Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-83180-2 — Privileged Precariat Danelle Van Zyl-Hermann Index More Information

Home , Marikana massacre, Social Darwinism

Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-83180-2 — Privileged Precariat Danelle van Zyl-Hermann Index More Information

Index

Page numbers in italics relate to figures affirmative action Afrikaner Broederbond AfriForum and, 236 background to, 57–8 MWU and, 164–5, 185, 190–1, 193, economic growth and, 226 271 labour reforms, 97–100, 105–7, 110 Solidarity and, 218, 221, 296–7 National Party and, 68, 104 white poverty and, 185, 285 trade unions and, 58–9 African labour; see also black labour Wiehahn Commission and, 112–13, 122–3 advancement of, 146–7 Afrikaner nationalism, 9, 50, 55–60, as competition for white workers, 47–8, 216–17, 265–6 51 Afrikaner Volksfront, 163, 184, 251, 274, industrial rights of, 78–9, 89, 114–15, 307 117–18, 152 Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging (AWB), migrant workers, 38–41, 118 163, 251, 274–5, 280, 283, 307 role in liberation struggle, 20–2, 35 Afrikaners African National Congress (ANC); see also as classless volk, 1, 5, 9, 46–7, 70–1, 74, Tripartite Alliance 262–3, 273–4, 288–9, 301–2 COSATU and, 197 history of, 56–7, 68, 201–10 in government, 22–5, 170 as miners, 45 industrial rights and, 93 MWU and, 186 liberation struggle, 21, 152 Solidarity and, 225–6, 303 MWU and, 185 white poverty, 54 Solidarity and, 199–200, 203, 210, 233 agricultural sector, 60, 66, 68–9, 169, 183, African National Union of Clothing 214; see also farm attacks Workers, 131 Akademia, 221, 224, 231, 234, 241 African unions, 20, 60–1, 117–18, 144, alternative government see Solidarity 149–50 Movement, as ‘state’ for Afrikaners African urbanisation, 58, 60 Amalgamated Engineering Union, 131–2 AfriForum Amalgamated Union of Building Trade affirmative action and, 236 Workers, 133–4 community work of, 231, 233, 235 American Federation of Labor and farm attacks, 303–5 Congress of Industrial Organizations funding, 224 (AFL-CIO), 168 hate speech case against Julius Malema, Anglo American, 73 199, 204, 218, 241 Anglo-Boer War see South African War international campaigns of, 303–5 antiracialism, 217 membership of, 241, 298 antiracism, 217 private prosecutions unit of, 303 antisemitism, 72, 274 AfriForum Youth, 222 apartheid Afrikaans language, 9, 57, 123, 165, 185, economic growth and, 80, 89 225 impact of, 279–80

