv̠krˑi BCB dʒ̩oj BCB dⁿhu̽a BCB lakrˑi BAN dʒ̩oj BAN kuhu̽r̩a BAN lakrˑi BAR dʒ̩oj BAR kumr̩a BAR lakrˑi BAG dʒ̩oj BAG kumr̩a BAG lakrˑi

58. mud 59. dust 60. ɡold OAR matˑi OAR duli OAR sona OCU kadⁿue̠ OCU dⁿhulˑi OCU sun.̩a HBH matˑi HBH – HBH son BAU kadⁿe̠ BAU dⁿur̩li BAU suna BSA matˑi BSA dⁿur̩li BSA suna BJE kadⁿe̠ BJE dⁿur̩li BJE suna BKP kadⁿe̠ BKP dⁿur̩li BKP suna BUM tʃike̠l̩ ʔkadⁿo BUM dⁿur̩li BUM son BCB tʃikv̠l̩ BCB dⁿur̩li BCB son BAN tʃikv̠l̩ BAN dˑurˑla BAN son BAR tʃike̠l̩ BAR dⁿhurˑka BAR son BAG tʃikv̠l̩ BAG dⁿhur̩li BAG son

61. tree 62. leaf 63. root OAR ɡotʃ ̩ OAR potor OAR ser OCU ɡe̠tʃ ̩ OCU potr̩o OCU tʃerˑo̩ HBH ruk HBH pan HBH tʃerˑo̩ BAU ɡe̠tʃ ̩ BAU pe̠tⁿe̠r̩ BAU tʃer̩̩ BSA ɡe̠tʃ ̩ BSA pe̠tⁿe̠r̩ BSA tʃer̩̩ BJE ɡe̠tʃ ̩ BJE pv̠te̠r̩ BJE tʃer̩̩ BKP ɡe̠tʃĥ̩ BKP pe̠tⁿe̠r̩ BKP tʃere̠̩ BUM ɡatʃĥ̩ BUM pe̠tⁿe̠r BUM tʃer̩̩ BCB ɡv̠tʃĥ̩ BCB pv̠tⁿv̠r̩ BCB tser̩ BAN ɡv̠tʃĥ̩ BAN pan BAN tʃer̩̩ BAR ɡe̠tʃĥ̩ BAR pe̠tⁿe̠r̩ BAR tʃer̩̩ BAG ɡe̠tʃĥ̩ BAG pe̠tⁿe̠r̩ BAG tʃer̩̩

64. thorn 65. flower 66. fruit OAR kantˑa OAR pul OAR pol OCU konˑtⁿa OCU pĥulo OCU pholo HBH katˑa HBH phul HBH phor BAU katˑa BAU pul BAU pe̠l BSA katˑa BSA pul BSA pak BJE kv̠tˑa BJE pul BJE pakʔpv̠l BKP ke̠̽nta BKP phula BKP pe̠lˑe̠ BUM kv̠tˑa BUM ɵ̩ĥula BUM ɵ̩e̠l BCB katˑa BCB pĥul BCB pak BAN katˑa BAN pul BAN pv̠l BAR katˑa BAR phul BAR phv̠l BAG katˑa BAG phul BAG pak

67. manɡo 68. banana 69. wheat OAR amb OAR kodli OAR ɡonˑdan OCU ambo OCU kodoli OCU ɡohomo̽ HBH ama HBH kera HBH – BAU am.̩a BAU ke̠dⁿli BAU ɡe̠̽û BSA ama BSA ke̠dⁿli BSA ɡe̠̽û BJE am BJE kv̠dⁿli BJE ɡe̠̽û BKP ama BKP ke̠dⁿli BKP ɡe̠̽u BUM ama BUM ke̠dⁿli BUM ɡe̠̽u BCB ama BCB ker̩a BCB ɡv̠̽u BAN ama BAN kv̠dⁿli BAN ɡv̠̽u BAR ama BAR ke̠dⁿli BAR ɡe̠̽u BAG ama BAG ker̩a BAG ɡe̠̽u

70. millet 71. rice 72. potato OAR kua zona OAR tʃaul̩ OAR kanda OCU – OCU tʃawulo̩ OCU alˑu HBH dʒo̽dri̩ HBH tʃaur̩ HBH alu BAU kanˑɡu BAU tʃaûl̩ BAU kv̠̽ndⁿa BSA – BSA tʃaûl̩ BSA alu BJE dʒe̠̽dⁿr̩v̠̩ BJE tʃaul̩ BJE alu BKP dʒo̽r̩a̩ BKP tʃaul̩ BKP alu BUM dʒe̠̽dⁿr̩a̩ BUM tʃaul̩ BUM alu BCB – BCB tʃaûr̩̩ BCB alu BAN dʒodⁿr̩a̩ BAN tʃaûl̩ BAN alu BAR dʒo̽ndⁿr̩a̩ BAR tʃhaur̩̩ BAR alu BAG dʒo̽dⁿr̩a̩ BAG tʃaur̩̩ BAG alu

73. eɡɡplant 74. ɡroundnut 75. chili OAR – OAR b u� ̽s e n a OAR moritʃ ̩ OCU bainˑɡonˑo̽ OCU tʃina̩ OCU me̠ritʃe̠̩ HBH – HBH mu̽hpe̠li HBH miri BAU banˑɡa BAU tʃe̠ne̠̩ BAU mir̩i BSA banˑɡa BSA mo̽pv̠li BSA mir̩i BJE banˑɡa BJE tʃv̠nˑa̩ BJE me̠r̩itʃ ̩ BKP banˑɡa BKP tʃe̠na̩ BKP mir̩i BUM banˑɡa BUM mu̽ɡpĥe̠li BUM mir̩i BCB banˑɡa BCB mupv̠li BCB mir̩i BAN banˑɡa BAN mupv̠li BAN mir̩i BAR banˑɡa BAR mu̽ɡpĥe̠li BAR mir̩i BAG banˑɡa BAG mupe̠li BAG mir̩i

76. tumeric 77. ɡarlic 78. onion OAR oldi OAR loson OAR uli OCU holdi OCU r̩e̠sunˑa OCU piadʒ̩o HBH – HBH le̠sun HBH ɡo̽dri BAU e̠ldⁿi BAU le̠sun BAU uli BSA e̠ldⁿi BSA le̠sun BSA uliʔɡo̽dri BJE e̠ldⁿi BJE le̠sun BJE uli BKP e̠ldⁿi BKP lasun BKP uli BUM e̠ldⁿi BUM lasun BUM ɡo̽dri BCB ar̩di BCB lv̠sun BCB ɡo̽dri BAN v̠r̩di BAN lv̠sun BAN ɡo̽dⁿr̩i BAR v̠ldⁿi BAR le̠sun BAR ɡo̽dⁿr̩i BAG ar̩dⁿi BAG le̠sun BAG ɡo̽dⁿr̩i

79. cauliflower 80. tomato 81. cabbaɡe OAR pul kobi OAR beza OAR purˑa kobi OCU phul kobi OCU bilatⁿi OCU be̠ndⁿĥa kobi HBH – HBH ba̽ɡa HBH – BAU kowbi BAU bedʒr̩a̩ BAU purˑa kobi BSA ɡowbi BSA banˑɡa BSA tʃipta̩ ɡobi BJE pul kobi BJE bedʒr̩a̩ BJE parˑa kobi BKP pul ɡubi BKP bedʒr̩a̩ BKP purˑa ɡubi BUM phul ɡubi BUM bedʒr̩i̩ BUM purˑa ɡubi BCB phul ɡubi BCB banˑɡo BCB bandⁿa ɡobi BAN pul ɡubi BAN bv̠̽ɡula BAN purˑa ɡobi BAR pul ɡobi BAR bv̠nˑɡula BAR bandⁿa ɡobi BAG phul ɡubi BAG banˑɡa BAG bandⁿa ɡubi

82. oil 83. salt 84. meat OAR sikon OAR lon OAR maus OCU tⁿelo OCU lunˑe̠ OCU manˑtso HBH tel HBH lon HBH ma̽s BAU tʃike̠n̩ BAU lon BAU mc ̠ûs BSA tⁿel BSA lon BSA me̠̽ûs BJE tⁿel BJE non BJE me̠̽ûs BKP tⁿele̠ BKP lon BKP ma̽us BUM tⁿel BUM non BUM mas BCB tⁿel BCB lon BCB mv̠̽us BAN tⁿel BAN non BAN ma̽s BAR tⁿel BAR non BAR – BAG tⁿel BAG lon BAG me̠̽us

85. fat 86. fish 87. chicken OAR bos OAR matʃ ̩ OAR ɡanza OCU tʃe̠r̩bi̩ ʔbu.̩so OCU ma.̩tʃo̩ OCU kukudˑa HBH – HBH me̠tʃri̩ HBH kukrˑa BAU bc ̠̽s BAU matʃ ̩ BAU kowkrˑa BSA – BSA matʃh̩ BSA kowkrˑa BJE be̠̽s BJE matʃ ̩ BJE kukrˑv̠ BKP tʃe̠r̩bi̩ ʔbasil BKP matʃĥ̩ BKP kukrˑa BUM basil BUM matʃĥ̩ BUM kakrˑa BCB bv̠sil BCB matʃĥ̩ BCB kukrˑa BAN bv̠sil BAN matʃĥ̩ BAN kowkrˑa BAR bv̠sil BAR matʃĥ̩ BAR kukrˑa BAG tʃv̠r̩bi̩ BAG matʃĥ̩ BAG kukowrˑa

88. eɡɡ 89. cow 90. buffalo OAR dˑim OAR ɡai OAR b o � ̽s i OCU onˑda OCU ɡai OCU moi.̩ʃa̩ HBH ɡar HBH ɡaj HBH bho̽jsa BAU ɡar̩ BAU ɡaj BAU be̠̽îsa BSA ɡar̩ BSA ɡaj BSA bhe̽jsa BJE ɡar̩ BJE ɡai BJE be̠̽jsa BKP ɡar̩e̠ BKP ɡaj BKP b e ̠� ̽s i BUM ɡar̩ BUM ɡai BUM b h o � ̽s a BCB ɡar̩ BCB ɡaj BCB bhv̠̽jsa BAN ɡa.̩r̩ BAN ɡaj BAN bhv̠̽isa BAR ɡar̩ BAR ɡai BAR bhe̽îsa BAG ɡar̩ BAG ɡai BAG bhe̽îsa

91. milk 92. horns 93. tail OAR dud OAR sinˑ OAR lenz OCU kĥir̩o OCU sinˑɡe̠ OCU landʒ̩o HBH ɡore̠s HBH s�ɡ ̽ HBH ne̽ɡrˑa BAU ɡor̩e̠s BAU sinˑ BAU le̽dʒ ̩ BSA ɡor̩e̠s BSA sinˑ BSA lenˑɡrˑa BJE ɡor̩e̠s BJE sinˑɡ BJE le̽dʒ ̩ BKP ɡor̩e̠s BKP sinˑɡ BKP lenˑɡrˑa BUM ɡor̩e̠s BUM sinˑɡ BUM le̽dʒrˑi̩ BCB ɡor̩v̠s BCB sinˑ BCB lenˑɡrˑa BAN ɡor̩v̠s BAN sinˑ BAN lenɡrˑi BAR ɡor̩e̠s BAR s�ɡĥ ̽ BAR le̽nˑɡrˑa BAG ɡor̩e̠s BAG s�ɡ ̽ BAG lenˑɡrˑi

94. ɡoat 95. doɡ 96. snake OAR seli OAR kukur OAR sab OCU tʃĥ̩ elˑi OCU kukur̩a OCU sapo HBH bokrˑa HBH kukur HBH sap BAU tʃeli̩ BAU kowkur̩ BAU sap BSA tʃeli̩ BSA kowkur̩ BSA sap BJE tʃeli̩ BJE kukur̩ BJE sap BKP tʃeli̩ BKP kukur̩ BKP sap BUM tʃeli̩ BUM kokur̩ BUM sap BCB tʃeli̩ BCB kowkur̩ BCB sap BAN tʃer̩i̩ BAN kowkur̩ BAN sap BAR tʃĥ̩ er̩i BAR kukur̩ BAR sap BAG tʃer̩i̩ BAG kukur̩ BAG sap

97. monkey 98. mosquito 99. ant OAR makrˑi OAR bursundi OAR santi OCU manˑke̠rˑe̠ OCU moʃa̩ OCU matʃi̩ HBH be̽era HBH ɡu̽dˑi HBH tʃatˑi̩ BAU makrˑi BAU ɡu̽dˑi BAU tʃatˑi̩ BSA be̽dⁿr̩a BSA ɡu̽dˑi BSA tʃatˑi̩ BJE be̽dⁿr̩a BJE ɡu̽dˑi BJE tʃv̠tˑi̩ BKP makrˑiʔbe̩ndra BKP ɡu̽dˑi BKP tʃati̩ BUM be̽dⁿr̩a BUM ɡu̽dˑi BUM tʃati̩ BCB bendⁿr̩a BCB ɡu̽dˑi BCB tʃati̩ BAN be̽dⁿr̩a BAN ɡu̽dˑi BAN tʃati̩ BAR bendⁿr̩a BAR ɡu̽dˑi BAR tʃatˑi̩ BAG be̽dⁿr̩a BAG ɡu̽dˑi BAG tʃatˑi̩

100. spider 101. name 102. man OAR patˑ makrˑi OAR nau OAR danˑrˑa OCU budhianˑi OCU na.mc̠ OCU moniʃo̩ HBH makrˑa HBH na̽w HBH me̠nuk BAU makrˑa BAU na̽ BAU me̠nus BSA makrˑa BSA naô BSA mane BJE mv̠krˑa BJE na BJE mv̠nus BKP makrˑa BKP naô BKP munus BUM makrˑa BUM naô BUM munus BCB makrˑa BCB naô BCB mv̠nuk BAN makorˑa BAN naô BAN – BAR makrˑa BAR naô BAR munus BAG makrˑa BAG naô BAG munukĥ

103. woman 104. child 105. father OAR danˑɡrˑi OAR pila OAR bapa OCU stⁿr̩i OCU pil.a OCU bapa HBH bajle HBH – HBH ̤ BAU maî ̩ tˑoki BAU pila BAU baba BSA b aî ̩l e BSA pila BSA bua BJE b aî ̩l e BJE pila BJE bua BKP baile BKP pila BKP bua BUM baile BUM pila BUM baba BCB baile BCB pila BCB bua BAN baile BAN pila BAN baba BAR baile BAR pila BAR baba BAG baile BAG pila BAG bua

106. mother 107. older brother 108. ʏounɡer brother OAR aiaʔma OAR ana OAR san bai OCU ma OCU no̽na OCU tʃotˑa̩ bĥai HBH – HBH – HBH – BAU aja BAU dⁿadⁿa BAU pila BSA aja BSA dⁿadⁿa BSA – BJE aja BJE dⁿadⁿa BJE pila BKP aja BKP dⁿadⁿa BKP – BUM aja BUM dⁿadⁿa BUM – BCB aja BCB dⁿadⁿa BCB – BAN aja BAN dⁿadⁿa BAN – BAR aja BAR dⁿadⁿa BAR – BAG aja BAG dⁿadⁿa BAG –

109. older sister 110. ʏounɡer sister 111. son OAR bai OAR boini OAR po OCU dⁿidⁿi OCU bĥouni OCU pu.o HBH – HBH – HBH – BAU dⁿidⁿi BAU tˑoki BAU betˑa BSA dⁿidⁿi BSA nuni BSA betˑa BJE bai BJE tˑoki BJE p i ̩l a BKP bai BKP noniʔbohoni BKP betˑa BUM dⁿidⁿi BUM noni BUM betˑa BCB dⁿidⁿi BCB noni BCB – BAN dⁿidⁿi BAN noni BAN betˑa BAR dⁿidⁿi BAR noni BAR betˑa BAG dⁿidⁿi BAG noni BAG betˑa

