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Clark & Worger-South Africa: the Rise & Fall of Apartheid South Africa This page intentionally left blank South Africa The Rise and Fall of Apartheid Second Edition Nancy L. Clark and William H. Worger 'JSTUQVCMJTIFECZ1FBSTPO&EVDBUJPO-JNJUFE Second edition published in Great Britain in 2011 1VCMJTIFECZ3PVUMFEHF 1BSL4RVBSF .JMUPO1BSL "CJOHEPO 0YPO093/ 5IJSE"WFOVF /FX:PSL /: 64" 3PVUMFEHFJTBOJNQSJOUPGUIF5BZMPS'SBODJT(SPVQ BOJOGPSNBCVTJOFTT $PQZSJHIUª 5BZMPS'SBODJT The rights of Nancy L. Clark and William H. Worger to be identified as authors of this work have been asserted by them in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act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ritish Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A CIP catalogue record for this book can be obtained from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Clark, Nancy L. South Africa : the rise and fall of apartheid / Nancy L. Clark and William H. Worger. – 2nd ed. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-4082-4564-4 (pbk.) 1. Apartheid–South Africa–History. 2. South Africa–Politics and government–1948–1994. I. Worger, William H. II. Title. DT1757.C52 2011 968.05 2010050190 Set in 10/13.5pt Berkeley by 35 Introduction to the Series History is narrative constructed by historians from traces left by the past. Historical enquiry is often driven by contemporary issues and, in conse- quence, historical narratives are constantly reconsidered, reconstructed and reshaped. The fact that different historians have different perspectives on issues means that there is also often controversy and no universally agreed version of past events. Seminar Studies in History was designed to bridge the gap between current research and debate, and the broad, popular general surveys that often date rapidly. The volumes in the series are written by historians who are not only familiar with the latest research and current debates concerning their topic, but who have themselves contributed to our understanding of the subject. The books are intended to provide the reader with a clear introduction to a major topic in history. They provide both a narrative of events and a critical analysis of contemporary interpretations. They include the kinds of tools generally omitted from specialist monographs: a chronology of events, a glossary of terms and brief biographies of ‘who’s who’. They also include bibliographical essays in order to guide students to the literature on various aspects of the subject. Students and teachers alike will find that the selection of documents will stimulate discussion and offer insight into the raw materials used by historians in their attempt to understand the past. Clive Emsley and Gordon Martel Series Editors This page intentionally left blank Contents List of maps and figures x Publisher’s acknowledgements xi Chronology xiii Who’s who xviii Glossary xxii Maps xxvi PART ONE SETTING THE SCENE 1 1 INTRODUCTION 3 Historiography 6 2 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND 10 The peoples of South Africa 10 The creation of South Africa: the South African War and its aftermath 15 Union and segregation 21 The African response 24 The rise of Afrikanerdom 27 PART TWO ANALYSIS 35 3 THE BASIS OF APARTHEID 37 Why apartheid? 37 The implementation of apartheid 45 Early apartheid legislation 48 viii SOUTH AFRICA Challenge and repression 57 The ‘grand apartheid’ solution 63 4 GROWING CONTRADICTIONS 67 The impact of apartheid 68 The failure of grand apartheid 69 Essential workers: the failure of labour control 75 Bantu education and black consciousness 79 The apartheid police state 84 The total strategy 86 From failure to reform?: The 1983 constitution 90 5 THE COLLAPSE OF APARTHEID 94 Reform and repression 94 Insurrection 98 Negotiation 110 PART THREE ASSESSMENT 121 6 THE LEGACY OF APARTHEID 123 PART FOUR DOCUMENTS 133 1 Manifesto of the ANC Youth League, 1944 134 2 Verwoerd explains apartheid, 1950 136 3 Mandela speaks on the need to challenge apartheid, 1953 141 4 The Freedom Charter, 1955 148 5 Frances Baard describes how women organised to protest the pass laws, 1956 152 6 Stephen Biko explains ‘black consciousness’, 1971 154 7 Dan Montsisi testifies as to the origins of the Soweto uprising, 1976 157 8 Dan Montsisi is tortured