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Index 331

National Party and, 58 Broederbond see Afrikaner Broederbond organised labour movement, 60–6 bursaries, 189–97, 221, 234, 238; see also Solidarity and, 203, 205–7, 238, 240, 258 education white workers and, 1–2 Buys, Flip ArcelorMittal South Africa, 170; see also affirmative action, 192 Mittal Steel on class, 1, 9, 164, 175–95, 245–7, armaments industry, 10 249–55, 262 Artisans Staff Association, 131 on community work, 227–32, 234 Australia, 38, 41 editorship of MWU newspapers, 161 hate speech case against Julius Malema, 215 baas–Klaas relationships, 177, 279 on membership, 223, 296–7 Bantu Labour Act (1964), 110–15; see also on MWU, 181–97, 244–50, 252, 254–6, Native Labour Act (1953) 271 Bantu Labour Relations Amendment Act as MWU general secretary, 164, 187, (1973), 97 188–90, 195, 261, 270 Bantustans see homelands partnerships with employers, 190–1 Basson, Adriaan, 233 on Solidarity, 179, 206–39 Basta! Ons voetspore is in Afrika, 207–8 on strikes, 260–1 Beech, Richard, 130, 133–4 ‘super white union‘ and, 180–2 black labour on values, 210, 213–14 as competition for white workers, 1–2 on white victimhood, 194 industrial rights of, 98, 107 role in liberation struggle, 152, 168, 306 ‘calling’ concept, 212, 216, 218, 242, 247, threat of, 93 290–1 black oppression, 2, 36 capitalism, 19, 45, 66–71, 69,77–8, 127–8, black trade unions, 102–3, 112–13; see also 168, 306; see also late capitalism; Congress of South African Trade neoliberalism Unions (COSATU) Carnegie Commission, 54–5, 71 blasting certificates, 44, 73–5, 147–8, 162, Chamber of Mines 174–5, 177, 179 background to, 37–8 Bodenstein, P., 92 blasting certificates, 147–8, 174 Boilermakers’ Society, 135–6 industrial action and, 42 Bond, Fred, 181, 245 MWU and, 105, 113, 172, 198 Boraine, Alex, 96, 102, 110–11 racial division of labour, 43, 49, 71–2 Bornman, Wessel, 87, 104, 126, 128, 153 Rand Revolt (1922), 45–6 Botes, Chris, 122, 123, 138–53 statistics of, 7 Botha, Fanie Christian Nationalism, 56, 204, 212, 215–16 Afrikaner Broederbond and, 107 Christian trade unionism, 210, 212, 216 blasting certificates, 148 Christianity, 72, 246–7, 254 labour reforms, 125–6, 127, 129 Cilliers, Jaap, 133 as Minister of Labour, 101–5, 104 citizenship, 7–8, 20, 27, 40–1, 47, 65, MWU and, 106, 113, 173 118–19, 127, 129, 135, 152–3, 172, TUCSA and, 141 208, 306–7, see also industrial rights; Wiehahn Commission, 108–12, 133, 143 political rights Botha, Louis (General), 40 civil service, 67–8 Botha, P. W., 108, 115, 134, 143, 169–70 ‘civilised labour’ 48–9, 51–5, 57, 128, 172 Brexit, 17–19, 265 class Britain black labour and, 175, 177, 279 Brexit, 17–19, 265 classless volk, 1, 5, 9, 46–7, 70–1, 74, colonial regime of, 119, 152, 226 262–3, 273–4, 288–9, 301–2 elections in, 69, 94–5 middle-class whites, 6, 11, 18–19, 261–2, immigration to, 299 280, 300 industrial action in, 86 MWU/Solidarity and, 243–61, 301–2 labour movements in, 167 race and, 22, 45, 186 migrants from, 38, 41, 56 Cold War, 4, 58, 168

