Abel, R. 367 Abolition of Influx Control Act 37 Abrams, D. 231 Accidents

Index

Abel, R. 367 Arendt, H. 86, 88, 94, 106, 125, 126 Abolition of Influx Control Act 37 ends and means 82-3 Abrams, D. 231 impossibility of political violence 90-2 accidents Aries, P. 266, 282 deaths from 59, 60, 61 Aristotle 85, 86 at work 43-5 army 1, 55, 158-9, 162-3, 170 acculturative stress 243-4 Asch, S. 293 activism, political 249 Asrat, D. 281 adult cases, Youth Brigade court assertion, violent 60-3 and 357-9, 360 Audi, R. 76, 85, 86, 88, 125 African National Congress (ANC) 224, authority, legitimacy of 93 315, 324 A WB (Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging) Botha and 313, 314, 316 59, 164, 329 media portrayal 164-5, 167-8, 171 Ayalon, 0. 263 people's courts 342 Azanian National Youth Union political trials 307, 317-18, 331, 338; (AZANYU) 347, 348, 351, 353 Hogan 329; 1956 treason trial 308-10; Rivonia trial 311-12, 319 youth and education 53 baasskap concept 268, 282 Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging (AWB) Bachrach, P. 89, 91, 125, 126 59, 164, 329 Baker-Brown, G. 231 Aggett, N. 184-5 Ball, A. 58 aggression, violence as 139-40 Bam, Warrant Officer 133 agitators in crowds 165 Bantu Commissioners Courts 344 Aitcheson, J. 63 Baratz, M. S. 89, 91, 125, 126 Albino, R. C. 207-8, 230, 231 Barker, E. 199 alcohol abuse 42, 49 Barrett, J. 324 Allison, J. 371 Bartel, P. R. 67 Allodi, F. 263 Bateson, G. 150, 153 amafufunyana (spirit possession) 35 battlefield of perceptions 154, 166 Amasolomzi 344 Baxter, L. 197, 198, 199 American Psychiatric Association 50-1, Beinart, B. 322, 325 279 Beinart, W. 67 American Psychological Association 301 Bell, A. N. 197, 201, 231 Ames, F. R. 35, 64, 193, 199, 200 Bell, D. V. J. 89, 125 Amnesty International 172-3, 196-7, 202, Benatar, S. R. 233 232 Benjamin, P. 66 anarchists, and structural violence 80-1 Bennett, M. 26, 27 ANC see African National Congress Bennett, T. W. 369 Andersson, N. 63, 66, 67 Bennett, W. L. 303 Angell, R. H. 283 Bennett Committee 195 anger 99--100 Beregowski, J. B. 262 Anglo-American Corporation 44-5, 66 Berger, S. 263 Angola 30 Bernstein, H. 197, 198, 232 Annis, R. C. 262 Bierman, A. K. 86 Antigone (Sophocles) 131, 149-50, 151 Biesheuvel, S. 261 apartheid 2, 5-6 Biko, S. 9, 173-83, 280, 306 crime and 57-8 inquest 175-8 mental health and 276-9 response of the medical violence and 5-6, 30-1, 32, 79-80 community 178-83 Apter, D. E. 10-11, 12, 26, 28 Billig, M. 289, 302 violence as postmodern biographies of detention 218-20 condition 116-25, 129-30 Birns, L. 232 373 374 Index

'black on black' violence 38, 54, 161, 162-3 capital punishment 57, 329, 337, 361-2 Black Consciousness 264, 347, 348 Carpenter, G. 367 'black menace' 168 Carr, B. 83, 86 blackjacks 68 Carter, G. 324 Blignaut, Major 145 casspirs 162, 269, 283 Boesak, A. 79 Catholic Institute for International Bonner, P. 64, 65, 68 Relations 232, 371 Boraine, A. 233 Celetano, D. D. 281 Borcham, P. 282 censorship 154-5, 165-8 Botha, P. W. 157, 161, 171 censure 16-17, 319-23 agitators 165 Charterists 348, 351, 353, 354 ANC and UDF 314, 315 see also Cape Youth Congress; Freedom AWB 164 Charter; Young Christian Students ideology 169 Chaskalson, M. 26 Mandela 313 Chavkin, S. 233 necklacing 371 Cheadle, H. 203 reform 316 Cheetham, R. W. S. 262 Botshabelo 40-1 Chikane, F. 85, 86, 232, 262, 281 Bourne, D. E. 285 biography of detention 218, 219 Bozzoli, B. 68 children 247 boycotts, consumer 352, 356-7 children 22-3, 241, 265-80 Bozzolo, R. 263 effect of migrant labour 36-7 