112. dauɡhter 113. husband 114. wife OAR zi OAR munosʔsami OAR maizi OCU dʒi.̩o̩ OCU suami OCU stⁿr̩i HBH – HBH – HBH – BAU betˑi BAU me̠nus BAU majdʒi̩ BSA betˑi BSA munus BSA baile BJE toki BJE mune̠s BJE mv̠dʒi̩ BKP betˑi BKP me̠nus BKP baile BUM betˑi BUM munus BUM baile BCB noni BCB munus BCB baile BAN noni BAN munus BAN baile BAR betˑi BAR mv̠nus BAR baile BAG betˑi BAG munus BAG baile

115. boy 116. ɡirl 117. day OAR nona OAR noni OAR din OCU pila OCU dʒ̩io pila OCU dⁿino HBH – HBH – HBH din BAU dⁿe̠nˑɡrˑa BAU dⁿe̠nˑɡrˑi BAU me̠jdⁿan BSA pila BSA tˑoki BSA mv̠dʒdⁿan̩ BJE pila BJE tˑoki BJE m v ̠i ̩d ⁿ an BKP pila BKP toki BKP dⁿin BUM pila BUM toki BUM dⁿin BCB pila BCB toki BCB mv̠dʒv̠n̩ BAN pila BAN toki BAN dⁿin BAR pila BAR toki BAR dⁿin BAG pila BAG toki BAG mv̠̽dʒn̩

118. niɡht 119. morninɡ 120. noon OAR rati OAR sakal OAR mundˑ OCU ratⁿi OCU se̠kalˑa OCU me̠dⁿĥjan.̩a HBH ratⁿi HBH bian bera HBH – BAU r̩atⁿi BAU se̠kal BAU mu̽dˑe bela BSA r̩atⁿi BSA sv̠kr̩a BSA mundber̩a BJE r̩atⁿi BJE se̠kal BJE mu̽dˑe bel BKP r̩atⁿi BKP se̠kal BKP mu̽dˑe bela BUM r̩atⁿi BUM se̠kal BUM me̠̽dˑe ber̩ BCB r̩atⁿi BCB sv̠kar̩ BCB mundeber̩a BAN r̩at BAN sv̠kale BAN munde bera BAR r̩atⁿi BAR sv̠kr̩eja BAR mu̽dˑebera BAG r̩atⁿ BAG sv̠kr̩ija BAG mu̽dˑe ber̩a

121. eveninɡ 122. yesterday 123. today OAR sonz OAR kali OAR azi OCU se̠ndⁿĥja OCU kali OCU adʒ̩i HBH sa̽dʒ̩ bera HBH kali HBH adʒ̩i BAU se̠̽dʒ̩ BAU kali BAU adʒ̩i BSA sv̠̽dʒ̩ bera BSA kali BSA adʒ̩i BJE se̠̽dʒ̩ bela BJE kali BJE adʒ̩i BKP se̠̽dʒ̩ bela BKP kali BKP adʒ̩i BUM se̠̽dʒ̩ BUM kali BUM adʒ̩i BCB sv̠̽dʒ̩ BCB kali BCB adʒ̩i BAN sv̠̽dʒ ̩ ber̩a BAN kali BAN adʒ̩i BAR sv̠̽dʒ̩ bela BAR kali BAR adʒ̩i BAG sv̠dʒ ̩ ber̩a BAG kali BAG adʒ̩i

124. tomorrow 125. week 126. month OAR kalike OAR atˑ OAR mas OCU asontⁿa kali OCU se̠ptⁿahe̠ OCU maso HBH kalike HBH hatˑ HBH majna BAU asiba kali BAU arˑdin BAU mas BSA kali BSA atˑdin BSA mv̠îna BJE kv̠li BJE – BJE mv̠s BKP kali BKP atˑdⁿin BKP mas BUM kali BUM atˑdin BUM mas BCB kali BCB v̠ptadin BCB mv̠îna BAN kali BAN satⁿdin BAN mv̠îna BAR kali BAR atˑdin BAR mas BAG kali BAG arˑdin BAG mv̠îna

127. year 128. old 129. new OAR boros OAR pornatˑa OAR nua OCU be̠r̩se̠ OCU por̩unˑa OCU nu.̩a̽ HBH bore̠k HBH dʒ̩una HBH nu̽a BAU be̠r̩e̠s BAU pur̩unˑa BAU nu̽ja BSA bv̠r̩v̠s BSA dʒ̩una BSA nua BJE be̠r̩e̠s BJE pur̩nˑa BJE nuv̠ BKP be̠r̩e̠s BKP pur̩unaʔdʒ̩una BKP nua BUM be̠r̩e̠s BUM dʒ̩una BUM nua BCB be̠r̩v̠kʔsal BCB dʒ̩una BCB nua BAN sal BAN dʒ̩una BAN nua BAR sal BAR dʒ̩una BAR nua BAG bv̠r̩v̠s BAG dʒ̩una BAG nua

130. ɡood 131. bad 132. wet OAR bol OAR bol nai OAR dˑatˑam bizla OCU bĥolo OCU kar̩apo OCU odⁿa HBH ne̠̽ɡe̠t HBH ne̠slo HBH bhidʒ̩li BAU niko BAU kaî ̩p e ̠r ̩a BAU bidʒla̩ BSA atʃa̩ BSA v̠tʃĥ̩ a nuaj BSA kv̠tʃa̩ BJE dˑe̠ul BJE patˑkv̠r̩ BJE bidʒlv̠̩ BKP niko BKP be̠lta nai BKP bidʒla̩ BUM atʃĥ̩ aʔbĥolo BUM ne̠slaʔkar̩apo BUM bidʒla̩ BCB atʃĥ̩ a BCB v̠tʃĥ̩ a nuaj BCB bidʒla̩ BAN v̠tʃĥ̩ a BAN v̠tʃĥ̩ a nuaj BAN bidʒla̩ BAR v̠tʃĥ̩ a BAR v̠tʃĥ̩ a n� ̽aje BAR bidʒla̩ BAG v̠tʃĥ̩ a BAG v̠tʃĥ̩ a nuaj BAG bidʒla̩

133. dry 134. lonɡ 135. short OAR sukla OAR dˑenˑ OAR sotˑ OCU suka OCU lomba OCU tʃotⁿia̩ HBH suklo HBH lam HBH nani BAU sukla BAU dˑenˑ BAU butˑi BSA sukla BSA dˑenˑ BSA dⁿv̠tⁿv̠k dˑenˑ BJE suklv̠ BJE dˑe̽ɡ BJE tʃotˑ̩ BKP sukla BKP denɡ BKP sur̩u BUM sukla BUM de̽ɡ BUM ke̠nsa BCB sukla BCB lv̠m BCB sur̩u BAN sukla BAN dˑenˑ BAN nani BAR sukla BAR lv̠m BAR sur̩u BAG sukla BAG – BAG sur̩u

136. hot 137. cold 138. riɡht OAR top OAR kakor OAR uza OCU ɡor̩amo OCU tⁿĥe̠nda OCU dⁿahano HBH te̠plo HBH sitˑ HBH udʒ̩a BAU tⁿe̠pla BAU kake̠r BAU budʒni̩ BSA tⁿe̠pla BSA kakv̠r BSA budʒni̩ BJE tⁿe̠pla BJE kv̠ke̠r̩ BJE budʒni̩ BKP tⁿe̠pla BKP kake̠r̩ BKP budʒni̩ BUM tⁿe̠pla BUM kake̠r̩ BUM budʒni̩ BCB tⁿv̠pla BCB ni.̩la BCB budʒni̩ BAN tⁿv̠pla BAN sitv̠r̩la BAN kaîba BAR tⁿv̠pla BAR kakv̠r̩ʔnila BAR buzni BAG tⁿv̠pla BAG sitⁿv̠r̩la BAG budʒni̩

139. left 140. near 141. far OAR dˑeba OAR loɡe OAR dur OCU ba.̩mo OCU pa.̩ko OCU dˑurˑo HBH dˑebr̩i HBH le̠ɡe HBH lapi BAU dˑebr̩i BAU le̠ɡe BAU dⁿur̩ BSA debr̩i BSA lv̠ɡe BSA lapi BJE dˑebr̩i BJE le̠ɡe BJE dⁿur̩ BKP debr̩i BKP le̠ɡe BKP dⁿur̩ BUM dˑebr̩i BUM le̠ɡe BUM dⁿur̩ BCB debr̩i BCB lv̠ɡe BCB lapi BAN dˑebr̩i BAN lv̠ɡe BAN lapi BAR debr̩i BAR lv̠ɡe BAR dⁿur̩ BAG dˑebr̩i BAG lv̠ɡe BAG dⁿur̩

142. biɡ 143. small 144. heavy OAR bodˑ OAR san OAR botʃ ̩ OCU borˑo OCU sano̽ OCU bharˑi HBH borˑe HBH nani HBH bodʒ ̩ BAU be̠rˑe̠ BAU sur̩u BAU bodʒ ̩ BSA – BSA sur̩u BSA bodʒĥ̩ BJE be̠rˑta BJE tʃotˑ̩ BJE bodʒ ̩ BKP be̠rˑe̠ BKP san BKP badʒĥ̩ BUM be̠rˑe BUM sur̩u BUM bodʒĥ̩ BCB bv̠rˑe BCB sur̩u BCB bodʒĥ̩ BAN bv̠rˑe BAN – BAN bv̠dʒ̩ĥ BAR bv̠rˑe BAR sur̩u BAR boz BAG bv̠rˑe BAG sur̩u BAG bv̠dʒv̠n̩

145. liɡht 146. above 147. below OAR olu OAR upre OAR tole OCU usaso OCU uporˑo OCU tolo HBH po�ɡ ̽ HBH upre HBH khale BAU usas BAU upr̩e BAU tⁿale BSA – BSA upr̩e BSA tⁿv̠le BJE usas BJE upr̩e BJE tⁿe̠l BKP usas BKP upr̩e BKP tⁿe̠lˑe BUM usas BUM upe̠r BUM tⁿe̠lˑ BCB – BCB upr̩e BCB tⁿv̠le BAN – BAN upr̩e BAN tⁿv̠le BAR usas BAR upr̩e BAR tⁿv̠le BAG – BAG upr̩e BAG tv̠le

148. white 149. black 150. red OAR dobla OAR kalia OAR ronˑ OCU dⁿhola OCU kolˑa OCU ronˑo HBH po̽dˑri HBH ke̠rea HBH re̠ɡre̠ɡa BAU dⁿhob BAU ke̠lija BAU r̩e̠nˑ BSA pondr̩a BSA kar̩ija BSA lol BJE dⁿob BJE kv̠lija BJE r̩anˑ BKP dⁿob BKP ke̠la BKP r̩anˑ BUM po̽dr̩a BUM ke̠rija BUM r̩anˑɡ BCB pondr̩a BCB kv̠r̩ija BCB lal BAN pondr̩a BAN kar̩ija BAN lal BAR po̽dˑr̩a BAR kar̩ija BAR lal BAG po̽dˑr̩a BAG kar̩ija BAG lal

151. one 152. two 153. three OAR ek OAR dui OAR tin OCU eko OCU du.̩i OCU tⁿini HBH ɡotˑe̠k HBH dui HBH tin BAU ek BAU dⁿui BAU tⁿin BSA ek BSA dⁿui BSA tⁿin BJE ek BJE dⁿui BJE tⁿin BKP ek BKP dⁿui BKP tⁿin BUM ɡotˑek BUM dⁿui BUM tⁿin BCB ek BCB dⁿui BCB tⁿin BAN ek BAN dⁿui BAN tⁿin BAR e̩k BAR dⁿui BAR tⁿin BAG e̩k BAG dⁿui BAG tⁿin

154. four 155. five 156. six OAR tʃari̩ OAR pantʃ ̩ OAR tʃo̩ OCU tʃarˑi̩ OCU pantʃc̠̩ OCU tʃe̠̩ HBH tʃar̩̩ HBH pa̽tʃ ̩ HBH tʃaj̩ BAU tʃar̩̩ BAU pa̽tʃ ̩ BAU tʃe̠̩ BSA tʃar̩̩ BSA pa̽tʃ ̩ BSA tʃv̠i̩ BJE tʃar̩̩ BJE pa̽tʃ ̩ BJE tʃv̠̩ BKP tʃar̩̩ BKP pa̽tʃ ̩ BKP tʃhe̠̩ BUM tʃar̩̩ BUM pa̽tʃ ̩ BUM tʃhe̠̩ BCB tʃar̩̩ BCB pa̽tʃ ̩ BCB tʃhe̩ BAN tʃar̩̩ BAN pa̽tʃ ̩ BAN tʃhe̩ BAR tʃar̩̩ BAR pa̽tʃ ̩ BAR tʃhe̩ BAG tʃar̩̩ BAG pa̽tʃ ̩ BAG tʃhe̩

157. seven 158. eiɡht 159. nine OAR sat OAR atˑ OAR no OCU sato OCU atˑĥo OCU nao HBH sat HBH a̽tˑ HBH no̽ BAU satⁿ BAU a̽.̩tˑĥ BAU ne̠ BSA satⁿ BSA a̽tˑ BSA nv̠ BJE sv̠tⁿ BJE atˑ BJE no BKP satⁿ BKP atˑĥ BKP ne̠ BUM satⁿ BUM atˑĥ BUM ne̠ BCB satⁿ BCB a̽tˑ BCB nv̠û BAN satⁿ BAN a̽tˑ BAN nv̠ô BAR satⁿ BAR atˑ BAR nv̠û BAG satⁿ BAG atˑĥ BAG nv̠ô

160. ten 161. eleven 162. twelve OAR dos OAR eɡaro OAR baro OCU daso OCU eɡarˑo OCU barˑo HBH de̠s HBH – HBH – BAU dⁿe̠s BAU eɡar̩e̠ BAU bar̩e̠ BSA dⁿv̠s BSA iɡar̩a BSA bar̩a BJE dⁿv̠s BJE eɡar̩ BJE bar̩ BKP dⁿas BKP eɡar̩ BKP bar̩ BUM dⁿas BUM eɡar̩o BUM bar̩ BCB dⁿv̠s BCB iɡar̩a BCB bar̩a BAN dⁿv̠s BAN ɡiar̩a BAN bar̩a BAR dⁿv̠s BAR iɡar̩v̠ BAR bar̩a BAG dⁿv̠s BAG ɡiar̩a BAG bar̩o

163. twenty 164. one hundred 165. Who? OAR korˑeʔsalɡa OAR soie OAR kon OCU korˑi.̩e OCU saho OCU kie HBH korˑi HBH pa̽tʃ ̩ korˑi HBH kon BAU se̠lɡa BAU se̠j BAU kon BSA bis BSA so BSA kon BJE korˑe BJE pa̽tʃ ̩ korˑi BJE kon BKP korˑe BKP se̠jeʔpa̽tʃ ̩ korˑi BKP kon BUM korˑe BUM pa̽tʃ ̩ korˑi BUM kon BCB bis BCB so BCB kon BAN bis BAN so BAN kon BAR bis BAR so BAR kon BAG bis BAG so BAG kon

