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Behind the Doors of White Supremacy University of Denver Digital Commons @ DU Electronic Theses and Dissertations Graduate Studies 8-1-2014 Behind the Doors of White Supremacy Catlyn Kenna Keenan University of Denver Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.du.edu/etd Part of the Religion Commons, and the Sociology Commons Recommended Citation Keenan, Catlyn Kenna, "Behind the Doors of White Supremacy" (2014). Electronic Theses and Dissertations. 329. https://digitalcommons.du.edu/etd/329 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate Studies at Digital Commons @ DU. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ DU. For more information, please contact [email protected],[email protected]. Behind the Doors of White Supremacy __________________ A Dissertation Presented to the Faculty of the University of Denver and the Iliff School of Theology Joint PhD Program The University of Denver __________________ In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy __________________ by Catlyn Kenna Keenan August 2014 Advisor: Antony Alumkal Author: Catlyn Kenna Keenan Title: Behind the Doors of White Supremacy Advisor: Antony Alumkal Degree Date: August 2014 Abstract What is the relationship between religious belief and acts of violence and terrorism? The American white supremacy movements of the Ku Klux Klan and Christian Identity are deeply rooted in Protestant Christianity and are also responsible for some of the gravest acts of violence on American soil. The intersection between religious belief and terrorist action illuminates the interplay between religion and acts of violence. This study firstly provides a history of the ideology of Christian Identity with specific attention to the ways in which committing violence is rationalized and understood as redemptive. Secondly, this study identifies six characteristics of a fundamentalist movement and argues that the presence of the sixth characteristic, the belief that one has been called by God to be a warrior, increases the likelihood that an individual believer will commit, or try to commit, an act of terror. Thirdly, this study pulls data from the white nationalist internet forum Stormfront and the websites of Christian Identity websites and finds that all six characteristics of fundamentalism can be found in the writings of posters to the site. Elements of all six characteristics can also be found among violent actors from the past three decades. This study concludes that religious theology itself can be violent, actively ii encouraging believers to commit terrorism. However, whether or not an individual decides to act depends on whether or not they feel that God has called them to be a warrior. Final recommendations include practical suggestions for law enforcement and suggestions for further research. Firstly, law enforcement must take the religious beliefs of militia groups seriously and consult biblical experts before deciding to act. Secondly, the findings in this study should be applied to other, non-Christian, fundamentalist groups in order to better understand how, and why, religion becomes violent. iii Table of Contents Introduction ..........................................................................................................................1 1: A History of Hate ...........................................................................................................18 Christianity and the Creation of Race ....................................................................20 Bleaching Jesus ......................................................................................................32 White Warriors for God: The Ku Klux Klan .........................................................36 Satan: The First Jew ...............................................................................................41 Wesley Swift ..........................................................................................................50 The Little Führer ....................................................................................................54 The National Alliance ............................................................................................59 The Aryan Nations .................................................................................................64 The Cowboy Preacher ............................................................................................69 Novel Come to Life: The Order .............................................................................74 The Rising Storm ...................................................................................................81 Reign of the White Man’s God ..............................................................................82 2: Plowshares into Swords .................................................................................................87 Christian Identity: White, American Fundamentalism ........................................127 Scriptural Inerrancy .............................................................................................128 Charismatic Leaders: Tension Manipulators .......................................................131 The End is Nigh ...................................................................................................135 Us versus Them ....................................................................................................137 The Antichrist ......................................................................................................142 Warriors for God ..................................................................................................146 3: Thou Art my Battle Axe ..............................................................................................151 Stormfront: The Largest White Nationalist Forum in the World ........................153 Literally Scriptural ...............................................................................................157 The Power of Charisma .......................................................................................181 The End is Nigh? .................................................................................................186 4: White Warriors for Yahweh ........................................................................................190 White versus Not ..................................................................................................190 Satan and His Lapdogs .........................................................................................208 Plowshares into Swords .......................................................................................214 5: The Faithful Remnant ..................................................................................................228 The Invisible Leader ............................................................................................236 Joseph Paul Franklin ............................................................................................241 iv Gordon Kahl .........................................................................................................248 The Covenant, Sword, and Arm of the Lord .......................................................250 The Church of Israel ............................................................................................260 Elohim City ..........................................................................................................264 The Aryan RepublicanArmy ...............................................................................271 Timothy McVeigh ................................................................................................273 James Burmeister, Malcolm Wright, and Randy Meadows ................................280 “The Sikh Temple Shooter” .................................................................................292 Eric Rudolph ........................................................................................................296 World Church of the Creator ...............................................................................300 The Bank Robbers ................................................................................................305 The New Order ....................................................................................................307 Buford O’Neal Furrow .........................................................................................311 Yahweh’s Elite .....................................................................................................313 The Hutaree Militia ..............................................................................................321 Conclusion .......................................................................................................................328 Bibliography ....................................................................................................................342 Appendix A ......................................................................................................................409 Appendix B ......................................................................................................................447 Appendix C ......................................................................................................................533 v List of Figures
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