Bradford, H. 69 parents in detention 222-3, 272 Brewer, J. 371 victimology 247-8 Breytenbach, B. 218, 219, 219-20, 221, see also youth 232 Chile 223, 224 Breznitz, S. 261 Chilean Medical Association (CMA) 196 Brittain, V. 232 Chodorow, N. 282 Broad Democratic Movement 257, 264 Christian Institute 232 Browde, J. 337 Christianity 83 Browde, S. 202, 232, 262 Cillie Commission 27 Brown, D. M. 170 Clarke, L. 65 Bruner, J. 282 Clegg, J. 65 Bucwa, K. Moses 138, 146-7 Coady, C. A. J. 28, 88, 115, 125, 128, bulldozing of homes 38-9 129 Bundy, C. 27, 68, 233, 280, 285, 370, 371 legitimist definition of violence 86, 106 Ngqungwana trial 317-18 structural violence 86 Burchell, E. 337 terrorism 111, 128 Burchell, J. 337 Cobbett, W. 27, 66, 233 Burger, Die 314 Cock, J. 27 Burger, Major 357, 371 Coetsee, K. 56 Burgess, E. W. 126 Coetzee, J. 202 Burke, G. 66 Cohen, R. 27, 233 Burman, S. 65, 261, 262, 281, 282, 370 Cohn, J. 263 children 267 Coldwell, D. A. L. 261 burying the dead, duty of 149-50 Cole, G. 67 Buthelezi, M. 153, 170 Cole, J. 27, 68, 370, 371 Coleman, A. 203 Cain, M. 361, 367, 371 Coleman, M. 27, 202, 203, 230 Camara, H. 80, 86 collective justice 342-3 Campbell, G. D. 262 collective violence 97 Cape Town 39, 344, 371 colonialization 343 hostels 46-7 Columbia University 94 people's courts 345-{;3, 364, 369 Comaroff, J. 69 violent deaths 33, 34 common law 326,336 Cape Youth Congress (CAYCO) common purpose 17, 287-8, 299-300, 301 KTC court 360, 362 definition of public violence 327 YB court 347, 348, 351, 354, 361 Sharpeville Six case 287, 291, 300, 337 Index 375

Community Councillors 345 deaths violence against 1, 346, 352, 359-60, children 265, 267, 282 360--1 in detention 57, 173; see also Biko 'comrades' 2, 269, 283, 300, 352-3 media portrayal 163 conflict 139-40, 144-5 mining industry 44, 45 Congress of South African Trade Unions suicides and accidents 59-60, 61 (COSATU) 29, 54-5, 68 violent 1-2, 29, 32, 33, 34, 56; Natal Connolly, W. E. 89, 125 29, 63; 1976-7 uprising 173, 197 Conrad, J. 147-8, 153 Deaton, J. 231 conservatism 235-6, 244-5, 246 debility 211 consumer boycotts 352, 356-7 Degenaar, J. J. 86 Cooper, C. 27 deindividuation theory 17-18, 289--92, Coovadia, J. 200, 202, 203 295-6, 299-300, 301 coping strategies 222 Del Vecchio, M. J. 284 Corbett, Judge 321-2 Delmas treason trial 316 Corder, H. 367 democratization of clinical practice 253-5 corporal punishment 56-7, 349--50, 353, dependency 211 354,355-6 theory 116-17, 124 Couve, C. 261 deprivation Cox, J. L. 262, 284 relative 99-104 credibility 25, 256-8, 264, 272, 284 sensory 210 crime 55-9 Desmond, C. 65 Criminal Procedure Act 334 Detainees Counselling Service 226 Cronin, J. 218, 231 Detainees' Parents Support Committee Cronje, S. 232 (DPSC) 31, 188, 205, 226, 230, 232, Crossroads squatter settlement, 2, 38, 54, 282 68 public violence prosecutions 336-7 crowds treatment centres 194 pathologization of 292-3 Detainees Support Committee psychology and the law 17-18, 288-301 (DESCOM) 226 symbol of violence 156-7, 158, 159--61, detention 2, 18-19, 20-2, 205-30 167, 170; racism 163--4, 165 children in 285 children with parents in 222-3, 272 Daly, M. 263 deaths in 57, 173; see also Biko damage 'effects' model 19--20, 213-14, 216-18, children 266, 269--71, 273-6 222-3 detention and 207-9 estimated numbers 1, 27, 29, 202, 205 see also stress medical care 183-9, 194-6 Dandala, H. 203 'negative effects' model 214 Daniels, Judge 339 process/situation model 214-15 Davies, J. C. 99, 126 psychological sequelae 209--16 Davies, J. G. 80, 86 stress and 241, 243, 246 Davis, D. 4, 27, 63, 65, 68, 230, 231, 260, violence and 20, 23, 207-9 261, 281 see also torture Davis, G. 65, 66 Detention Action Committee Davis, N. Z. 140, 152 (ADAC) 226 Davis, P. 202, 203 Detention Treatment Team 226, 246 Dawes, A. 260, 261, 281, 282, 286 development, modernizing 116-18, 129--30 Dawson, J. 204 Dhlomo, 0. 