166. What? 167. whereʡ 168. when? OAR kai OAR koi OAR kebe OCU kono̽ OCU keuntar̩e OCU kebe HBH kaj HBH ke̠ha̽ HBH kebe BAU kaije BAU konti BAU kerˑdaj BSA kaj BSA kontiʔkene BSA kv̠rdⁿaj BJE kaje BJE kontⁿi BJE ke̠rˑdⁿai BKP kaj BKP kontⁿi BKP ke̠rˑe̠k BUM kaj BUM kontⁿane BUM ke̠rˑdⁿaj BCB kaj BCB kene BCB kv̠rˑv̠k dⁿaj BAN kaj BAN kene BAN kv̠rˑdⁿaî BAR kaje BAR konti BAR kv̠rˑdⁿaj BAG kaje BAG kene BAG kv̠rˑdⁿaj

169. how many? 170. what kind? 171. this OAR ketek OAR – OAR etˑa OCU ketⁿe OCU kemitⁿi OCU eitˑa HBH kitlo HBH – HBH e BAU ke̠tⁿ BAU kentⁿatˑa BAU ita BSA kv̠tⁿv̠k BSA ke̩mtⁿa BSA eta BJE ke̠tⁿe̠k BJE kentⁿa BJE etˑa BKP ke̠tⁿe̠k BKP ke̠mta BKP eta BUM ke̠tⁿe̠k BUM kentⁿa BUM ita BCB kv̠tⁿv̠k BCB – BCB – BAN kv̠tⁿv̠k BAN – BAN – BAR kv̠tⁿv̠k BAR kv̠sv̠n BAR e̩ita BAG kv̠tⁿv̠k BAG kv̠sv̠n BAG e̩ta

172. that 173. these 174. those OAR setˑa OAR etˑamon OAR setˑamon OCU seitˑa OCU eisabu OCU seisabu HBH hun HBH eme̠n HBH hunme̠n BAU ajta BAU itame̠n BAU ajtame̠n BSA ha̽ita BSA e̩v̠tⁿv̠k BSA ha̽iv̠tv̠k BJE ai ̩tˑ a BJE etˑaman BJE aîtaman BKP aîta BKP etaman BKP aîtaman BUM aîta BUM ajtaman BUM ajtaman BCB – BCB e̩v̠tv̠k BCB a̽jv̠tⁿv̠k BAN – BAN e̩sv̠bu BAN a̽isv̠b BAR a̽eta BAR e̩sv̠bu BAR a̽esv̠bu BAG ha̽î BAG e̩sv̠bu BAG ha̽îsv̠bu

175. same 176. different 177. whole OAR zanla OAR bin rakam OAR puron OCU se̠man OCU e̠le̠ɡaʔbhino OCU pur̩a HBH e̠se̠n HBH e̠le̠ɡ HBH phura BAU se̠man BAU bine bine BAU niko atʃe̩ BSA sv̠man BSA v̠lv̠ɡlv̠ɡ BSA v̠tʃa̩ BJE se̠man BJE bin.̩e bin.̩e BJE – BKP se̠man BKP bhin.̩e bhin.̩e BKP niko atʃa̩ ʔatʃa̩ BUM se̠man BUM bin.̩e bin.̩e BUM tik atʃe̩ BCB – BCB v̠lv̠ɡlv̠ɡ BCB v̠tʃa̩ BAN sv̠man BAN v̠lv̠ɡlv̠ɡ BAN v̠tʃa̩ BAR sv̠man BAR v̠lv̠ɡ BAR v̠tʃa̩ BAG sv̠man BAG v̠lv̠ɡlv̠ɡ BAG v̠tʃa̩

178. broken 179. few 180. many OAR landˑa OAR idˑik OAR bont OCU banˑɡilaʔpatⁿilo OCU kom OCU bohut HBH – HBH – HBH kĥube BAU be̠nˑɡla atʃe̩ BAU k� ̽d ˑ i k BAU bistⁿar̩ BSA putla BSA kĥ � ̽d ˑ i k BSA khube BJE bv̠nˑla BJE kidˑik BJE ɡe̠dʒe̠b̩ BKP phutila BKP kindikma BKP kube BUM putⁿila BUM kidˑikma BUM kube BCB putla BCB kh � ̽d i k BCB khube BAN putla BAN k� ̽d ˑ i k BAN kube BAR putˑla BAR k� ̽dˑikima BAR khube BAG phutˑla BAG khidˑikma BAG khube

181. all 182. eat 183. bite OAR sobu OAR kaila OAR sabla OCU se̠bu OCU kaiba OCU tʃabla̩ HBH se̠bu HBH khauk HBH tʃabuk̩ BAU se̠bu BAU ka BAU tʃabla̩ BSA sv̠bu BSA kĥaila BSA tʃabla̩ BJE se̠bu BJE ka BJE tʃabla̩ BKP se̠bu BKP kaila BKP dʒ̩abla BUM se̠bu BUM kajla BUM tʃabla̩ BCB sv̠bu BCB kĥaîla BCB tʃabla̩ BAN sv̠bu BAN kaîla BAN tʃabla̩ BAR sv̠bu BAR kĥaila BAR tʃabla̩ BAG sv̠bu BAG kĥaila BAG tʃabla̩

184. was hunɡry 185. drink 186. was thirsty OAR buk koritˑla OAR dunkla OAR sos OCU bĥoko hela OCU pi.̩ba OCU sos HBH – HBH piuk HBH – BAU buk ela BAU ka BAU sos BSA bĥuk laɡla BSA kaîli BSA pias BJE buk lv̠ɡla BJE ka BJE dⁿaka BKP buk laɡla BKP kaila BKP sos BUM buk lv̠ɡla BUM kaila BUM pias BCB bĥuk laɡla BCB kaîla BCB pias BAN buk lv̠ɡla BAN kaîla BAN pias BAR buk laɡlo BAR kaîla BAR sos BAG bĥuk lv̠ɡla BAG kĥaîla BAG pias

187. sleep 188. lie down 189. sit down OAR soila OAR dˑulla OAR bosla OCU nido OCU porˑiɡola OCU bosiba HBH souk HBH souk HBH bosuk BAU so BAU dul.̩a BAU be̠sla BSA soila BSA dˑul BSA bv̠sla BJE se̠jr̩e̠la BJE dˑuli BJE be̠sla BKP s o i ̩l a BKP duli BKP be̠sla BUM s o i ̩l a BUM – BUM be̠sla BCB soîla BCB – BCB be̠sla BAN soîla BAN – BAN bv̠sla BAR soîla BAR – BAR bv̠sla BAG soîla BAG so BAG bv̠sla

190. ɡive 191. burn 192. die OAR dela OAR podˑla OAR morla OCU dⁿeba OCU dʒ̩oliba OCU morˑono̽ HBH deuk HBH dˑe̠suk HBH moruk BAU dⁿela BAU dⁿv̠r̩la BAU me̠rla BSA dⁿela BSA dⁿv̠r̩la BSA me̠rla BJE dⁿela BJE dⁿe̠rla BJE me̠r̩la BKP dⁿela BKP dⁿe̠r̩la BKP me̠rla BUM dⁿela BUM dⁿe̠r̩la BUM me̠rla BCB dⁿela BCB dⁿv̠r̩la BCB mv̠r̩la BAN dⁿela BAN pv̠rˑla BAN mv̠r̩la BAR dⁿela BAR dⁿv̠r̩la BAR mv̠rla BAG dⁿela BAG porˑla BAG mv̠rla

193. kill 194. fly 195. walk OAR moraila OAR udˑla OAR indˑla OCU marˑiba OCU udˑutʃi̩ OCU tʃaliba̩ HBH morauk HBH urˑuk HBH h � ̽d ˑ uk BAU mar̩ila BAU urˑla BAU � ̽d ˑ l a BSA marla BSA urˑla BSA � ̽d ˑ l a BJE marla BJE urˑla BJE idˑila BKP mar̩ila BKP urˑiɡe̠la BKP � ̽dˑila BUM m ar ̩a i ̩l a BUM urˑla BUM � ̽d ˑ l a BCB mar̩la BCB urˑla BCB � ̽d ˑ l a BAN mar̩la BAN urˑla BAN � ̽d ˑ l a BAR mar̩la BAR urˑla BAR � ̽d ˑ l a BAG mar̩la BAG urˑla BAG � ̽d ˑ l a

196. run 197. ɡo 198. come OAR palaila OAR ɡala OAR aila OCU doudiba OCU dʒ̩iba OCU a.̩so HBH ɡe̠dbe̠duk HBH dʒ̩auk HBH euk BAU pe̠lajla BAU ɡe̠le̠ BAU aila BSA pv̠r̩bla BSA ɡv̠la BSA aila BJE pv̠leila BJE ɡv̠la BJE v̠sla BKP pe̠lela BKP ɡe̠la BKP aila BUM ɡe̠dⁿbe̠dla BUM ɡe̠la BUM aila BCB pv̠r̩aîla BCB ɡv̠la BCB aila BAN pv̠r̩aîla BAN ɡv̠la BAN aila BAR pv̠r̩aîla BAR ɡv̠la BAR aila BAG pv̠r̩aîte BAG ɡv̠la BAG aila

199. speak 200. hear 201. see OAR kataoila OAR sunla OAR disla OCU kc̠hila OCU suno OCU dekĥo HBH boluk HBH sunuk HBH de̠kuk BAU sanˑɡla BAU sunla BAU dⁿekla BSA bol.̩a BSA sunla BSA dv̠kla BJE kv ̠i ̩l a ʔsv̠nˑ BJE suntⁿe BJE dⁿektⁿe BKP bola BKP sunla BKP de̠kla BUM sanˑɡla BUM sunla BUM de̠kla BCB bol.̩a BCB sunla BCB dekla BAN bol.̩a BAN sunla BAN dekla BAR ɡotˑaila BAR sunla BAR dekla BAG bol.̩a BAG sunla BAG dekĥlo

202. ɪ 203. you inf. 204. you form. OAR mui OAR tui OAR – OCU mu̽ OCU tⁿu OCU apono HBH mo̽j HBH tui HBH – BAU mu̽j BAU tⁿuj BAU tⁿe̠me BSA mv̠̽j BSA tⁿuî BSA tⁿomi BJE mu̽i BJE tⁿui BJE tⁿumi BKP mu̽i BKP tⁿui BKP tuîsian BUM mu̽i BUM tⁿui BUM tomi BCB mu̽i BCB tⁿuî BCB tuîsian BAN muî BAN tⁿuî BAN tⁿomisian BAR mv̠̽je BAR tⁿumi BAR – BAG mv̠̽je BAG tⁿui BAG tui

205. he 206. she 207. we incl.̃̆ OAR se OAR se OAR amu OCU se OCU se OCU ampe HBH – HBH – HBH ami BAU aj pila BAU aj tˑoki BAU ami BSA ha̽i pila BSA ha̽i tˑoki BSA ami sv̠bu BJE ai pila BJE ai tˑoki BJE ami se̠bu BKP ai pila BKP ai tˑoki BKP ame BUM aj pila BUM aj tˑoki BUM ami BCB a̽i pila BCB a̽i toki BCB ami sv̠bu BAN ha̽j pila BAN ha̽j toki BAN ami sv̠bu BAR a̽i pila BAR a̽i tˑoki BAR ami BAG haj pila BAG haj toki BAG ami sv̠bu

208. we excl.̃ 209. you pl.̃ 210. they OAR amu OAR tomu OAR se lok OCU ampe OCU tome mane OCU se mane HBH ame̠n HBH – HBH hun me̠n BAU ami BAU tⁿe̠me me̠n BAU ajme̠n BSA ami BSA tⁿomi sv̠bu BSA ha̽jme̠n BJE am BJE tⁿom.̩e̠n BJE ajme̠n BKP ami BKP tⁿami BKP aimane BUM ami BUM tⁿomi me̠n BUM ajme̠n BCB ami BCB tv̠mi sv̠bu BCB a̽jme̠n BAN ami BAN tomi sv̠bu BAN ha̽jmv̠n BAR ami BAR tⁿui sv̠bu BAR a̽i sv̠bu BAG ami BAG tⁿv̠mi sv̠bu BAG ha̽j sv̠bu

Appendix B: Texts and questions

B.1 BKP

Text Kotpad (BKP) tiger story given at Tondaguda village, Kotpad Tahsil, Koraput District, Orissa (6 March 1989).

Key: \n number of sentence \p phonetic transcription \g literal word for word translation \f free translation

\n 1 \p mu̽ aɡr̩e e dʒu̩ saukar̩ ke̠tⁿha eka ke ̠� ̩̂b i \g I now rich-man story one will-tell \f I will now tell a story about a rich man

\n 2 \p saukar̩ sanˑɡr̩e dʒ̩antⁿilu dʒau̩ dʒauba̩ bar̩e̠ ɡhe̠̽t r̩atⁿi er̩nla \g rich-man with going-we go go 12 o’clock night became \f we were traveling with this rich man and it became midnight

\n 3 \p bar̩a ɡe̠̽nta r̩atⁿi e̩nne a.̩u se dʒau̩ me̠dʒhikome̠nr̩e̩ be̠rˑe̠ baɡhe̠tatʃhekla̩ \g 12 hour night at coming in-the-forest big tiger met \f at midnight we were walking when we met a big tiger

\n 4 \p be̠rˑe̠ baɡ tʃhekla̩ ketⁿe dⁿur̩ pe̠r̩dʒje̠ntⁿ̩ mote r̩e̠nˑɡai r̩e̠nˑɡai r̩e̠nˑɡai \g big tiger met how far up-to me-to follow follow follow \f after we met the big tiger it began to follow me

\n 5 \p se̠ɡv̠rˑku nela se̠ɡv̠rˑku nela ame dⁿuîlok tⁿilu se se̠ɡv̠rˑr̩e dⁿuîlok tⁿeîlati \g cart took cart took we two men were from cart two men were \f two of us took a cart and got into it

\n 6 \p se se̠ɡrˑku batr̩e neiki tʃhekla̩ \g from cart road taking met \f we took the cart from where we had met on the road

\n 7 \p tʃekbaku̩ kis upaj ke̠r̩bi mor̩tⁿ upaj nadise ke̠mtⁿa budⁿake̠r̩bube bolike̠r̩i \g meeting which may do my may not-see what idea doing saying \f after meeting the tiger again we asked each other, “what should we do?”