by the police, 1977 160 9 An ordinary policeman explains his involvement in the killing of Stephen Biko, 1977 162 10 F.W. de Klerk announces the unbanning of the ANC and the freeing of Mandela, 1990 164 11 Eugene de Kock talks about killing people, 1990 166 Contents ix 12 Nelson Mandela cautions that the struggle for freedom remains to be won, 1990 168 13 Mandela speaks of freedom attained, at his inauguration as president of South Africa, 1994 170 GUIDE TO FURTHER READING 173 REFERENCES 179 INDEX 182 List of maps and figures MAPS Map 1 Land ‘reserved’ for Africans, 1913 and 1936 xxvi Map 2 South Africa’s ‘Homelands’, 1980 xxvii Map 3 KwaZulu, 1980 xxviii Map 4 South Africa, 2000 xxix FIGURES Figure 3.1 House with servant’s quarters 53 Figure 3.2 Segregated post office (Steytlerville) 54 Figure 5.1 Deaths due to political violence, 1985–6 105 Figure 5.2 Deaths due to political violence, 1987–90 106 Figure 6.1 Estimated adult HIV (15–49) prevalence %, 1990–2007 130 Publisher’s acknowledgements We are grateful to the following for permission to reproduce copyright material: Photographs Plate 1 courtesy of Bailey’s African History Archive (BAHA): Drum Photo- grapher; Plate 2 courtesy of Getty Images; Plates 3, 4 and 5 courtesy of Associated Press; Plates 6, 7 and 8 courtesy of Corbis. Figures Figure 3.1 based on building plans supplied by the Port Elizabeth Muni- cipality, The Atlas of Changing South Africa, 2nd ed., (Christopher, A.J. 2000), published by Routledge; Figure 3.2 after Die Argitektuur van Steytlerville met Rigline vir Bewaring en Ontwikkeling, Port Elizabeth: Institute of South African Architects (Herholdt, A.D. 1986) reprinted by permission of Professor A.D. Herholdt; Figures 5.1 and 5.2 based on information supplied by the South African Institute of Race Relations, The Atlas of Changing South Africa, 2nd ed., (Christopher, A.J. 2000), published by Routledge; Figure 6.1 from Epidemiological Fact Sheet on HIV and AIDS: Core data on epidemiology and response, South Africa, 2008 Update, p. 4 (UNAIDS/ WHO Working Group on Global HIV/AIDS and STI Surveillance 2008). Maps Map 1 redrawn from official 1:250,000 topo-cadastral maps, various dates, Pretoria: Government Printer. Reproduced under Government Printer’s Copyright Authority No. 11153 dated 01 September 2003; Maps 2 and 3 redrawn from South Africa: Time Running Out: The Report of the Study Commission on US Policy Toward Southern Africa. Copyright (c) 1981 Foreign Policy Study Foundation. Published and reprinted by permission of University of California Press; Map 4 redrawn from map produced for Actis by MAPgrafix. Reprinted by permission of MAPgrafix. xii SOUTH AFRICA Tables Table 6.1 from Poverty in South Africa: A profile based on recent household surveys, Stellenbosch Economic Working Papers 04/08 (Armstrong, P., Lekezwa, B. and Siebrits, K. 2008), data sourced from Statistics South Africa (2008a). Chronology 110,000BCE Earliest evidence to date of Homo sapiens in South Africa 1652 Dutch East India Company established settlement at Cape Town 1658 Slaves from Angola and West Africa arrived at Cape 1795 First British occupation of the Cape 1806 Second British occupation of the Cape 1807 Britain banned slave trading 1834–8 Emancipation of slaves in Cape Colony 1835 Beginning of Great Trek as Dutch farmers known as voortrekkers left eastern Cape in search of more land 1839 Voortrekker Republic of Natalia established 1843 British annexed Natalia as colony of Natal 1852 Britain recognised independence of the South African Republic 1854 Britain recognised independence of the Orange Free State 1860 First indentured Indian workers arrived in Natal 1869 Diamond rush began near present-day Kimberley 1872 Pass law introduced in Kimberley to control African labour in the diamond mines 1886 Gold discovered on Witwatersrand near present-day Johannesburg 1899–1902 South African War 1903–5 South African Native Affairs Commission (SANAC) supported segregation 1904–7 Chinese workers imported into South Africa to work in gold mines 1906 Bambatha Rebellion. Gandhi began passive resistance campaign against application of pass laws to Indians 1910 Union of South Africa 1911 Mines and Works Act restricted skilled jobs in mines and railways to whites 1912 South African Native National Congress
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