314 Daynes, G. 262 diagnosis, deficient practices in 49--50 Daynes, W. G. 35, 64 Dick, B. 285 DDD syndrome 211 Diener, E. 17, 290, 292, 302, 303 De Beer, C. 281 evidence at Duduza trial 295-6 De Lange, G. A. 297 Diepkloof Prison 189 De Villiers Soga, Rev. 203 dimension factor 327-8 De Wet, Judge 312 diminished responsibility 290-1 Dean, W. H. B. 305-6, 323 see also common purpose; death penalty 57, 329, 337, 361-2 deindividuation 376 Index

Dingiswayo case 332-3 Farber, I. E. 211, 231 dirty hands problem 83 farmers, white 58 discontent 99-100 Fay, B. 128 discourse Feierabend, I. 99, 126 coherence of 9-10, 26, 92-5 Feierabend, R. 99, 126 critical 10--11, 88, 116--25 Feistenstein, M. 65 legitimist 10, 88, 90--1, 92-3, 105-16, Feit, E. 27 '124-5 Feldman, M. S. 303 liberal 106--14 Fields, R. 262 neutral 10, 88, 97, 98-105 Figley, C. R. 261, 284, 285 radical 114-16 Fincham, R. J. 64 state and media 154-69 Fine, D. 230 of stress 241--Freedom Charter 264 see also Charterists Edgley, R. 108, 109, 128 Freud, S. 288, 289 Edwards, S. D. 262, 285 Friedlander, R. 232 Eiselen, W. W. M. 371 Friedman, G. 231, 232 Eisenberg, L. 284 Friends and Families of Detainees Ellsworth, M. 282 (FAFOD) 226 emergency, states of 224, 307, 316, 352, frustration-aggression mechanism 99--100 357 funerals 269 detention under 192, 202, 205, 206; media coverage 170 medical care 188-9, 191-2 significance 283 regulations and people's courts 343, see also Uitenhage shooting 367-8 symbolizing violence 165-8 Emergency Services Groups (ESG) 226 Gaitskell, D. 64 employment, children and 267 Gallie, W. B. 89, 125 see also migrant labour Galtung, J. 78, 86 Erwin, A. 315, 324 games, children's 269 essentially contested concepts 89 Gamson, W. 126 Evans, B. R. 203 Gandhi, M. K. 84 extenuating circumstances 288, 301, 302 gangs 37, 51-3 Garmezy, N. 283 fairness, Youth Brigade court and 354-5 Garver, N. 77, 79, 86 family Gaylin, W. 126, 128 destruction by migrant labour 32-7 Gelb, S. 324 effects of detention on 216--17, 222 gender-related disputes 349, 370 effects of support 270 Genovese, E. 69 Index 377

George, V. 203 Health Workers' Association 181 Gibson, K. 231, 261, 262, 283, 284, 285 Hegel, G. W. F. 150 children 271 'helicopter' torture 191 progressive psychology 64 Hellman, E. 62, 69 research 238-9 helplessness, learned 211-12 stress 270-1 Henning, P. H. 243-4, 262 Giles, H. 231 Henriques, J. 260 Giliomee, H. 27 Hersch, Dr 174, 176, 177, 181 Gill, D. M. 84, 86 Heunis, C. 169 Gillis, L. S. 49, 67 Hiroshima 113 Glover, J. 114, 129 Hitler, A. 93 Gluckman, J. 180, 192, 193, 199, 203 Hlobane Coal Mine disaster 44 Goffman, E. 42, 47, 66 Hobsbawm, E. J. 262 Goldreich, A. 310 Hoexter Commission 369 Good, B. J. 284 Hogan, B. 329, 331 Goosen, Capt. 134, 145, 149 Hogan, J. D. 260 Goosen, Colonel 174, 175, 176, 178 Hogg, M. A. 231 Gopal, R. 199 Holdstock, T. L. 261, 262 Gordon, A. 282 Holland, E. 199 Gordon, C. 325 Hollingshead, J. 282 Gordon, I. 176, 198 Hollway, W. 260 Gordon, L. 27 Holmes, J. A. 330 Gould, J. A. 86 homicide, deaths due to 56 Gqubule, T. 65 Honderich, T. 88, 114-16, 125, 128, 129 Graaff, J. 64 Horrell, M. 27 Graham, H. D. 126, 127 hostels 42-3, 46-7 Gramsci, A. 324 Houtondji, P. 248, 