\n 7a \p se saukar̩ auri ɡotⁿi dui lok ke̠tⁿabar̩ta elu \g he rich-man and servant two men talked \f the rich man and two of his servants talked

\n 8 \p ebaku r̩atu r̩atu tⁿo ke̠r̩i ̩bak kitʃi̩ be̠nˑe̠ bi ̩tⁿr̩e r̩atuke̠r̩le \g so shouting doing something forest inside doing \f so they decided they should shout and they shouted inside the trees

\n 9 \p ke asbe boli ̩kir̩i se baɡ ɡote dʒ̩ai ̩ke̠r̩i tʃhekla̩ ɡote dʒ̩aɡare tʃe̩kbaku̩ \g people come saying tiger servant going met servant going met \f they said, “people will come” but the tiger met one servant while he was

\n 9 \p se baɡ ki budⁿi ke̠r̩bu ebe̠r̩tⁿa budⁿi e̠dʒ̩iɡv̠la \g tiger what idea do now idea lost \f going and we had no idea what to do then

\n 10 \p budⁿi e̠dʒ̩idʒibake̩ konitⁿe̠ lok nai elaɡe bolike̠r̩i tⁿe̠̽i ̩ utⁿar̩e se̠ɡe̠rˑti \g idea lost after none people no here saying that after cart-from \f after having no new ideas, and after no one hearing our shouting,

\n 10a \p utⁿri pe̠rˑili \g down getting \f we got out of the cart

\n 11 \p utⁿr̩i pe̠rˑikir̩i au se̠ɡe̠rˑ tⁿanle doɡaîke̠r̩i \g down getting then cart from jumping \f I got down by jumping out

\n 11a \p pa̽tʃe̩ kaj ke̠r̩li n � ̽a karˑi mar̩idⁿeikir̩i se be̠nˑ bitⁿr̩e pe̠kaîdⁿeli \g after what did-I match did fire-put the forest inside threw \f after that I lit a match on fire and threw it inside the forest

\n 12 \p se be̠nˑe̠ bitⁿr̩e etⁿe n� ̽a utla di di ... oi ̩tⁿe se dʒoî̩ utˑ.̩e asbake \g the forest inside much fire flew (sound) that fire flying coming \f the fire became very big inside the forest and burned much

\n 12 \p aû pe̠̽tʃe̩ se baɡ ɡutʃla̩ \g after that tiger left \f after that the tiger left

\n 12a \p se baɡ ɡutʃbake̩ \g tiger went \f the tiger went away

\n 13 \p pe̠̽tʃe̩ amoku tike r̩astⁿa dⁿisla \g after we little road saw \f after that we could see the road

\n 14 \p r̩astⁿa disbake aî lv̠ɡe ɡe̠lu ɡote me̠dˑe̠p dʒaɡa.̩ne̩ a̽itⁿe utⁿe̠r̩lu \g road seeing that near went one mound going there got-down \f seeing the road we went toward it and got down near a hill

\n 15 \p utⁿur̩ike̠r̩i se̠ɡv̠rˑ dilideli ɡote ɡe̠tʃane̩ tʃe̩ ɡli ɡote ɡe̠tʃane̩ tʃeɡli̩ \g getting-down cart tied one tree-on climb one tree-in climbed \f we tied the cart to a tree and then climbed up into the tree

\n 16 \p aur̩i dʒetⁿekulinalilok̩ r̩e̠ile tike paka dʒair̩e̠ilu̩ kulinalilok dv̠kbake \g and workers people stay little near went labor people call \f there were some laborers near there so I went and called them

\n 17 \p lok aîle dⁿuise̠ tⁿinse̠ loke̠ te̽ɡa be̠rˑka dⁿe̠r̩ike̠r̩i \g people came two-hundred three-hundred people stick holding \f two or three hundred persons came all holding sticks

\n 18 \p asbake se baɡ ɡutʃla̩ \g then the tiger left \f but the tiger was gone

\n 19 \p me̠habe̠li baɡ se baɡ se dⁿine ki ̩mitⁿir̩i be̠̽tʃi̩ ɡalu no.̩le kebe̠lˑ \g huge tiger that tiger that day somehow escaped otherwise only \f he was a huge tiger but he somehow escaped that day otherwise

\n 19 \p mur̩tⁿju oi ̩ta obe etⁿikitⁿe̠ \g death happens too-much \f his death that day was sure

Questions

Key: \n number of question \q question \p phonetic transcription \l line of text from which question is drawn \a anticipated answer

\n 1 \q what time was it? \p e̩ kv̠tⁿha kv̠rˑv̠kbela hoîr̩v̠îla \l 2 \a 12 o’clock (midnight)

\n 2 \q what did they meet in the forest? \p kaîta dʒharˑ̩ bhitⁿr̩e tʃhekla̩ \l 3 \a tiger

\n 3 \q what did the tiger do? \p baɡ kai ̻ kv̠r̩la \l 4 \a followed him

\n 4 \q what did they take? \p haîman kaîta nelˑe \l 5 \a a cart

\n 5 \q who did the rich man speak with? \p saukar̩ ka.̩r̩ sv̠nˑɡe kv̠tⁿha hoite r̩v̠îla \l 7a \a his two servants

\n 6 \q what did he throw into the forest? \p haî dʒ̩ar̩ bhitⁿr̩e kajta pv̠kaîla \l 11a \a a lighted match

\n 7 \q what could they see? \p haîman kaita dⁿakle \l 13 \a the road

\n 8 \q what did they climb? \p haîman kaî tʃe̩kalaî̩ \l 15 \a a tree

\n 9 \q what were the people holding? \p lokman kaita dⁿhv̠r̩i r̩v̠île \l 17 \a stick

\n 10 \q when the people came, where had the tiger gone? \p dʒv̠rˑdⁿai̩ lokman aîle baɡ kaj kv̠r̩la \l 18 \a he had left

B.2 BAU

Text Text for the Auli Sad story taken at Auli Village, Nowrangpur Tahsil, Koraput District, Orissa (21 February, 1989).

Key: \n Number of sentence \p ɵhonetic transcription \g Literal word for word translation \f Free translation

\n 1 \p aja bua r̩e̠� ̩̂le ami satⁿe̠ baj be̠unˑi tʃar̩̩ be̠unˑi tⁿintˑa baj \g mother father lived we seven brothers sisters four sisters three boys \f with our parents lived seven brothers and sisters. four girls, three boys

\n 2 \p tⁿinta baj tʃar̩ta̩ be̠unˑi tⁿilu \g three brothers four sisters were \f there were three brothers and four sisters

\n 3 \p setˑu ame tʃe̠lu̩ seti ame kati dʒiba̩ lok ɡv̠le \g then we event go people went \f

\n 4 \p bajmv̠ne̠ tⁿinta ɡe̠r̩e tⁿile \g brothers three house was \f the three brothers were in their three houses

\n 5 \p ele eîtⁿanle kai ela am ɡe̠tʃe̩ am tʃeɡbakadʒ̩ e̩ mor baba mar̩iɡe̠la \g then happen what mango tree mango climbing my father died \f then what happened is that while my father was climbing for mangos he died

\n 6 \p se am tⁿolibake upr̩e ɡe̠tʃ ̩ upr̩e tʃe̠rˑla̩ \g he mango pluck-for up tree up climbed \f he climbed up the mango tree to pick mangos

\n 7 \p ɡatʃ ̩ upe̠r̩tu pe̠rˑiɡe̠la \g tree up-from fell \f he fell out of the tree

\n 8 \p udⁿr̩i ɡe̠la udⁿr̩iɡe̠la mv̠rˑbadʒla̩ san̩ɡe san̩ɡe tⁿar̩ pe̠r̩anˑa badⁿ eîɡe̠la \g down went down hurt immediatly his life separate went \f he fell down and died immediatly

\n 9 \p me̠r̩iɡe̠la me̠r̩i dʒ̩ibar̩u dʒibake̩ mor̩ ma eka \g died death after my mother alone \f after my father’s death my mother was alone and she

\n 9a \p baj be̠unˑimanke se̠buke dⁿekla posla palˑla \g brothers sisters all saw fed care took \f saw that we were all fed and she alone took care of us

\n 10 \p se̠bu tⁿar̩ le̠ɡe kurˑa ke̠ri sanɡaila mor̩ ma kurˑa kar̩i sanɡaila \g all his happen gathered my mother gathered \f she gathered everything that she could

\n 11 \p kam bate kuli ke̠rla butⁿi ke̠r̩la posla polˑla \g work road kuli did work did fed cared \f she did road work and porter work in order to feed us

\n 12 \p emtⁿi r̩e̠� ̩̂ r̩e̠� ̩̂ke̠r̩i ɡote baba mar̩i ke̠r̩i dv̠s bv̠r̩v̠s bv̠r̩e̠ bv̠r̩v̠s ela \g like-this life went once father died doing 10 years 12 years was \f like this life went on for ten or twelve years after father’s death

\n 13 \p baba mar̩iɡe̠la bv̠r̩e̠ bv̠r̩v̠s ela aur̩i ma kv̠lija pe̠rˑiɡv̠la \g father died twelve years was and mother black became \f twelve years after father’s death mother became sick

\n 14 \p ma kv̠lija pe̠rˑi dʒibar̩u̩ ma misa mar̩iɡe̠la \g mother black became mother also died \f when she became sick she also died

\n 15 \p se v̠spitˑale nei ̩kv̠r̩i ose̠dⁿ indʒe̩kse̠n̩ kar̩lumisa katlana dⁿe̠r̩lanai kitʃi̩ \g the hospital took medicine injection did also helped-not nothing \f we took her to the hospital where they gave her injection and medicine, but it did not help

\n 16 \p elanaidʒe̩ nai kajta ke̠� ̩̂bi dʒ̩ibi kuja \g happen-nothing no what say go say \f nothing happened

\n 17 \p ele ma bi kota osokosa misa konta dⁿar̩la nai dⁿisar̩i \g but mother other any medicine also any help not \f we tried all sorts of other medicines but none helped

\n 17a \p ɡunija ke̠r̩lu misa dⁿar̩la nai \g shaman did also help not \f the shaman also did not help

\n 18 \p v̠spital nelu misa se oso indʒe̩ksv̠n̩ kitʃi̩ dⁿe̠r̩lanai \g hospital took also that medicine injection nothing helped \f we took her to the hospital but it did not help

\n 19 \p na dⁿar̩la ke ele nei ̩ke̠r̩i ɡv̠r̩e suâi ̩dⁿelu tⁿake ɡar̩e anˑike̠r̩e suâi ̩dⁿelu \g not help taking home laid her home took laying \f we took her home and laid her down in the house

\n 20 \p mv̠se ki dui mv̠s anˑi ɡv̠r̩e anˑike̠r̩i son̩ɡa� ̩̂dⁿebake ma misa me̠riɡe̠la \g month or two month bring home brought mother also died \f she was at home a month or two but then she also died

\n 21 \p ma misa mar̩idʒ̩ibake ma mv̠r̩iɡv̠la misa baj bv̠ndⁿu sv̠bu be̠unˑimv̠n \g mother also died-after mother died also husbands all sisters \f after mother died all three sisters found husbands and went to live

\n 21a \p tⁿinta ɡv̠le c̠̽dˑr̩a ɡar̩e ɡar̩e dʒ̩aike̠r̩i tⁿan̩ke̠me̠ne̠ kv ̠i ̩l e \g three went male house house went they ate \f at the house of there husbands and there they ate

\n 22 \p mu̽i aur̩i ɡote ɡe̠r̩e asile \g I one house came \f I also came to one house

\n 23 \p mu̽i misv̠ mor̩ ɡe̠r̩ milˑla moke \g I also my house to me \f I also got my house

\n 24 \p mor̩ bajmv̠n eka tⁿinta baj dʒe̩ itike sitike kv̠r̩ ɡv̠r̩e ɡv̠ti kv̠r ɡv̠r̩e \g my brothers alone three brothers went here there who house \f my brothers went here and there to whose ever house they could find work

\n 24a \p butⁿi kv̠r̩i kv̠r̩i tⁿan̩ke̠man tʃv̠lˑle̩ \g work doing doing they survived \f work. in this way they survived.

Questions

Questions for the Auli Sad story (BAU)

Key: \n number of question \q question \p phonetic transcription \l line of text from which question is drawn \a anticipated answer

\n 1 \q why did the father climb the treeʔ \p kaje kadʒ̩e bua am ɡe̠tʃe̩ tʃeɡla̩ \l 6 \a to pick manɡos

\n 2 \q how did the father dieʔ \p bua kenta me̠r̩la \l 7 \a he fell

\n 3 \q where did the father dieʔ \p bua kontˑi me̠r̩la \l 8 \a under the tree

\n 4 \q after the father died, who cared for the childrenʔ \p bua me̠r̩bake kone postⁿer̩e̠la \l 9 \a mother

\n 5 \q how lonɡ aɡo did the father dieʔ \p bua me̠r̩ike̠r̩i ke̠tⁿe̠k be̠r̩e̠r̩ hela \l 12 \a ten or twelve years

\n 6 \q what happened to the motherʔ \p ajake kai ke̠r̩le \l 13 \a she became black sick̆ ̃

\n 7 \q what did they do to the motherʔ \p ai lomme̠n ajake kaj ke̠r̩la \l 15 \a ɡave medicine

\n 8 \q why did they brinɡ the mother back homeʔ \p ajake kaje kadʒ̩e ɡe̠r̩e anle \l 19 \a medicine did not help

\n 9 \q what happened to the sistersʔ \p bainime̠n konbate ɡe̠le \l 21 \a found houses married̆ ̃

\n 10 \q what did the brothers doʔ \p baj bitⁿame̠n kaje ke̠r̩tⁿe r̩e̠le \l 24 \a worked

B.3 BSA

Text Tiger Story taken from Sargipal Village, Jagdulpur Tahsil, Bastar District, Madhya Pradesh (26 February 1989).

Key: \n Number of sentence \p phonetic transcription \g Literal word for word translation \f Free translation

\n 1 \p ebe me̽î e̩k zv̠n pe̠taîr̩e̠îli berˑe \g now I one person sent field \f I sent a man to the field

\n 2 \p a̽îtⁿane r̩v̠ka r̩v̠kar̩v̠ boikv̠r̩i zv̠b me̽ zaîr̩v̠î itwar̩ at ha̽îbatle asili \g there watch watching told when I went Sunday market road came \f after telling him to keep watch, I went to Sunday Market and returned

\n 3 \p bani ka̽dʒ̩i dʒo̽aî̩ din zorˑdⁿar̩ bani ɡir̩la \g rain day much rain fell \f that day it rained very heavily

\n 4 \p zorˑdⁿar̩ ɡir̩bake tⁿe̠ kĥetⁿbate dⁿe̠k.̩e bĥe̠tr̩i bĥasa dⁿe̠k.̩e dʒ̩ib \g much falling-after field-to see bhatri language see go \f after the rain I told myself I should go to the field and see it

\n 4a \p bol.̩i aûr̩u sv̠̽zbela hoibake mu̽i ɡv̠li \g thought then evening became I went \f so that evening I went

\n 5 \p ha̽î batle̩ dʒibake̩ tⁿe̠ r̩v̠ili a̽t baze r̩atⁿi aî \g that road went and stay 8 o’clock night came \f I went there and stayed until eight o’clock then night came

\n 6 \p tⁿo boho̽t dⁿur̩ zo laît dⁿv̠r̩ikir̩i mu̽î mar̩tⁿe mar̩tⁿe ɡv̠li \g so very far light holding I showing-showing went \f it was very far so I went holding a flashlight to see by

\n 7 \p a̽i batle̩ asu asu bate̩ ɡote̩ baɡ r̩v̠îla \g that road coming road one tiger stayed \f I was coming along that road and a tiger was also on that road

\n 8 \p tⁿo tⁿv̠ku dⁿekli \g so him-to saw-I \f then I saw him

\n 9 \p dⁿek.̩iri aûr̩i aûr̩ ulta pv̠r̩aîli aûr̩ mv̠tʃetⁿan̩ tʃe̩ ɡli \g seeing and and back ran and wall climbed \f seeing him I turned and ran and climbed up a wall

\n 10 \p aûr̩ a ̽i ̩tⁿ an l e e̩k dⁿuî ɡv̠̽tˑa r̩v̠ili \g and that-place one two hours stayed \f I stayed there one or two hours

\n 11 \p aur̩ a ̽i ̩tⁿ an l e ɡv̠la bolikir̩i aûr̩i aîli \g and that-place went thought and came \f then I thought he had gone so I got down and went

\n 12 \p aûr̩ bate bv̠sir̩ \g and road sat-he \f but he was still along the road

\n 13 \p bate bv̠sbake kaî kv̠r̩li pitiɡu̽tʃa̩ mar̩tⁿe mar̩tⁿe e̩kdv̠m pv̠r̩e asbiatʃi̩ \g road sitting what to-do backside showing fully ran coming \f since he was sitting in the road I showed him my backside and ran

\n 14 \p tⁿv̠ duî adⁿmiku bate betli \g then two men road met \f then I met two men along the road

\n 15 \p dⁿuî adⁿmiku bate betbake ha̽î lok dʒo̩ tⁿinkv̠r sv̠nˑɡe batⁿtʃitⁿholi̩ \g two men road meeting those people them with spoke \f meeting these two men along the road, I spoke with them

\n 16 \p aûr̩ ha̽i lok ɡĥv̠r̩e asli \g and those people house came \f then we came to those people’s house