262 Green, R. H. 281 Hughes, H. 68 Greenstein, F. I. 126, 127 humiliation 76 Gregory, S. 141, 153 Hund, J. 369 Griebenauw, J. 318, 325 hunger strikes 226 Griffiths, J. A. 262 Hutchinson, D. 370 Groenewald, M. J. 134 Hyslop, J. 27 Group Areas Act 37 Grundy, K. 27 ideology, state control of 164-9 Guggenbiihl-Craig, A. 263 Ietswaart, H. 367 Gunene, V. 63, 68 Ignatieff, M. 367 Gurr, T. R. 10, 98, 99-104, 126, 127 images of unrest 167, 171 Guy, J. 52, 68 see also crowds; fire; stone-throwing Gwali, N. 68 imprisonment 330, 335, 338 see also detention; sentencing Halay, J. 153 individual autonomy 93 Hall, M. 368 informal policing 344, 365 Hall, S. 319, 325 see also vigilantes Hamilton, G. 68 Information, Department of 163, 166 Hammonds, B. L. 301, 302 lngleby, D. 263 Hansen, Lt. 368 Inkatha 337 Hanson, D. W. 86 media and 160, 170 Hanson, H. 312 Natal conflict 2, 29, 54-5 Harare Conference on Children, innocence 22, 247-8, 268, 278 Repression and the Law 22, 281 Institute of Criminology 368 Harlow, H. F. 231 intergroup model of detention 215--16, Harris, J. 88, 89, 114, 125, 129 217-18 Harris, P. 203 Internal Security Act 201-2, 205, 205--6 Haste, H. 282 Internal Security Amendment Bill 158 Hastings Center 104-5 International Conference on Children, Haysom, N. 27, 68,303, 369, 370-1 Repression and the Law 22, 281 right-wing vigilantes 54, 300 Irvine, G. 203 378 Index lsaacman, A. 367 Lawaaikamp 38 Isaacman, B. 367 Lawyers' Committee for Human Rights 230, 232, 267' 281' 336, 338 Jackson, D. 153 child deaths 282 Jacobs, M. 282 deaths in detention 173 Jacobsen, Q. 218, 232 report banned 270 Jacobson, Dr 200 sentencing 332 Jaremko, M. E. 263 Lazarus, S. 263 Jenkins, T. 183, 199, 200 LeBon, G. 17, 98, 126, 288, 289 Johnson, S. 68, 371 Le Grange, L. 152, 192, 314 Joubert, W. 336 Uitenhage shooting 131, 136-7, 137 judiciary, role of 320-3 Le Roex, R. 192 Le Roux, A. G. 48, 67, 262 Kader, A. 212 Le Roux, Sgt 133 Kaganas, F. 329, 337 Lee, N. C. 203 Kandela, P. 202 legitimacy 6-7 Kandinda case 336 people's courts 15, 350, 354-6, 357-8, Kannemeyer Commission 132, 134-8, 364 141-2, 148-9, 151-3 passim, 370 political trials 16-17, 314-15, 320 Karis, T. G. 309, 310, 324 of violence see violence Katz, G. 232 Lekuba, Sgt 133, 141 Keegan, T. 69 Lensing, J. 66 Keeley, Dr 174, 181 Letlaka, K. 238-9, 261, 262 Kelman, H. C. 295,303 Levenstein, S. 263 Kentridge, S. 176, 177, 178 Levett, A. 67, 262, 263, 264, 283, 385 Kessen, W. 282 childhood sexual abuse 277-8 King, M. Luther 84 Levin, J. 212, 231 Kinross gold mine disaster 44 Levine, D. H. 152 Kinzie, J.D. 283 Lewin, H. 218, 231 Kirchheimer, 0. 16, 308, 318-19, 324, Lipsedge, M. 242, 262, 263, 273, 284 325 Littlewood, R. 242, 262, 263, 273, 284 Kleinman, A. 284 Lodge, T. 27 Klingman, A. 261 Louw, J. 237, 260, 261 knowledge, psychological 25, 255-8 Lowe, J. 65 Koch, E. 69 Kordon, D. 263 Macdonell, D. 126 Komer, S. 128 MacFarlane, L. 125 Kotu-Rammopo, M. 369 Mackay, R. W. 282 Kotze, D. A. 78-9, 79, 86 Mackie, R. 197, 201, 231 Kress, G. 126 Macklin, R. 126, 128 KTC squatter settlement 2, 38, 54 Madibade case 335 people's court 357, 360-1, 362-3 Maduna Square 133, 134 KwaNdebele 40-1 Mafeje, A. 69 KwaNobuhle 38, 133, 135, 151 Mahomed, Z. 203 La Hausse, P. 67-8 Makgobokoane, Sgt 133 Lab, S. G. 263, 264, 284 makgot/a 53, 344 Ladysmith 38 see also vigilantes Lafayette, B. 79 Makhoba, T. 193 Lang, Dr I. 174, 196 Mandela, N. 310, 312, 313, 320 Biko inquest 176-7, 178 Mangan, L. 338 Medical and Dental Council 179, 181, Manganyi, N. C. 4, 27, 67, 262 182 Mangcola case 334-5, 336 Langa 131, 133, 143, 151 Manoim, N. 367 Langa, S. 370 Manson, S. 283 law 16-17 Marais, J. 171 political trials 304-23 Marcus, G. 197, 233, 337 psychology and 17-18, 287-301 Mare, G. 68 see also sentencing; treason trials marginalization 116-17, 118, 129-30 Index 379