\n 17 \p ɡĥv̠r̩le per ɡv̠li r̩atⁿi ɡula \g house-from again went night all \f leaving their house I again went on the whole night (this is why)

\n 18 \p iâr̩ dʒar̩̩ hoîbiatʃi̩ \g go go doing \f I was going and going and going

\n 19 \p tⁿin bar̩ iâr̩ dʒar̩̩ aur̩i dʒ̩aî aur̩i ase aur̩i dʒaî̩ aur̩i ase \g three times going and go and come and go and come \f I went and came back three times. I would go and come; go and come

\n 19a \p tⁿo aîtⁿe aîtⁿe dʒaîkir̩i̩ per̩ aûr̩i ɡv̠li \g so coming going again and went \f so I came back one final time then left

\n 20 \p e̩k adⁿmi bv̠sir̩e bate lv̠mha dʒa̩ ɡa \g one man sitting road lumha place \f one man was sitting along the road at the lumha place

\n 21 \p lv̠mha dʒ̩aɡa bitⁿa sv̠nˑɡe bethaîli \g lumba place men with met \f so I met with the man sitting at that place and the other lumba men

\n 22 \p aur̩ ha̽ilok per̩ aur̩i tⁿar̩ sv̠nˑɡe dv̠ndv̠k batⁿ kv̠r̩i aur̩i dv̠ndv̠k bv̠sli \g and people again and he with sometime rice did and sometime sat \f I sat there for a while and talked (idiom bat< kv=r`i)

\n 23 \p bv̠si bv̠sv̠tⁿ tⁿv̠skv̠t lv̠ɡla \g sitting bored feeling \f I got bored of sitting

\n 24 \p ha̽i tⁿanle per̩ nv̠ hoîbake per̩ utli \g that place again no became again got up \f since nothing was happening there I got up to leave

\n 25 \p aur̩ astⁿer̩e̽ per̩ a̽i bv̠sbita per̩ hakdⁿela \g and coming again he sitting again called \f as I was leaving again the man who was sitting called out to me

\n 26 \p hakdⁿebake per̩ aur̩i ɡv̠li letikir̩i \g calling again and went turned \f hearing him call again I turned and came back

\n 27 \p leûtikir̩i dʒ̩ibake dʒo̩ ha̽i lok e kukrˑa dv̠kla \g returning going go those people a chicken crowed \f when I was returning to those people a cock crowed

\n 28 \p kukrˑa dv̠kbake pv̠tʃe̩ dⁿono utlu aûr̩u aîtⁿe aslu \g chicken crowed after two got-up and came \f after the cock crowed (morning) two of us got up and came (returned home)

Questions

Key: \n number of question \q question \p phonetic transcription 45

\l line of text from which question is drawn \a anticipated answer

\n 1 \q where did the man go? \p a̽j kene dʒ̩ai r̩v̠îla \l 2 \a Sunday Market

\n 2 \q how was the rain? \p pani kv̠sv̠n mar̩laʔ \l 3 \a very heavy

\n 3 \q what was the man holding? \p a̽j kaj dⁿĥv̠r̩ir̩e \l 6 \a a flashlight

\n 4 \q what was on the road? \p bate̩ kaj r̩e \l 7 \a tiger

\n 5 \q where did he climb? \p a̽j kaitⁿe tʃel̩ ɡa \l 9 \a a wall

\n 6 \q how long did he sit on the wall? \p a̽j atⁿi kv̠tⁿv̠k ɡĥv̠nta r̩e \l 10 \a one or two hours

\n 7 \q what did he do when he saw the tiger? \p bate̩ baɡ r̩e v̠rˑdⁿaj a̽j kaj kv̠r̩la \l 13 \a showed his back (ran back)

\n 8 \q how many people did he meet? \p kv̠tⁿv̠k lok.̩e a̽j bet oîla \l 14 \a two

\n 9 \q where did he go? \p a̽j kenˑe ɡv̠la \l 16 \a to the two people’s house

\n 10 \q after he turned, who called (crowed)? \p a̽i leûtikir̩i aîbadⁿaj kon dakla \l 27 \a chicken (cock)

B.4 BUM

Text Umarkot thief story taken at Kada Boda Village, Umarkot Tahsil, Korapur District, Orissa (9 March 1989).

Key: \n Number of sentence \p phonetic transcription \g Literal word for word translation \f Free translation

\n 1 \p amor ɡĥar̩e ɡote ɡv̠tiɡ hela riβ̩e ani so dʒostar̩i̩ masiatʃa̩ tʃalte̩ \g our house one event was then 1900 76 year during \f during 1976 one incident occured in our house

\n 2 \p le mor ɡar̩e baba mu̽i arɡotˑ lok moha lok asur̩la \g my house father I other man new man came \f to my house myself, my father, and another man came

\n 3 \p dasanɡe bĥara suêdilo \g together outside slept \f we slept outside together

\n 4 \p amor̩ aîya ar̩di amo ɡutnv̠mi mita se̠îr̩v̠le \g our mother and our sister inside slept \f our mother and my sister slept inside

\n 5 \p v̠di v̠di ̩n mo̽dʒi̩ rati otʃv̠r̩ or̩tasala \g and that-day middle night thief came \f that day, during the middle of the night, a thief came

\n 6 \p adi howor̩tke howor̩la bitrelv̠ɡa \g and door-to opened inside-went \f and he opened the door and went inside

\n 7 \p he̩le bitradʒ̩i wohe iarkide hamor̩ aîya utˑla hutˑiɡe bar̩ni ke̩r̩la \g then inside after at-that-time our mother got-up after outside came \f after the thief went inside mother got up and came outside

\n 8 \p e̩dv̠ tʃor̩̩ e̩r̩kida biterliwortʃ ̩ tʃoûl̩ andi dĥv̠rikari aste̩r̩la \g that thief at-that-time inside-from rice pot holding came \f the thief then was coming out holding a pot of rice

\n 9 \p hawort ke ort dⁿapla de̩kar̩i tʃoûl̩ andike amor noni soîjalaî \g door to closed seeing rice pot our sister sleeping \f when he saw that the door was closed he threw the rice pot down

\n 9a \p leɡo̩ mu̽ le̩ɡo v̠pkilela \g then head near throwing \f near the head of my sister who was still sleeping

\n 10 \p patʃe̩ ewv̠te amke aîya tedela \g after this us-to mother woke \f then mother woke us up

\n 11 \p utedaîaxe ami sowortlu ar̩di bv̠tˑlabe ɡv̠lu \g calling-after we woke and enterance-to went \f after mother called us we got up and went to the enterance of the house

\n 12 \p bv̠tl bidʒ̩waka bitr̩e tʃor̩e̩ ɡela \g way coming inside thief went \f while we were coming to the house the thief was still inside

\n 12a \p ar̩di kowar̩tke dʒ̩uxaî dʒ̩uxaîto kowar̩t aɡar̩ kowar̩t mv̠nto ɡotek e̩nti \g and door-to shake shaking door before door all one piece \f he was shaking the door (not like this door with two parts, but the kind

\n 12b \p kaɵ̩e ata aûnwe ɡote kowarte ewartle pv̠lkaîkar̩in nikar̩la \g halves not one door in-this-way breaking pulled-off \f without halves) and shook it so hard as if to break it open

\n 13 \p v̠d pulɡaîdela \g it broke \f the door broke

\n 14 \p pulɡaî ɡe̩rto waknike̩r̩lo ami bĥar̩e reɡol tʃe̩ barˑtˑlˑabe tin lok \g broke went ran-away we outside stayed the path three men \f he ran outside but we three men were standing in his path

\n 14a \p tʃor̩o̩ kaî ke̩r̩la aîvar̩te aîwa dʒ̩ibi bor̩u bor̩u elak tenˑe v̠kɵ̩aîla \g thief what did this-way that-way ran thinking that axe took \f the theif had nothing he could do,then he thought to grab an axe

\n 15 \p tenˑiya homr̩ekv̠r̩i tenˑɡia dhv̠r̩i ɡhar̩tok ki ̩ndr̩ate tⁿia̽tⁿi kor̩te \g axe grabbing axe holding swinging here-there doing \f taking the axe, he begun to swing it here and there and

\n 15a \p nikv̠r̩la ham ke̩r̩dⁿetⁿaxe dor̩tⁿutⁿa \g came-out we before-to-him catching \f he got by us before we could catch him

\n 16 \p dv̠ nekr̩iɡv̠r por̩e̩la \g coming-out-from he-left \f he got by us and got away

\n 17 \p por̩ewaxe am patˑ patˑ kedunalo kedina waxe kar̩tˑakati awaxe tʃor̩̩ \g left-after we followed chasing chased after near after thief \f after he passed us we chased after him. when we got near him the

\n 17a \p kaî kar̩la uwortikv̠di v̠m tenˑia v̠d e̩rikedaianda \g what did turned-around us axe that holdind-chased \f thief turned around and chased us with the axe

\n 18 \p patʃe̩ hami dĥv̠ɡ dar̩ke naîeda tʃar̩ebi̩ ̩kor̩i ɡar̩ iasi̩lu \g after we him caught not returned house came \f we could not catch him so we returned to the house

\n 19 \p tʃor̩ patʃe̩ ewart porlela \g thief then this-way escaped \f after that the thief escaped

Questions

Key: \n number of question \q question \p phonetic transcription \l line of text from which question is drawn \a anticipated answer

\n 1 \q who came in the middle of the night? \p mo̽dʒirati̩ kon asila \l 5 \a a thief

\n 2 \q where did the thief go? \p tʃor̩̩ ke̩niɡala \l 6 \a inside

\n 3 \q where did the mother go? \p aija ke̩niɡala \l 7 \a outside

\n 4 \q what was the thief holding? \p tʃor̩̩ kaî daîlirela \l 8 \a rice pot

\n 5 \q what did the mother do? \p ija kaî kv̠rla \l 10 \a woke the men

\n 6 \q what did the thief do to the door? \p tʃor̩ kowartke kaî ke̩rla \l 12a \a broke it

\n 7 \q what did the thief grab? \p tʃor̩̩ kaî ɵ̩ila \l 14 \a axe

\n 8 \q what did the thief do with the axe? \p tʃor̩̩ tanˑɡi ari kaî ke̩rla \l 15 \a swung it around

\n 9 \q after turning around what did the thief do? \p tʃor̩ ultˑike̩di kaî ke̩rla \l 17 \a chased the men

\n 10 \q where did the thief go? \p tʃor̩ ke̩niɡv̠lv̠ \l 19 \a he escaped

B.5 HAL

Text Halbi tiger story taken at Chapar village, Jagdulpur Tahsil, Bastar District, Madhya Pradesh (21 June 1989).

Key: \n Number of sentence \p phonetic transcription \g Literal word for word translation \f Free translation

\n 1 \p e̩be̩ pĥv̠r̩v̠s ɡa̽ole̩ mv̠̽je utⁿv̠r̩li aur̩i dʒa̽isi̩ tⁿo pani bv̠r̩v̠stⁿe r̩v̠hi \g now paras village I got-down and going then water-rain was \f I got down at the village of Paras and it was raining

\n 2 \p dʒv̠nˑ̩ ɡv̠l me̽ baɡh dʒanu̩ bate bate h� ̽dtⁿe dʒatⁿerv̠he̩ \g jungle in tiger go road walk going \f one tiger was walking along the road

\n 3 \p v̠b mv̠̽je bol dʒ̩aisi dⁿekhle khozke̩ aûr̩i baɡ aje \g when I also going saw print and tiger came \f when I was also going I saw the footprint of the tiger then he came

\n 4 \p pv̠r̩le oli v̠b bhaɡban dⁿe̩k bv̠tʃaô̩ v̠b mv̠̽je e̩ bate̩ dʒ̩a� ̽dⁿe̩tⁿo hunbate̩ \g hard is o lord see save o I this road if-go that road \f see this difficult situation and save me lord because wherever I go lord

\n 4a \p dʒaidⁿetⁿo̩ v̠b mv̠tʃo̩ e̩be̩ aja baba konasotⁿ bhv̠ɡban tⁿui asis \g if go my now mom dad no-one lord you one \f you are with me. I have no mother or father lord, you are my protector

\n 5 \p aûr̩ motʃo̩ koi asahar̩ neîatⁿ \g and to-me man shelter not-have \f and I have no one to shelter me lord

\n 6 \p az sv̠nˑ asitⁿo bhv̠ɡban tⁿui e̩ktⁿoneîto baɡ azi khatⁿoje bitⁿiaje \g today with if-not lord you otherwise tiger today eat shall \f today o lord if you are not with me, the tiger will surely eat me

\n 6a \p khaûtʃaje̩ pur̩e pur̩o dʒ̩atⁿo thane \g man-eater front front going was \f the tiger came in front of me to eat me

\n 7 \p v̠b dʒ̩atⁿe dʒ̩atⁿe baɡ v̠b ultun niô dⁿekhe mv̠̽je dv̠r̩ kadʒe̩ kape̽se \g then going tiger then turning not see I fear for shaking \f then the tiger kept going and did not see me but I was shaking with fear

\n 8 \p ar̩e baba ɡotˑv̠k ɡaɡrˑi ke bolese hunke v̠b mv̠r̩utⁿo a̽je \g our father one axe to carry him that may die \f our father came with an axe thinking that he would kill the tiger

\n 8a \p e̩be̩ baɡ moke batʃanaje̩ az khaûtʃ ̩ ajebe \g now tiger me-to not-leave today eat-none \f and that today it would eat no one

\n 9 \p dʒatⁿe̩ dʒatⁿe̩ khube dhur̩ holi \g going going very far did \f I went very far

\n 10 \p v̠b be̽dⁿr̩aɡohorˑi nikv̠r̩la a̽ bhv̠ɡban sur̩takv̠r̩lu tⁿebe be̽dⁿra ɡohorˑike \g then monkey group came yes lord remembered then monkey group \f then the lord remembered me as a group of monkeys came out

\n 10a \p dⁿekhun hunbate dʒaîdⁿeke̩ moke dⁿekhuaje dʒale̩ bolese mu̽je \g seeing that-way go-see to-me see-come but saying I \f and I knew that the tiger would follow them instead of me

\n 11 \p v̠b baɡ dʒaîse̩ khub e̩k kilometv̠r̩me hun ɡhutʃli̩ ɡhutʃtⁿoke̩ mv̠̽je \g then tiger going very one kilometer he went went-after I \f after going one kilometer the tiger went away

\n 11a \p bole̽se hv̠̽ bhv̠ɡîwan ɡhutʃalo̩ \g said yes lord went \f and I said yes lord he went

\n 12 \p aîhun dʒaûn̩ ɡotˑv̠k beherˑa r̩uke arˑe bherˑlise v̠b hun moke bole dv̠r̩ese \g he going one behera tree back tree-hid then he to-me also fear \f the tiger hid behind a behera tree. he was afraid of me and

\n 12a \p mv̠̽je hunke bole dv̠r̩e̽se \g I him-to also fear \f I was afraid of him also

\n 13 \p dv̠r̩te dv̠r̩te kaje holi v̠b baɡ moke phe̩r̩ kv̠r̩as kv̠r̩li pur̩e \g fearing what did then tiger to-me again cross did front \f I was afraid. then the tiger crossed in front of me again

\n 13a \p v̠b tʃhame̩ khv̠rˑehondⁿeli holi v̠bbol ɡaɡrˑike ne̽ihoje tⁿhur tⁿhur̩ese \g then before stood did then axe not-have fearing \f then when the tiger stood before him he was too afraid to use his axe