Margo, Judge 335 Moore, S. F. 152 marijuana 149 moralism 275--6 Marks, S. 4, 63, 64, 67, 171 morbidity, patterns of psychiatric 47-60 martyrs 217-18, 225 Morgan, R. 281 Mashiqana, S. R. 203 Moscovici, S. 217, 231, 289 Matthews, A. S. 197, 207-8, 230, 231 Moss, G. 27, 65, 230 Maunis, M. 281 Motale, S. 230 Mayekiso, M. 317 Motaung, M. 200 Mayer, P. 69 Moyle, G. D. 285 Mbeki, G. 310 Mozambique 30 McBride, R. 288 Mtolo, B. 311 McCieod, F. 329, 337 Mugabe, R. 281 McNamara, N. 43, 66 Munnik, Judge President 321 McQoid-Mason, D. J. M. 233 Murray, Christina 338 media 2, 12-14, 154-69 Murray, Colin 32-3, 35, 64 Medical Association of South Africa mutual aid societies 62 (MASA) 203, 222, 230, 232 Myerhof, B. 152 Biko case 180--1, 183, 199 Mzamane, D. 199 medical care for detainees 189, 208; children 285; Committee of Inquiry Naidoo, I. 218. 231-2 184, 18Cr7, 202; lack of support 194, Naidoo, L. R. 262 195--6; Orr case 192; panel of Namibia 30 independent doctors 187-8 Nardin, T. 103, 127, 128 NAMDA and 203, 280 Natal 29, 38, 54-5, 63 World Medical Association and 183 Nathan, L. 27 Medical and Dental Council 178-9, 198, National Committee Against Removals 201 (NCAR) 37, 39, 65 Biko case 179, 180, 181, 182-3 National Education Crisis Committee 53 Medical, Dental and Supplementary Health National Medical and Dental Association Service Professions Act 178, 179 (NAMDA) 3, 31, 200, 226, 265, 281 Medical Schools Contact Group 186, 201, Biko case 183, 200 202 Free the Children Alliance 266 Meer, F. 69, 302 MASA and 203, 280 Meichenbaum, D. 263 medical care for detainees 189, 194 mental health 47-60 torture 193 apartheid and 27Cr9 National Union of Mineworkers 42, 66 Merleau-Ponty, M. 82, 86 'necklacing' 2, 161, 361-2, 371 Mestrovic, S. G. 275, 284 Nel, Judge 317-18 Metele, A. 339 Nelkin, D. 128 migrant labour, effects of 32-7, 41-3, Nelson, M. 203, 204 4(r7 Nesvold, B. 126 militarization 250 neutrality 271 Miller, D. 86 Ngoma, J. 317 Miller, R. B. 88, 89, 125 Ngqungwana, L. B. 317, 320 Mills, C. W. 90, 125 non-violent resistance 84 Milton, J. 302, 304, 327-8, 336, 337 Northern Ireland 195 Minde, M. 67 Norton, M. L. 313, 324 mine compounds 41-3 Nyanga Art Centre 34Cr 7 mines, safety in 4~5 Nyanga Youth Brigade people's Minty, A. S. 232 court 14-15, 347-60, 364, 366 Mji, D. 200, 202 clampdown on 359-60 Mndawe, S. T. 184, 185 early punishment images 348-52 Mngadi, E. 65 punitive trend 352--6 modernization theories 11Cr17, 118, 124 threats of necklacing 361 Mokami case 339 Moll, I. 238, 261 Obery, I. 27, 65, 230 Moodie, D. 66 O'Brien, C. C. 112-14, 129 Moorcroft, E. K. 136, 137-8, 149 Olivier, J. A. 176 380 Index

Olivier, L. 284 Polsby, N. W. 126, 127 Olmesdahl, M. C. J. 370 Popper, K. R. 26, 107-10, 128 omissions 114-15, 129 Posel, D. 282 Operation Palmiet 1 positivist psychology 21, 238 oppression 277 post-traumatic stress disorder 49, 212-13, organic brain syndromes 49 241, 243 organic crises 323-4 poverty 80 Organization for Appropriate Social power Services in South Africa concept of violence 89, 90-1 (OASSSA) 3, 31, 235, 263, 265, 271 law and 305-7 children 266, 269 psychology and 24-5, 238-9, 250-9 founding and membership 260, 268, Powledge, T. M. 126, 128 280-1 prefigurative justice 14-15, 348-52 role 226, 253, 281 pregnancy, teenage 35-6 Orkin, M. 324 Preiss, Judge 339 Orr, Dr W. 189--9J, 195, 196, 202, 203 Preston Whyte, E. 35, 64, 65 Owen, C. P. 262, 263 Pretoria University Institute of Strategic Studies 371 Packard-Cambridge, C. 65 Price, M. 281 Pan African Congress 310 'primitive', evocation of 160-1, 168 panels of independent doctors 187-8 professionalism 237 Park, R. 98, 126 paradoxes of 258-9 Parmamand, S. K. 230 Progressive Federal Party monitoring partiality 271-2 committee 134 pass laws 57 progressive organizations 265, 280-1 Paulus, P. 302 see also National Medical and Dental Pauw, B. 35, 64 Council; Organization for Appropriate peace-keepers 344 Social Services see also vigilantes progressive psychology 9, 19--21, 24-5 Pentz, Warrant Officer 133-4, 135, 136, development of 234-60 137' 138, 141 dilemma 275-6 people's courts 14-15, 341-66, 367 projections 119 perceptions, battlefield of 154, 166 psychiatric morbidity 47--60 petrol bombs 137, 149 Psychological Association of South Africa Pheto, M. 218, 232 (PASA) 236, 260 Phillips, M. 171, 204 psychology 8-9, 19 Pinder-Hughes, C. 286 children 273-80 Pinnock, D. 39, 65, 67, 68, 69 detention 209--30 gangs 52 law and 17-18, 287-301 resettlement 39 progressive see progressive psychology Pinochet, General 224 Psychology in Society 237-8 Pi row, 0. 308-9, 324 psychopathology 241--6 Platt, S. 286 psychosocial stress 32-7 Platzky, L. 38, 65 Public Safety Act 205 police punishment 56-7 attacks on 346 people's courts 14-15, 348-64 blackjacks 68 see also detention; imprisonment; care of detainees 186, 201-2 sentencing conspiracies 55, 145-6 informal 344, 365 Quarantelli, E. L. 274, 284 media and 158-9, 162-3 Quinn, D. 26, 27 Operation Palmiet 1 Uitenhage 131-51 passim, 158-9 Rabie Report 208, 230, 324 political activism 249 Rabinowitz, S. R. 263 political trials 16-17, 304-23, 331-2 racial bias in sentencing 328, 337 see also sentencing; treason trials Ramasuvha, V. S. 243, 262 Political Violence and Health Resources Ramphele, M. 46-7, 66, 199, 281 Project 3-4 Ranger, T. 248, 262 Index 381

Ransome, 0. 285 Sacco, T. 203 Rantete, J. 26 Sachs, A. 218, 219, 232 rapes 55 Sack, W. H. 283 Rastafarianism 138, 149 SACP (South African Communist Rath, B. 283 Party) 164, 318 Rathbone, R. 64 SADF (South African Defence Force) 1, rationality 26 55, 158--9, 162-3, 170 Popper 107-10, 128 safety in mines 43--5 resistance 84-5 Said, E. 262 Raviv, A. 261 Sales, B. D. 287, 302 Rawls, J. 107, 128 Sam, M. 203 Rayner, M. 4 Samaai case 334 recruitment, political 347 Sanctuaries Counselling Team 261, 281 Reicher, S. 18, 233, 291, 302, 303 Sandler, D. 27, 63, 230, 231, 232, 260, crowd psychology 289, 292-4, 298--9 261, 281 relative deprivation theory 99-104 Sanrizuka movement 117, 118, 119--20, Release Mandela Campaign 226 122 relocation, forced 37-41 SAP (South African Police) see police Rensburg, I. 203 Sartre, J. P. 81, 86 repression Sashidharan, S. P. 285--6 assertion and 60--3 Saul, J. 324 effects on children 273--6 Saunders, S. 180--1, 199, 203 reprisals, fear of 184, 200--1 Sawa, N. 28, 129 research Saxe, N. 282 dearth 31 Schapera, I. 64 on detention 222-3 Scharf, W. 68, 370 difficulties 64 Scheepers, E. 232 obstacles to 104-5 Scheirer, C. J. 301, 302 resistance Schlemmer, L. 27 detention and 225--7, 229 schools 351 non-violent 84 boycotts 53 youth 2-3, 52-3 Schwarz, H. 56 restriction orders 226, 227 secrecy, professional 201 retarded psychomotor development 48--9 sedition 326, 336 retrievals 119 Seedat, Y. K. 262 'revolutionary onslaught' 167, 168--9, 171 Seegers, A. 171 Reynolds, P. 65, 261, 