\n 14 \p phe̩r̩ nikar̩la be̽dr̩a aur̩ sahar̩a he bhv̠ɡwan az moke ne̽i bv̠tʃa̩ e̩be̩ \g again came monkeys and shelter o lord today to-me not leave now \f again the monkeys came to save me but I thought the tiger won’t leave

\n 15 \p baɡ mv̠̽je dʒa̽îse̩ pur̩kha ɡhv̠r̩me az moke baɡ ne̽î bv̠tʃawe̩ khanaje \g tiger I going dead house today to-me tiger not leave eat-come \f today I will go be with my fore-fathers as the tiger will eat me

\n 16 \p phe̩r̩ bhe̽dr̩a ɡoherˑa phe̩r nikv̠r̩la \g again monkey group again came \f again the monkeys came

\n 17 \p udⁿv̠ldⁿaje baɡ v̠b kio dʒ̩atⁿe dʒv̠nˑɡv̠lme̩̽ e̩bate̩ hunbate̩ v̠b hun dⁿekli aur̩i \g that-time tiger now why go forest this-way that-way then he looked \f then the tiger was in the jungle looking this way and that, saw me

\n 18 \p v̠b thv̠r̩ tⁿv̠r̩ese honsi baɡ bole khalele upv̠r̩le dⁿv̠khesetʃi̩ dⁿv̠khesetʃi̩ \g then fearing did tiger also bottom top looking looking \f the tiger saw me and looked me over and I thought he would eat me

\n 18a \p dʒanu̩ az bhaɡwanitʃ ̩ bv̠tʃalo̩ dʒ̩ale mv̠̽je dʒa̩ aje ne̽ito ɡhv̠r̩tʃo̩ loɡ \g but today lord save going I go come not house people \f and I said, “save me lord or I will not return to my home”

\n 18b \p bolsotⁿbe ɡelo \g saying went \f

\n 19 \p hunmv̠n aleso nie bolsade bole mv̠̽je \g they ? not saying said I \f

\n 20 \p aur̩hur̩se hotⁿe dⁿekhli khale upv̠r̩le aur̩ baɡ naije muthaje dⁿhur̩lake \g and-like did look bottom top and tiger not handful dirt \f and then the tiger took a handful of dirt

\n 20a \p r̩apli aur munde pv̠kaur̩dⁿeli \g took and head put \f and put it on my head

\n 21 \p v̠b tʃit̩ hole n� ̽haje belos tⁿitⁿ kv̠mseekv̠m dⁿerˑ ɡhv̠ntame mv̠tv̠r \g then sense did not senseless at-least one-and-half hour but \f then I was knocked unconcious for at least one and one half hour

\n 21a \p kitⁿɡhv̠ntane tʃetⁿle̩ aur̩i hajr̩am bolese \g some time concious and oh!Ram told \f then again gained my sense . I’m telling you

\n 22 \p v̠b utˑhle aur̩i pv̠tʃe̩ nihaj kaini baɡ bole pv̠r̩aun ɡele \g then up and after not what-not tiger said away went \f then I got up, saw there was no tiger, and went away

Questions

Key: \n number of question \q question \p phonetic transcription \l line of text from which question is drawn \a anticipated answer

\n 1 \q what village did he get down at? \p haî konla utˑe̠r̩la \l 1 \a Pharsa

\n 2 \q what animal was on the road? \p bate kon dʒaîte̩r̩la̩ \l 2 \a tiger

\n 3 \q who did he begin to talk to? \p haî kon kusurta ke̩rla \l 4 \a a god

\n 4 \q what did he have with him? \p tar sanɡe kaî ralat \l 8 \a axe

\n 5 \q how far did he go? \p haî kv̠ta dur ɡv̠la \l 9 \a very far

\n 6 \q what animals came out? \p kaî ɡhodi bhar̩i nike̩rla \l 10 \a monkeys

\n 7 \q where did the tiger hide? \p baɡ konla duɡalv̠ \l 12 \a behind a tree

\n 8 \q where was the tiger looking? \p baɡ kaî dv̠klade \l 18 \a here and there

\n 9 \q what did the tiger put on his head? \p baɡ kaî ke pv̠kaîlaû \l 20 \a dirt or dust

\n 10 \q how long was he unconcious? \p haî kardik daîli mutʃarela̩ \l 21 \a one-and-a-half hours

B.6 OCU

Text Text for the Cuttack Oriya drowning story (1 March 1989).

Key: \n Number of sentence \p phonetic transcription \g Literal word for word translation \f Free translation

\n 1 \p mor̩ sane̠belˑe̠r̩e̠ eke̠ v̠bhula katⁿha mu̽ ke̠hiba pa̽î be̠r̩tⁿman itʃakaruat̩ ʃi̩ \g my childhood one unforgetable event I tell to now willing \f now I want to tell an unforgetable incident of my childhood

\n 2 \p mu̽ dʒ̩etⁿebole khub tʃote̠̩ tⁿhili mor̩e̠ be̠rˑe̠ bhe̠unˑi se̠hitⁿa dⁿine \g I when small very my big sister with one-day \f when I was very small I had gone to the latrine with my older

\n 2a \p mu̽ bahar̩e̠ku dʒ̩arˑa dʒa̩ i ̩tⁿ h i li \g I outside latrine did-was \f sister one day

\n 3 \p dʒarˑa̩ ɡe̠le̠ pv̠r̩e mu̽ au mor̩ bhe̠unˑi amthemane panˑir̩e dⁿhoi ̩ba pa̽î \g latrine went then I and my sister we water-in wash to \f after we both went together to wash in the water at the lake

\n 4 \p pokhe̠r̩iku ɡe̠lu au setⁿebelˑe mu̽ be̠hutⁿ tʃote̠̩ tⁿhili \g lake went then that-time I very small was \f I was very small at that time

\n 5 \p mu̽ bo mor̩ bhe̠unˑi ambamane kehi pe̠he̠̽r̩iba dʒanˑine̠̩ tⁿhilu \g I and my sister we niether swimming knwledge-not was \f neither myself nor my sister knew how to swim

\n 6 \p au panˑir̩e dʒetⁿebelˑe̩ ambamane dⁿhoi̩ba pa̽i ɡe̠lu au sei kulˑar̩e \g then water-in when we wash to went and that bank \f then we went down to the water to wash. the bank next to the water

\n 6a \p be̠hutⁿ ɡe̠bhir̩a tⁿhila \g very steep was \f was very steep

\n 7 \p tⁿaha ambbhmane dʒanˑine̠̩ tⁿhilu \g that we knowledge-not was \f neither of us knew that

\n 8 \p tⁿape̠r̩e dʒetⁿbelˑe̩ ambhmane panˑir̩e dhoutⁿhilu ame̠r̩e̠ ɡorˑe̠ khe̠siɡe̠la \g then when we water-in washed our leg slipped \f then while we were washing we slipped

\n 9 \p au ambhmane panˑi bhitⁿe̠r̩e̠ku burˑibaku laɡilu \g and we water inside sinking began \f and we began to sink in the water

\n 10 \p au panˑi bhitⁿe̠r̩e dʒ̩etⁿebelˑe ambhmane burˑiɡe̠lu ambhmane panˑi pidⁿelu \g and water inside when we sank we water swallowed \f and when we were sinking in the water we swallowed water

\n 10a \p ambhmane̠̽ke̠ tⁿalˑur̩e tⁿalˑuku me̠dⁿhja panˑi uthiɡe̠la \g our brother Taluka also water entered \f one brother then appeared and came in the water

\n 11 \p k� ̽tⁿu sehi se̠me̠je̠r̩e pokhe̠r̩ir̩e̠ pake̠r̩e au dʒv̠nˑe̩ dʒ̩uba bhai tʃhirˑa̩ \g but that time lake near person young brother standing \f at that time this young brother had been standing near the lake

\n 12 \p au se san̩ɡe san̩ɡe panˑi bhitⁿe̠r̩e̠ku de�̽pe̠r̩i ame̠ dⁿui dʒe̠nˑe̠̽ku̩ upe̠r̩e̠ku \g then he quickly water inside jumped we two persons up \f then he quickly jumped into the water and saved the two of us

\n 13 \p utˑhei̩le tⁿape̠r̩e ambhman dʒetⁿebelˑe̩ upe̠re̠ku utˑhiɡe̠lu au ambhmane be̠hutⁿ \g lift after-that we when up lifted and we very \f then after we came out of the water we

\n 13a \p dʒor̩e̩ ka̽dⁿibaku laɡilu kar̩v̠nˑ ambhmane̠̽ ke̠r̩e̠ me̠nehila dʒepe̠r̩i̩ ambhmane \g loud crying began did we did thought as-if we \f were crying very loudly because when we were in the water we

\n 13b \p panˑi bhitⁿe̠r̩e burˑiki me̠r̩iba pa� ̽ dʒ̩autⁿhilu \g water inside sink die to going-were \f thought we were going to surely die

\n 14 \p au tⁿape̠r̩e se ambhmane̠̽ku nei ̩ki ɡhe̠r̩e̠ku asile au ma̽ku se̠bu ke̠tⁿha \g and after he we taking house-to came and mother-to all event \f after that he took us to our house, and at our house that brother

\n 14a \p se bhai ke̠hile \g that brother told \f told our mother all that had happened

\n 15 \p au ma se se̠bu ke̠tⁿha sunˑi se b h a� ̽ku be̠hutⁿ dⁿhe̠nje̠badⁿ dⁿele \g and mother that whole story hearing that brother much thanks gave \f and mother, after hearing the whole story thanked the brother much

\n 16 \p au tⁿape̠r̩e ambhmane̠̽ke̠ nime̠̽tⁿe ma me̠dⁿhija be̠hutⁿ dⁿukhe̠ ke̠le \g and after-that we for mother also very sorry felt \f

\n 16a \p au ambhane̠̽ku me̠dⁿhja bir̩e̠kte̠ hele amane̠̽ke̠ upe̠r̩e au amane̠̽ku se̠tⁿe̠r̩ke̠ \g and to-us also scolded us-to upon and us-to warning \f she scolded us and gave us a warning that from today we were not

\n 16b \p ke̠r̩aile dʒ̩e adʒithar̩u̩ tⁿumane kebehele se pokhe̠r̩iku sebe̠lˑi ekuti̩ja \g did that today-from you-all when that lake like-that alone \f to go to that lake alone

\n 16c \p dʒibe̠ni̩ kar̩e̠nˑ tⁿumane pe̠̽he̠r̩iba sikhina̽ \g go-not because you-all swimming know-not \f because we did not know how to swim

\n 17 \p au se se̠me̠je̠r̩u mor̩ me̠ne̠r̩e itʃhahela̩ kemtⁿi mu̽ pe̠he̠̽r̩a sikhi̩bi \g and that time-from my thought desired how I swimming learn \f and from that time onward I wanted to learn how to swim

\n 18 \p au setⁿhipa̽i mu̽ v̠nek se̠me̠je̠r̩e bapa̽ku kuhe dʒe̩ bapa tⁿume motⁿe \g and that-for I many times father-to tell that father you me-to \f for that reason I asked my father many times if we could go together to

\n 18a \p sv̠n̩ɡe̠r̩e ɡadⁿhei ̩ba pa̽i pokhe̠r̩i nei ̩dʒae̠̩ au motⁿe pe̠hv̠̽r̩a si̩khei̩dⁿija \g with both to lake take and me-to swim teach \f the lake and if he would teach me how to swim

\n 19 \p tⁿahale mu̽ dʒetⁿbelˑe̩ hele pokhe̠r̩iku ɡadⁿhei̩baku asile au mu̽ panˑir̩e \g then I when do lake-to together came and I water-in \f then whenever I go to the lake I wont be afraid

\n 19a \p burˑi dʒibar̩e̠̩ mor̩ bhe̠j r̩e̠hiba nahi \g sink cause my fear stay not \f of sinking (falling) in the water

\n 20 \p au se dⁿine̠thar̩u bapa motⁿe se̠bubelˑe tⁿa̽nke̠ se̠hitⁿa pokhe̠r̩iru nei ̩dʒ̩a̽tⁿi \g and that day-from father me-to all-time him with lake-to took \f and from that day on, father would take me all the time to the lake

\n 20a \p au se stⁿhanv̠r̩e bapa motⁿe pe̠he̠̽r̩a sikha̽tⁿi \g and that place father me-to swimming teach \f and at that place he would teach me to swim

\n 21 \p au ei̩bhe̠lˑi v̠bhjas ke̠r̩u ke̠r̩u au mu̽ pe̠he̠̽r̩iba sikhiɡe̠li \g and like-this habit do do and I swimming learned \f and we would do this habitually. in this way I learned to swim

\n 22 \p au tⁿape̠r̩e dʒetⁿebelˑe̩ pokhe̠r̩iku dʒ̩aj mor̩ au se aɡe̠r̩e tⁿhiba bhe̠j \g and after-that when lake-to go my that before was fear \f then after that whenever I would go to the lake I would

\n 22a \p au me̠ne̠r̩e ne̠tⁿhaj \g then thought-in not \f not have that fear

\n 23 \p kar̩e̠nˑ mu̽ pe̠he̠̽r̩a dʒ̩anˑitⁿhaj tⁿenˑu dʒetⁿebelˑe̩ dʒaj̩ mu̽ pe̠he̠̽r̩i par̩e \g because I swim knowledge so when go I swim can \f because I know how to swim, now since that day I have

\n 23a \p au mor̩ se bhe̠je̠ au se dⁿine̠thar̩u ne̠tⁿhaj \g and my that fear and from day-from not is \f been able to go swimming without fear

Questions

Key: \n number of question \q question \p phonetic transcription \l line of text from which question is drawn \a anticipated answer

\n 1 \q where did he go with his elder sister? \p se tⁿar̩e̠ be̠rˑe̠ bhe̠unˑi se̠hitⁿe̠ keu̽tⁿhaku ɡe̠la \l \a latrine

\n 2 \q why did they go to the lake? \p se mane kah� ̽ki pokhe̠r̩iku ɡe̠le \l \a to wash

\n 3 \q what did they not know? \p se mane ke̠nˑdʒ̩anˑi ne̠tⁿhile \l \a how to swim

\n 4 \q what happened while they were washing? \p ke̠nˑ hela se mane dʒ̩etⁿebelˑe dⁿhoutⁿhile \l \a they fell into the water

\n 5 \q who was near the pond? \p kije pokhe̠r̩i pokhr̩e tⁿhila \l \a a brother (someone from the same Taluka like a brother)

\n 6 \q what did he see? \p se ke̠nˑ dⁿhekhila \l \a he saw the two drowning

\n 7 \q why did the cry? \p se mane kah� ̽ki kandⁿile \l \a because they had nearly died

\n 8 \q where did he take them? \p \l \a home 59

\n 9 \q how did the mother feel? \p \l \a very sad

\n 10 \q what did the boy desire from that day onwards? \p \l \a he wanted to learn how to swim

B.7 HIN

Text Hindi bilingualism text taken from the Garasia report

Key: \n number of the sentence \p phonetic transcription \g gloss (word-for-word translation) \f free translation of sentence

\n 1 \p is sal ram kiʃan̩ ke khet me̽ warʃa̩ ki ɡhatˑi ke karanˑ \g this year Ram Kishan of field in rain of shortage of because \p se atʃhi̩ fasal nah� ̽ hui. \g from good harvest not became \f This year Ram Kishan’s field did not have a good harvest because of a shortage of rain.

\n 2 \p lekin us ne dekha ki uske pas ke hi khet \g but him by saw that him of near of very field \p me̽ dʒo̩ uske ek parˑosi ka khet tha bahut \g in which him of one neighbor of field was very

\n 2a \p atʃi̩ fasal hui hai \g good harvest became is \f But, he saw that his neighbour’s field near him had a very good harvest.

\n 3 \p ram kiʃan̩ ne sotʃa̩ ma̽î kya karu̽ \g Ram Kishan by thought I what shall do \f Ram Kishan thought, “What shall I do?”

\n 4 \p mudʒĥe̩ kutʃĥ̩ na kutʃĥ̩ karna tʃahiye̩ is liye ki uske \g to me something or other to do need this for that him of \p parˑosi ke khet me̽ atʃĥi̩ fasal hui aûr usne barˑi \g neighbour of field in good harvest became and he by big

\n 4a \p mahandt se us ko katˑa apne khalihan me̽ \g labour from that (to) harvested own threshing floor in \p uski safai ke liye us ɡehu̽ ko jama kiya \g it of threshing of for that wheat to hoard did \f I need to do something because my neighbour’s field has a good harvest and with a lot of work he has harvested it and hoarded the wheat in his threshing floor.

\n 5 \p ram kiʃan̩ ke man me̽ ek witʃar̩ aya, ma̽î kyo̽ nah� ̽ rat me̽ \g Ram Kishan of mind in one thought came, I why not night in \p jau̽ aûr apne parˑosi ke khalihan ɡehu̽ \g will go and own neighbour of threshing floor wheat

\n 5a \p utˑĥakar le au̽ \g lifted having take will come \f Ram Kishan thought to himself, “Why not go by night to my neighbour’s threshing floor and take some wheat?”

\n 6 \p lekin ram kiʃan̩ ke man me̽ ek witʃar̩ aya mere satĥ koi \g but Ram Kishan of mind in one thought came my with someone \p na koi hona tʃahiye̩ dʒ̩o is bat me̽ meri madad kare \g or other to be need who this matter in my help will do

\n 6a \p ki dʒab̩ ma̽î yah tʃori̩ karu̽ aûr aɡar koi mudʒhe̩ \g that when I this stealing will do and if someone to me \p dekĥ le to ma̽î dʒ̩aldi bhaɡ au̽ aûr is tʃori̩ \g see take then I quickly flee will come, and this stealing

\n 6b \p ke kam me̽ na pakrˑa dʒ̩au̽ \g of work in not caught will go. \f But it occurred to Ram Kishan that, “I should have someone to help me in all this so that if anyone sees me while I’m stealing I can quickly come back and not get caught stealing.”

\n 7 \p ram kiʃan̩ ne apne tʃhotˑe̩ betˑe sonu se kaha, dʒ̩o keval \g Ram Kishan by own small son Sonu from said, that only \p naû varʃ ̩ ka tha, betˑa, tum dekhte ho ki is sal \g nine years of was, Son, you see are that this year

\n 7a \p hamare khet me̽ koi upadʒ̩ nah�̽ hui, lekin parˑosi ke \g our field in any harvest not become, but neighbor of \p khalihan me̽ kitna ɡehu̽ rakha hai, to adʒ ̩ rat \g threshing-floor in how-much wheat kept is, then today night

\n 7b \p aîsa kare̽ ma̽î do barˑe thaîle apne sath lu̽ɡa aûr tum \g thus let’s-do I two big bags self with will-take and you \p mere sath tʃalo̩ \g my with go \f Ram Kishan said to his youngest son Sonu, who was only nine years old, “Son, you can see that we didn’t get any harvest in our fields at all this year, but look how much wheat is piled up on the neighbour’s threshing floor. So tonight, let’s do this. I’ll take two big bags and you come along with me.”

\n 8 \p aûr dekho wah tʃatˑ̩ ʟ̩an dʒ̩o samne dikh rahi haî dʒ̩o \g and look that rock which in-front appear being is which \p khalihan ke pas hi haî tum waha̽ kharˑeho dʒ̩ana, \g threshing-floor of side (emph) is you there stand go,

\n 8a \p aûr ma̽î dʒ̩aldi se in thaîlo̽ me̽ ɡehu̽ bhar lu̽ɡa. \g and I quickly these bags in wheat full will-bring. \f “You see that rock in front of the threshing floor, you go stand there, and I will quickly fill these bags with wheat.”

\n 9 \p ha̽, aɡar bharte samay tumhe koi awaz ae ya koi wjakti \g yes, if filling time you-to any sound come or any person \p dikhai de, tum turant zor se tʃi̩ ̩llana aûr ma̽î \g see give, you immediately loud from shout and I

\n 9a \p dʒaldi̩ se ɡehu̽ tʃhorˑkar̩ a dʒau̩̽ ɡa. \g quickly from wheat leaving will come. \f “And while I’m filling them, if you hear anything or see anybody, start shouting immediately, and I’ll quickly drop the wheat and come.”

\n 10 \p larˑke ne kaha tˑĥik̤haî. \g boy said all-right. \f The boy said, “All right.”

\n 11 \p sonu aûr ram kiʃan̩ apni jodʒ̩na anusar rat me̽ das \g Sonu and Ram Kishan own plan according-to night in 10 \p badʒ̩e parˑosi ke khalihan me̽ ɡehu̽ tʃurane̩ \g at 10 o’clock neighbour’s threshing floor on wheat in-order-to-

\n 11a \p pahutʃe̩ \g steal arrived \f Sonu and Ram Kishan arrived according to plan at the neighbour’s threshing floor at 10 p.m. to steal his wheat.

\n 12 \p ram kiʃan̩ dʒ̩aldi dʒaldi̩ apne tĥaîl�̽ ko ɡehu̽ se \g Ram Kishan quickly quickly own bags (obj) wheat from \p bhar̤raha tha ek tĥaila bhar tʃuka̩ aûr dusre tĥaîle \g filling was one bag filled (completive) and second bag 62

\n 12a \p ke bharne ki taîjari kar̤raha tha \g (obj) to-fill of readiness do-ing was \f Ram Kishan was quickly filling up his bags with wheat. He got one bag filled, and was getting ready to fill the second one.

\n 13 \p itne hi me̽ sonu ne zor se awaz laɡai \g that much only in Sonu loudly noise applied, \p pitadʒ̩i, pitadʒ̩i \g Father, Father \f Just then Sonu shouted loudly, “Father! Father!”

\n 14 \p ram kiʃan̩ dˑarta hua apne thaîle ko khali karke dʒ̩aldi \g Ram kishan fear with his bag (obj) empty did quickly \p se betˑe̤ke pas aya. \l son’s near came. \f Ram Kishan got scared, emptied his bags, and came running to his son.

\n 15 \p kaha betˑa tumne kjo̽ awaz diʔ \g tell son you why-did noise make? \f And said to him, “Son, why did you shout?”

\n 16 \p kja koi admi a raha thaʔ kisi ne mudʒhe̩ dekha to \g what someone men come-ing was? anyone me see did \p nah�ʔ ̽ \g not? \f “Was somebody coming? No one saw me, did they?”

\n 17 \p kja koi purab se ayaʔ \g why someone east from came? \f “Did someone come from the east side?”

\n 18 \p n ah � ̽. \g no. \f “No.”

\n 19 \p koi paʃt̩ ʃin̩ se, dakkhin se, uttar seʔ \g someone west from, south from, north from? \f “Or from the west, or south, or north?”

\n 20 \p nah� ̽ pitadʒ̩i. \g no father. \f “No, Father.”

\n 21 \p to tumne awaz kjo̽ diʔ \g then you noise why made? \f “So why did you shout?” 63

\n 22 \p oh pitadʒi,̩ dʒ̩o ma̽îne dʒab̩ upar a̽kh utˑhakar dekhi \g oh Father, which I when up eye having-lifted looked \p to mudʒ̩he malum hua ki parmeʃwar̩ dʒ̩o hamari

\n 22a \g then to-me knowledge became that God who our \p sriʃtˑikarta̩ haî, wah to sab dʒanta̩ aûr dekhta \g creator is, he of-course everything know and see \f “Oh Father! When I looked up I realized that God our Creator sees and knows everything.”

\n 23 \p jah satʃ ̩ haî ki manuʃja̩ dekhne̤wala nah� ̽ tha, lekin swarɡ \g this true is that human seeing-one not was, but heaven \p se parmeʃwar̩ dekh̤raha tha \g from God see-ing was \f “It’s true, there wasn’t any person who saw you, but God in heaven was watching.”

\n 24 \p jah bat sunkar ram kiʃan̩ ke̤upar barˑa prabhaw \g this matter having-heard Ram Kishan upon great impression \p hua \g became \f When he heard his son say this, it made a deep impression on Ram Kishan.

\n 25 \p usne apne betˑe se kaha, ʃabas̩ betˑa, tumne mudʒhe̩ \g he own son to said, well-done Son, you me \p adʒ̩ ek bahut atʃt̩ ʃha̩ sabuk sikhaja \g today a very good lesson taught \f He said to his son, “Well done, my son! You taught me a very good lesson today.”

\n 26 \p adʒ̩ se ma̽î koi bura kam nah� ̽ karu̽ɡa, kjo̽ki ho sakta haî \g today from I any evil work not will-do, because be can \p ki manuʃja̩ us burai ko na dekhe lekin parmeʃwar̩ \g that human that evil (obj) not may-see but God \p to sab̤kutʃh̩ dekhte haî \g after-all everything sees \f “From now on I won’t do wrong, because it may be that people won’t see it but God certainly does see everything.”

\n 27 \p ram kiʃan̩ ne apne betˑe ko dhanjabad dija. \g Ram Kishan his son to thanks gave. \f Ram Kishan thanked his son.

Questions

Key: \n number of question \p phonetic transcription of question in ʰindi \l literal translation \f free translation of question \a correct answer \s sentence number of text which precedes question on test tape

\n 1 \p ram kiʃan̩ ke khet me̽ fasal kjo̽ atʃhi̩ nah�̽ thiʔ \l Ram kishan of field in harvest why good not was? \f Why wasn’t the harvest in Ram Kishan’s field good? \a The rains failed. \s 1

\n 2 \p kiski fasal bahut atʃhi̩ hui thiʔ \l whose harvest very good became was? \f Whose harvest was very good? \a His neighbour’s harvest was good. \s 2

\n 3 \p ram kiʃan̩ ka kja witʃar̩ thiʔ \l Ram Kishan of what thought was? \f What was Ram Kishan’s idea? \a His idea was to take some of his neighbor’s wheat. \s 5

\n 4 \p use dusare ki awasjakata kjo̽ thiʔ \l second of why was? \f Why did he need someone else’s help? \a To keep lookout so that he would not be caught. \s 6

\n 5 \p ɡehu̽ rakhne ke lije wah apne sath kja le ɡajaʔ \l wheat to-put of for he self with what \f What did he take with him to put the wheat in? \a Two big bags \s 7

\n 6 \p usne apne betˑe ko kaha̽ khadˑe hone ko kahaʔ \l he own son (obj) where stand of said? \f Where did he tell his son to stand? \a On a rock. \s 8

\n 7 \p we kab khalihan me̽ pahu̽tʃe̩ ʔ \l threshing-floor in arrived? \f What time did they reach the threshing floor? \a Ten o’clock at night. \s 11

\n 8 \p kaûn dʒ̩or se tʃillaja̩ ʔ \l who loudly shouted? \f Who shouted loudly? \a Sonu, his son. \s 12, 13

\n 9 \p kaûn unhe̽ dekh̤raha thaʔ \l who see-ing was? \f Who was watching them? \a God. \s 22, 23

\n 10 \p ram kiʃam̩ kjo̽ aba koi bura kam n ah � ̽ ka re ɡaʔ \l Ram Kishan why now any evil work not will-do? \f Why will Ram Kishan now not do any (more) evil deeds? \a Because God sees everything. \s 24–26

Appendix C: Recorded Text Test data

C.1 BAN

Recorded Text Test Data for Anantpur Village,Kondagaon Tahsil, Bastar District, Madhya Pradesh (23 March 1989).

A=Age S=Sex O=Occupation E=Education C=Caste Y=18–30 M=Male F=Fieldworker 0=None B=Bhatra M=31–45 F=Female H=Housewife P=1–6 Standard PB=Pita Bhatra O=46+ P=Priest S=7–12 Standard T=Teacher

BAN hometown results

Participant: A S O E C Question number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 01 M M P P B 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 02 Y M F S B 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 03 Y M F P PB 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 04 M F H O PB 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 05 M M F P PB 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 06 Y M F P PB 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 07 Y M F P B 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 08 Y M F P B 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 09 O M F P B 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 10 Y M F P B 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 MEAN= 92 S.D.= 7.9 N= 10

BAN RTT results of BSA

Participant: A S O E C Question number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 01 M M P P B 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 02 Y M F S B 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 03 Y M F P PB 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 04 M F H O PB 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 05 M M F P PB 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 06 Y M F P PB 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 07 Y M F P B 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 08 Y M F P B 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 09 O M F P B 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 10 Y M F P B 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 MEAN= 93 S.D.= 8.2 N= 10

BAN RTT results of BKP

Participant: A S O E C Question number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 01 M M P P B 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 02 Y M F S B 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 03 Y M F P PB 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 04 M F H O PB 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 05 M M F P PB 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 06 Y M F P PB 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 07 Y M F P B 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 08 Y M F P B 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 09 O M F P B 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 10 Y M F P B 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 MEAN= 89 S.D.= 9.9 N= 10

BAN RTT results of BAU

Participant: A S O E C Question number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 01 M M P P B 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 02 Y M F S B 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 03 Y M F P PB 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 04 M F H O PB 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 05 M M F P PB 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 06 Y M F P PB 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 07 Y M F P B 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 08 Y M F P B 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 09 O M F P B 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 10 Y M F P B 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 MEAN= 92 S.D.= 7.9 N= 10

BAN RTT results of HINDI (HIN)

Participant: A S O E C Question number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 01 M M P P B 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 02 Y M F S B 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 03 Y M F P PB 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 04 M F H O PB 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 05 M M F P PB 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 06 Y M F P PB 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 07 Y M F P BN 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 08 Y M F P BT 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 09 O M F P BS 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 10 Y M F P B 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 MEAN= 42 S.D.= 31.9 N= 10

BAN RTT results of HAL

Participant: A S O E C Question number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 01 M M P P B 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 02 Y M F S B 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 03 Y M F P PB 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 04 M F H O PB 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 05 M M F P PB 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 06 Y M F P PB 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 07 Y M F P B 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 08 Y M F P B 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 09 O M F P B 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 10 Y M F P B 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 MEAN= 86 S.D.= 15.0 N= 10

C.2 BAU

Recorded Text Test Data for the SAD STORY taken at Auli Village, Nowrangpur Tahsil, Koraput District, Orissa (21 Febuary 1989).