262, 281, 282 Seekings, J. 26 rhetoric, political 255--6 self-categorization 293-4 Richardson, P. 66 self-regulation 290--1 Riches, D. 152 Seligman, M. E. P. 231 Richman, S. 273, 281, 284 sensory deprivation 210 Rickard, C. 68 sentencing 15--16, 328--36 Riekert, J. 230--1 see also punishment rights 305--6 Setai case 335 ritual 139-41, 146 Seville Statement on Violence 152 Rivonia trial 310--12, 319--20 Sexton, V. S. 260 Roberts, A. 339 sexual abuse 277-8 Robertson, L. 199 Shaffer, J. A. 86, 125 Roelofse, E. 179 Sharp, J. 263 Rogers, C. 254 Sharpeville massacre 1, 145, 304 Rominez, C. 231 case of the six 17, 287, 291, 302, 337 Roux, A. S. 208, 230 Shearer, Judge 302 Rudolph, R. 209, 230, 231 Shearing, C. D. 367 Rule, J. 126, 127 Shisana, 0. 281 Rutter, M. 283 Sibeko case 333-4, 334 Sibley, M. Q. 86 SABC (South African Broadcasting Sighele, S. 98, 126 Corporation) 2, 12, 134, 152 Sikakane, J. 55, 68, 69 382 Index

Simkins, C. 252-3, 256, 263 Steinberg, M. 66 Simmel, G. 152 Stenning, P. C. 367 Singer, P. 114, 129 Steyn, Judge 322 Singh, V. G. 262 Steytler, N. C. 370 single mothers 35--6 Stock, M. B. 67 Sisulu, W. 310, 311 Stone, A. 286 Skinner, B. F. 240, 261 Stone, G. L. 67 Skinner, D. 232, 261-2, 264, 281, 284 stone-throwing 156, 157, 158-9, 161, 167 children with detained parents 272, 273 see also Uitenhage methodology 241-2 Stover, E. 197, 199, 200, 202, 203, 204 Skosana, M. 17, 18, 291-2, 295-8, 302 Straker, G. 231, 232, 261, 264, 281, 284 Slabbert, M. 55, 65, 68 Strauss, S. A. 201, 202 Sloth-Nielson, J. 339 street committees 344, 345, 363, 365 Slovo, J. 165 see also people's courts Smith, E. 152 stress 19-20 Smith-Mitchell company 50-1 class-bound notions 273 Smythe, P. M. 67 discourse of 241-6 Snyman, C. R. 326, 336 psychosocial and family Snyman, Dr 200 destruction 32-7 Snyman, Major 174 see also damage social action 11-12, 139, 143--6 structural adequacy 303 see also social identity theory Striimpfer, D. J. W. 245--6, 261, 262 social Darwinism 168 Strydom, B. 59 social identity theory Strydom, Judge 336 crowd psychology 18, 292-8, 300, 301 subversive statements 367-8 detention 20-1, 215, 217 Suedfeld, P. 210-11, 216, 231 Solani case 333 suffering, focus on 239 solidarity campaigns 226 Sugarman, D. 367 solitary confinement 208-9, 210-11, 216 suicides 59-60, 61, 173 Solomon, M. D. 231 Sumner, C. 319, 323, 325 Solomons, K. 212, 231, 232 Supreme Court 181-2 Somtunzi, Mr Headman 339 Surplus People Project 39, 65 Sophocles 131, 149-50, 151 Suttner, R. 206, 324, 368 South African Broadcasting Corporation Swartz, L. 64, 67, 232, 260, 261, 262, 263, (SABC) 2, 12, 134, 152 264, 268, 283, 284, 285 South African Communist Party Swartz, S. 64, 260, 264, 268, 283 (SACP) 164, 318 Swazey, J. P. 128 South African Defence Force (SADF) I, Swilling, M. 171, 324, 371 55, 158-9, 162-3, 170 Syren, C. 232 spatial templates 144-5 Spence, J. 367 Tajfel, H. 20, 215, 231, 302 Spencer, I. W. F. 285 Tamboer, J. R. 203 spirit possession of women 35 Tarde, G. 17, 98, 126 Spitzer, S. 325 teenage pregnancy 35--6 Spurlock, J. 286 television 12-13, 154-69 squatter camps 358 see also South African Broadcasting see also Crossroads; KTC Company Stadler, Brigadier 367 Terreblanche, E. 164 Stafford, Judge 333-4, 334 terrorism 110-14, 164-5 Stanage, S. M. 74-5, 85 Terrorism Act 172 state coercion 80-1 Thomas, G. C. 64 state justice 342-3 Thomas, T. 36, 65 state violence 23-4, 101-2, 115 Thomson, J. C. 262 Apter 118, 120-4 Tilly, C. 98, 101, 126, 127 progressive psychology and 234-60 Timerman, D. 141, 153 terrorism 110-13 