A=Age S=Sex O=Occupation E=Education C=Caste Y=18–30 M=Male 0=None M=31–45 F=Female P=1–6 Standard O=46+ S=7–12 Standard

BAU hometown results

Participant: A S O E C Question number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 01 Y M ? S ? 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 02 M M ? S ? 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 03 Y M ? S ? 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 04 Y M ? P ? 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 05 Y F ? P ? 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 06 Y M ? P ? 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 07 Y F ? S ? 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 08 M M ? O ? 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 09 M M ? P ? 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 10 Y M ? O ? 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 11 M M ? H ? 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 12 Y M ? P ? 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 MEAN= 95 S.D.= 6.7 N= 12 70

BAU RTT results of BKP

Participant: A S O E C Question number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 01 Y M ? S ? 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 02 M M ? S ? 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 03 Y M ? S ? 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 04 Y M ? P ? 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 05 Y F ? P ? 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 06 Y M ? P ? 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 07 Y F ? S ? 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 08 M M ? O ? 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 09 M M ? P ? 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 10 Y M ? O ? 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 MEAN= 92 S.D.= 6.3 N= 10

BAU RTT results of BUM

Participant: A S O E C Question number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 01 Y M ? S ? 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 02 M M ? S ? 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 03 Y M ? S ? 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 04 Y M ? P ? 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 05 Y F ? P ? 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 06 Y M ? P ? 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 07 Y F ? S ? 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 08 M M ? O ? 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 09 M M ? P ? 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 10 Y M ? O ? 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 MEAN= 94 S.D.= 5.2 N= 10

BAU RTT results of BSA

Participant: A S O E C Question number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 01 Y M ? S ? 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 02 M M ? S ? 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 03 Y M ? S ? 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 04 Y M ? P ? 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 05 Y F ? P ? 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 06 Y M ? P ? 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 07 Y F ? S ? 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 08 M M ? O ? 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 09 M M ? P ? 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 10 Y M ? O ? 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 MEAN= 90 S.D.= 6.6 N= 10

BAU RTT results of OCU

Participant: A S O E C Question number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 01 Y M ? S ? 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 02 M M ? S ? 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 03 Y M ? S ? 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 04 Y M ? P ? 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 05 Y F ? P ? 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 06 Y M ? P ? 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 07 Y F ? S ? 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 08 M M ? O ? 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 09 M M ? P ? 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 10 Y M ? O ? 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 MEAN= 70 S.D.= 30.6 N= 10

BAU RTT results of HAL

Participant: A S O E C Question number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 01 M M F O ? 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 02 Y M ? S ? 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 03 M M F S ? 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 04 M M F P ? 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 05 Y M F S ? 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 06 Y M F P ? 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 07 Y M F P ? 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 08 Y M ? P ? 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 09 Y M F O ? 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 10 Y M F O ? 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 MEAN= 57 S.D.= 14.2 N= 10

C.3 BCB

Recorded Text Test Data for Chote Batal Village, Jagdalpur Tahsil, Bastar District, Madhya Pradesh (18 March 1989).

A=Age S=Sex O=Occupation E=Education C=Caste Y=18–30 M=Male F=Fieldworker 0=None B=Bhatra M=31–45 F=Female H=Housewife P=1–6 Standard CB=Chota Bhatra O=46+ P=Priest S=7–12 Standard M=Mahara S=Student MC=Mahara Christian S=Sundi K=Kerta

BCB hometown results

Participant: A S O E C Question number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 01 M F H O M 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 02 Y M F O B 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 03 M M F P B 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 04 Y M S S B 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 05 Y M F P B 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 06 M M F P B 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 07 M F H O B 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 08 M F H O B 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 09 Y F H P M 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 10 Y F H O M 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 MEAN= 96 S.D.= 5.2 N= 10

BCB RTT results of BKP

Participant: A S O E C Question number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 01 M F H O M 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 02 Y M F O B 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 03 M M F P B 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 04 Y M S S B 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 05 Y M F P B 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 06 M M F P B 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 07 M F H O B 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 08 M F H O B 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 09 Y F H P M 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 10 Y F H O M 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 MEAN= 88 S.D.= 13.2 N= 10

BCB RTT results of BUM

Participant: A S O E C Question number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 01 M F H O M 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 02 Y M F O B 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 03 M M F P B 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 04 Y M S S B 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 05 Y M F P B 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 06 M M F P B 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 07 M F H O B 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 08 M F H O B 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 09 Y F H P M 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 10 Y F H O M 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 MEAN= 94 S.D.= 8.4 N= 10

BCB RTT results of BAU

Participant: A S O E C Question number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 01 M F H O M 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 02 Y M F O B 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 03 M M F P B 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 04 Y M S S B 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 05 Y M F P B 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 06 M M F P B 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 07 M F H O B 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 08 M F H O B 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 09 Y F H P M 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 10 Y F H O M 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 MEAN= 95 S.D.= 7.1 N= 10

BCB RTT results of HINDI (HIN)

Participant: A S O E C Question number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 01 M F H O M 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 02 Y M F O B 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 03 M M F P B 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 04 Y M S S B 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 05 Y M F P B 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 06 M M F P B 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 07 M F H O B 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 08 M F H O B 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 09 Y F H P M 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 Y F H O M 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 MEAN= 25 S.D.= 18.4 N= 10

BCB RTT results of HAL

Participant: A S O E C Question number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 01 Y M F P B 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 02 M F H O B 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 03 Y M S S B 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 04 M M F P B 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 05 M F H O B 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 06 Y F H P M 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 07 Y F H O M 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 08 M F F O M 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 09 M F H O M 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 10 Y M F O B 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 MEAN= 76 S.D.= 24.6 N= 10

C.4 BKP

BKP hometown results

Participant: A S O E C Question number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 01 Y M F O BB 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 02 Y M P P BB 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 03 Y M F S BB 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 04 M M F O K 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 05 M F H O B 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 06 Y F F O K DROPPED DUE TO LOW SCORE 07 M M F P BB 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 08 O F H O D 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 09 M M F O BB 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 10 O M F P BB 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 11 O M F P BB 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 12 Y M F P BB 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 13 M F F O BB 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 14 Y M F S BB 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 15 M M F O BB 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 16 Y F F O BB 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 17 M F F O H 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 18 M F F O H 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 19 M M F P BB 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 20 Y M F P H 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 21 Y M F O BB 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 MEAN= 98 S.D.= 4.2 N= 20 77

BKP RTT results of BAU

Participant: A S O E C Question number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 01 Y M F P BB 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 02 M F F O BB 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 03 Y M F S BB 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 04 M M F O BB 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 05 Y F F O BB 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 06 M F F O H 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 07 M F F O H 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 08 M M F P BB 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 09 Y M F P H 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 10 Y M F O BB 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 MEAN= 94 S.D.= 7.0 N= 10

BKP RTT results of BSA

Participant: A S O E C Question number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 01 Y M F P BB 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 02 M F F O BB 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 03 Y M F S BB 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 04 M M F O BB 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 05 Y F F O BB 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 06 M F F O H 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 07 M F F O H 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 08 M M F P BB 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 09 Y M F P H 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 10 Y M F O BB 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 MEAN= 96 S.D.= 5.2 N= 10

BKP RTT results of BUM

Participant: A S O E C Question number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 01 Y M F P BB 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 02 M F F O BB 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 03 Y M F S BB 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 04 M M F O BB 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 05 Y F F O BB 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 06 M F F O H 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 07 M F F O H 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 08 M M F P BB 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 09 Y M F P H 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 10 Y M F O BB 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 MEAN= 97 S.D.= 4.8 N= 10

BKP RTT results of OCU

Participant: A S O E C Question number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 01 Y M F O BB 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 02 Y M P P BB 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 03 Y M F S BB 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 04 M M F O K 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 05 M F H O B 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 06 Y F F O K DROPPED DUE TO LOW HOMETOWN 07 M M F P BB 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 08 O F H O D 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 09 M M F O BB 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 10 O M F P BB 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 11 O M F P BB 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 12 M M F P BB 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 13 M F F O BB 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 14 Y M F S BB 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 15 M M F O BB 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 16 Y F F O BB 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 17 M F F O H 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 18 M F F O H 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 19 M M F P BB 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 20 Y M F P H 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 21 Y M F O BB 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 79

MEAN= 79 S.D.= 14.5 N= 20

BKP RTT results of HAL

Participant: A S O E C Question number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 01 M M P P B 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 02 Y M F P B 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 03 Y M F P CB 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 04 Y M F P BB 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 05 Y M F O BB 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 06 Y M F S B 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 07 Y M F P B 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 08 Y M F S BB 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 09 Y M F O B 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 10 Y F F O BB 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 MEAN= 70 S.D.= 11.5 N= 10

C.5 BSA

BSA hometown results

Participant: A S O E C Question number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 01 Y M F S CB 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 02 O F F O MC 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 03 Y M F P MC 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 04 O F F O M 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 05 O M F P S 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 06 Y F H P S 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 07 O M F P ? 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 08 M M F P B 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 09 Y M F P S 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 10 Y M F S B 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 11 Y M F O S 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 12 O M F P K 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 13 O F F O S 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 14 Y M F O M 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 MEAN= 99 S.D.= 3.6 N= 14

BSA RTT bilingualism results of HINDI (HIN)

Participant: A S O E C Question number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 01 Y M F S CB 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 02 O F F O MC 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 03 Y M F P MC 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 04 O F F O M 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 05 O M F P S 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 06 Y F H P S 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 07 O M F P ? 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 08 M M F P B 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 09 Y M F P S 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 10 Y M F S B 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 11 Y M F O S 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 12 O M F P K 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 13 O F F O S 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 14 Y M F O M 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 MEAN= 45 S.D.= 29.5 N= 14 81

BSA RTT results of BKP

Participant: A S O E C Question number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 01 O F F O M 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 02 O F F O M 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 03 O M F P S 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 04 Y F H P S 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 05 O M F P ? 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 06 M M F P B 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 07 Y M F S B 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 08 Y M F O S 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 09 O M F P K 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 10 O F F O S 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 11 Y M F O M 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 MEAN= 94 S.D.= 16.9 N= 11

BSA RTT results of BUM

Participant: A S O E C Question number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 01 O F F O MC 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 02 O F F O M 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 03 O M F P S 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 04 Y F H P S 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 05 O M F P ? 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 06 M M F P B 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 07 Y M F S B 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 08 Y M F O S 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 09 O M F P K 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 10 O F F O S 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 11 Y M F O M 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 MEAN= 96 S.D.= 6.7 N= 11

BSA RTT results of BAU

Participant: A S O E C Question number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 01 O F F O MC 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 02 O F F O M 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 03 O M F P S 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 04 Y F H P S 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 05 O M F P ? 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 06 M M F P B 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 07 Y M F S B 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 08 Y M F O S 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 09 O M F P K 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 10 O F F O S 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 11 Y M F O M 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 MEAN= 97 S.D.= 4.7 N= 11

BSA RTT results of HAL

Participant: A S O E C Question number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 01 O F F O MC 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 02 O M F P S 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 03 Y F H P S 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 04 O M F P ? 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 05 M M F P B 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 06 Y M F S B 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 07 Y M F O S 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 08 O M F P K 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 09 O F F O S 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 10 Y M F O M 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 MEAN= 82 S.D.= 19.9 N= 10

C.6 BUM

Recorded Text Test Data for the UMARKOT THIEFSTORY taken at Kada Bota Village, Umarkot Tahsil, Koraput District, Orissa (9 March 1989).

BUM hometown results

Participant: A S O E C Question number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 01 Y M F O PB 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 02 O M P O PB 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 03 Y M F O PB 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 04 Y M F S G 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 05 Y M F S PB 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 06 M F H O PB 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 07 Y F H O PB 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 08 O F H P B 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 09 Y M F P PB 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 10 Y M F S PB 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 MEAN= 98 S.D.= 6.3 N= 10

BUM RTT results of BAU

Participant: A S O E C Question number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 01 Y M F O PB 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 02 O M P O PB 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 03 Y M F O PB 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 04 Y M F S G 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 05 Y M F S PB 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 06 M F H O PB 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 07 Y F H O PB 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 08 O F H P B 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 09 Y M F P PB 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 10 Y M F S PB 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 MEAN= 91 S.D.= 8.8 N= 10

BUM RTT results of BKP

Participant: A S O E C Question number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 01 Y M F O PB 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 02 O M P O PB 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 03 Y M F O PB 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 04 Y M F S 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 05 Y M F S PB 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 06 M F H O PB 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 07 Y F H O PB 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 08 O F H P B 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 09 Y M F P PB 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 10 Y M F S PB 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 MEAN= 97 S.D.= 6.7 N= 10

BUM RTT results of BSA

Participant: A S O E C Question number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 01 Y M F O PB 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 02 O M P O PB 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 03 Y M F O PB 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 04 Y M F S G 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 05 Y M F S PB 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 06 M F H O PB 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 07 Y F H O PB 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 08 O F H P B 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 09 Y M F P PB 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 10 Y M F S PB 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 MEAN= 91 S.D.= 9.9 N= 10

BUM RTT results of OCU

Participant: A S O E C Question number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 01 Y M F O PB 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 02 O M P O PB 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 03 Y M F O PB 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 04 Y M F S G 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 05 Y M F S PB 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 06 M F H O PB 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 07 Y F H O PB 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 08 O F H P B 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 09 Y M F P PB 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 10 Y M F S PB 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 MEAN= 74 S.D.= 29.5 N= 10

BUM RTT results of HAL

Participant: A S O E C Question number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 01 M M F P B 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 02 O M F P B 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 03 Y M F O B 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 04 M M F O B 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 05 Y M F O B 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 06 M M F O B 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 07 M M F O B 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 08 M M F P B 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 09 M M F P B 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 10 M M F O B 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 MEAN= 79 S.D.= 14.5 N= 10

C.7 HAL

Recorded Text Test Data for HALBI TIGER STORY taken at Bhanpuri Village, Jagdalpur Tahsil,Bastar District, Madhya Pradesh (21 June 1989).

A=Age S=Sex O=Occupation E=Education C=Caste Y=18–30 M=Male F=Fieldworker 0=None B=Bhatra M=31–45 F=Female H=Housewife P=1–6 Standard CB=Chota Bhatra O=46+ T=Teacher S=7–12 Standard H=Halba K=Kerta M=Mahara MC=Mahara Christian S=Sundi

HAL hometown results

Participant: A S O E C Question number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 01 O M F O H 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 02 M M F O H 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 03 Y M F O H 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 04 O F F O H 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 05 Y F H O H 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 06 Y F F O H 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 07 M M T H H 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 08 M M F S H 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 09 M M F O H 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 10 Y M F P H 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 MEAN= 94 S.D.= 8.4 N= 10

C.8 OCU

Recorded Text Test Data for ORIYA bilingualism text (OCU).

A=Age S=Sex O=Occupation E=Education C=Caste Y=18–30 M=Male F=Fieldworker 0=None B=Bhatra M=31–45 F=Female H=Housewife P=1–6 Standard CB=Chota Bhatra O=46+ P=Priest S=7–12 Standard K=Kerta M=Mahara MC=Mahara Christian S=Sundi O=Oriya

OCU hometown results

Participant: A S O E C Question number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 01 Y M ? S O 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 02 Y M ? S O 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 03 Y M ? S O 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 04 Y M ? H O 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 05 M M ? H O 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 06 M M ? H O 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 07 Y M ? H O 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 08 Y M ? S O 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 09 Y M ? H O 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 10 Y M ? H O 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 11 Y M ? H O 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 12 M F ? H O 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 MEAN= 100 S.D.= 0 N= 12

References

Bhattacharya, Sudhibhushan. 1957. Halbi and Bhatri of Bastar. Bagchi Memorial Volume. Indian Linguistics 18:16–18. Blair, Frank D. 1990. Survey on a shoestring: A manual for small-scale language surveys. Dallas: SIL International. Casad, Eugene. 1974. Dialect intelligibility testing. Summer Institute of Linguistics Publications in Linguistics and Related Fields 38. Norman, Oklahoma: The Summer Institute of Linguistics of the University of Oklahoma. Grierson, George A. 1903. Oriya. Linguistic survey of India V, part ii. Calcutta: Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing. Reprinted 1968, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass. Grimes, Barbara. 1988. Ethnologue: Languages of the world. Eleventh edition. Dallas, Texas: Summer Institute of Linguistics. Mukherji, Kalidas. 1944. The Halbi dialect. Indian Linguistics 8(4):179–183. Tandon, J. S. 1959. The Bhatra of Bastar. Bulletin of the Department of Anthropology 8(2):33–54. Verma, VS. 1988. Census of India 1981: A handbook of population statistics. New Delhi, India, Office of the Registrar General. Visaria, Pravin. 1977. Publications of the 1971 census of India. Population Index Vol. 43, No. 2 (Apr., 1977): 206–212 New Delhi, India: Office of Population Research. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2734385