Timol, A. 172 states of emergency see emergency Tobela, P. 297 Steenkamp, Judge 333, 339 Tobias, P. 198, 199 Index 383 torture 141, 172-3, 220--1 Vernon, J. A. 231 'helicopter' 191 Verwoerd, H. F. 236 medical profession and 186, 189--96; see victimology 20, 21-4, 214, 246-50 also Biko victims, power of 254-5 total institutions 42 vigilantes 2, 283 'total (revolutionary) onslaught' 164, 167, media portrayal 160 168-9, 171 right-wing 54, 300, 369 Transvaal Medical Society 181 traditional 53, 344, 369 Trapido, S. 67, 171 Vilakazi, B. W. 66 treason 326, 336 Viljoen, Dr C. 188, 199, 202, 203 trials 308--10, 312-16, 324 Viljoen, Dr F. 185 treatment centres, post-detention 194, 246 Viljoen, Mr (state prosecutor) 317 trials see people's courts; sentencing; Villa-Vicencio, C. 27, 86 treason trials violation 7, 72-4, 75, 76-7 Trojan horse 254, 270, 357 violatives 74-5 media portrayal 159, 162, 163 violence Tucker, Dr B. 174, 175, 176, 177-8 concept of 7, 70--85, 88--90, 91-2, 93 MASA 180, 196 culture of 5--6, 32-47 Medical and Dental Council 179, 181, democratic 114 182 detention and 20, 23, 207-9 Turk, A. 325 dialogue of 25-6, 227-8 Turner, J. C. 20, 215, 231, 302 epidemiology of 5--6, 29--63 Turner, R. 282 justification of 81-2 Turton, R. W. 263, 283-4 legitimacy of 11, 26, 96-7, 139; concept TV1 169--71 74, 75; state 121-2 Tyson, G. A. 231 organised 97 psychological 75-8 UDF see United Democratic Front public 15-16, 326-8, 332-6, 336-7 Ugalde, A. 63 religious 140--1 Uitenhage shooting 2, 11-12, 131-51, 304, revolutionary 70, 81-2, 82-3, 111; see 346 also terrorism media portrayal 157, 158--9 right-wing 163-4 Umkonto we Sizwe 310, 312, 317 spiral of 25, 79--80, 227, 228 UNICEF 63 state see state violence United Democratic Front (UDF) 215, structural 6-7, 78--81 357, 362 symbolizing 12-14, 119, 130; state and Natal conflict 2, 29, 54-5, 68 media discourse 154-9 treason trials 31~15, 316 Visser, P. J. 330, 338 youth groups affiliated to 347, 348 Vlok, A. 68, 224 United Nations 232 Vogelman, L. 261 uprooting 37-41 Vorster, C. 230 Urwin, C. 260 Vorster, J. P. 330, 338

Vaal Triangle 1 Walkerdine, V. 260 Valenzuela, S. 233 Walter, E. V. 86 Van den Heever, Judge 334 Walzer, M. 86 Vander Berg, J. 197 warfare 139 Van der Merwe, S. 167-8, 304 Watermeyer, G. S. 285 Van Dijk, T. A. 126 Weakland, J. 153 Van Dyk, Judge 329, 331 Webster, D. 27, 69, 227, 230, 231 Van Heerden, A. 201 Webster, E. 257, 264, 271-2, 284 Van Jaarsveld, F. A. 153 Webster, G. 288 Van Niekerk, B. 172, 328--9, 337 Weinberg, A. 86 Van Onselen, C. 66 Weinberg, C. 86 Van Rensburg, C. F. W. J. 67 Weinberg, J. 286 Van W. Raubenheimer, I. 260 Wesley, A. G. 49, 67 Van Zyl, A. 175 West, G. W. 367 Veriava, Y. 199, 200 West, L. J. 231 384 Index whipping 56-7, 349-50, 353, 354, 355-6 World Medical Association (WMA) 180, white farmers 58 183, 186 white left-wing violence 171 Wrenn, K. 222, 232 Wilkinson, P. 128-9 Williams, R. M. 96-98, 126 Xhosa women 35 Williams, T. R. 152 Williamson, Judge 334-5, 336 Yawitch, J. 65-6 Wilson, F. 281 Young, A. 242-3, 262, 263, 283 Wilson, G. 64 Young Christian Students (YCS) 347, Wilson, M. 64, 69 348, 351 Wilson, T. 199 youth Winterveld 39-40 people's courts and 345, 346-60, 363-4 witdoeke 269, 283 punishment and 330-1 see also vigilantes resistance 2-3, 52-3 Witwatersrand University medical Yutar, P. 310-12 faculty 179-80 Wolff, E. P. M. 285 Zolani Centre 359, 360 Wolff, R. P. 86, 92-4, 106, 126 Zondi, M. 63, 68, 69 women 33--6, 46-7 Zubeck, J. P. 231 World Health Organization (WHO) 64, Zwi, A. 63, 66 66, 67, 279, 280