332 Index

colonial regimes, 44, 53, 119, 152, 226 economic growth colour bar, 41–2, 46, 48, 52 1970s, 2, 20, 76–8, 114, 151, 306 coloured voters, 49, 118, 134–5 Afrikaner Broederbond and, 97–8, 100 coloured workers, 51, 61, 96, 133–4, 139, after Second World War, 69–70 144, 294 ANC and, 199–200, 210 Commission of Inquiry into Labour financial crisis of 2008, 14, 25, 264–5, 306 Legislation see Wiehahn Commission Golden Age, 66, 69, 76–7, 305–6 commodification of culture, 222, 224–5 Great Depression, 52, 54 communism, 58, 93, 167, 169, 210, National Party and, 66, 68, 80–1, 83–4, 259–60; see also Suppression of 89, 101, 104–5, 169–70 Communism Act (1950) PRP and, 102 compounds, 39–41 recessions, 106, 168, 172 Confederation of Metal and Building state intervention and, 52, 118 Unions, 124 United Party and, 83–4, 88, 177 Congress of South African Trade Unions Wiehahn Commission, 119 (COSATU), 20–1, 152, 168, 170, 197, education, 67, 185–6, 220–1, 231, 234, 210, 282, 306; see also Tripartite 238, 245, 284–5 Alliance elections Conservative Party (CP), 81, 109, 162, 1924 general, 48 177–8, 180 1948 general, 50, 58–60, 188 conservative politics see right-wing politics 1974 general, 94–5 Constitution Act (1983), 135 1981 general, 162, 175 Constitution of South Africa (1996), 303–5 1987 general, 177–8 Co-ordinating Council of South African 1989 general, 177–8 Trade Unions, 63, 87 in Britain, 69 corruption, 24–5, 199–200 by-elections, 101, 162, 174 Cronje, Krappie, 181, 244, 246, 275 European Parliament, 16 crony capitalism, 23–5 electronic communications, 161 cultural identity, 8–9, 165, 247–50 Elisio, Alfieri, 130 cultural turn, 4 Eloff, Theuns, 233 culture, institutional, 243–50, 271–4, 282 embourgeoisement, 5–6, 8–9, 26, 67–8, 70, 121, 130, 305; see also social mobility De Beers Mining Company, 192 employers De Jager, Cor baas–Klaas relationships, 177 Afrikaner Volksfront and, 184 black workers and, 91–2, 144, 149 on baas–Klaas relationships, 176–7 class compromise with state and unions, background and role, 251–2 14 Conservative Party and, 181 conflict with white labour, 42, 47–8, 71, 89 as HNP candidate, 162 job reservation and, 49, 51, 67, 108, 142 on MWU, 175–6, 185, 188 MWU attitude towards, 161, 165, 173, National Party and, 73, 173, 174–5 177, 179–80, 190–1, 270 opposition to labour reform, 172, 175 negotiations with white workers, 72, De Jager, P. R., 92 78–9, 103, 111 De Klerk, F. W., 87, 92, 97–100, 160–2, 180 Solidarity attitude towards, 196, 260–1, De Villiers, Wim, 97, 123 277–9, 283 De Wet, Carel, 73 Wiehahn Commission and, 124, 129, Deacon, Jan, 246 131, 141–2, 144, 149 deindustrialisation, 11, 16 employment equity, 10, 223; see also Department of Labour, 50–1, 79 affirmative action Department of Manpower Utilisation, 117 Engels, Friedrich, 35 desegregation, 162, 182, 183, 198, 268, English 269, 270, 276 dominance, 58, 67, 228, 291 Drummond, Errol, 122, 123, 133, 133, 138 language, 56, 123, 160, 191, 228, 291–3, Du Toit, Chris, 122, 123, 133, 138–53 296 Durban strikes, 90–101, 93, 103, 114, 135 -speakers, 160, 287, 297

Index 333

Eskom on community work, 228, 238 Afrikaner business and, 68 on funding, 223–4, 241 MWU and, 191, 268–9, 275, 277–8 on legal action, 192, 218–21 protests against, 183, 269, 277 on Maroela Media, 222 ethnicity, 182, 184, 188–9, 194–5, 226, on MWU, 188–9, 192, 243–8, 250 318–29 on Rand Revolt (1922), 258–60 European Parliament, 16, 236 on socialism, 211–12, 260 exceptionalism of South African transition, on Solidarity, 203–7, 230, 238–9 3, 308 on tipping point dilemma, 291–3 Herstigte Nasionale Party (HNP), 81, 162 farm attacks, 303–5 Hertzog, J. B. M., 51 farming see agricultural sector Hickman, Tony, 91 Federasie van Afrikaanse Kultuurvereniginge Histadrut, 164, 226–7 (FAK), 57, 222, 231–9 Hoagland, Jim, 33, 36–7 Federation of Salaried Staff Associations, 124 homelands, 65–6, 91, 104, 142–3 financial crisis of 2008, 14, 25, 264–5, 306 homogenising views of white society, 8, 12 First World War, 44, 231 Human Rights Commission, 164 five-day working week, 105–6 flexibilisation, 15 identity Fortune magazine, 76 crisis, 8, 46, 84, 165–7, 195 Fox News, 304 cultural, 8–9, 165, 247–50 France, 119 economy, 224–5 franchise see voting rights inequality and, 12–20 free market system, 22–3, 77–8, 118, literature on, 4, 9 169–70, 260 MWU and, 186 Freedom Front (FF), 163–4, 190 politics, 168, 306 freedom of association, 142, 145 Solidarity and, 216–18 immigrant communities, 16–18 Gemeenskap Volk en Arbeid (GVA), 99 Indian South Africans, 51–61, 118, 134–5, gender, 4, 19, 30, 175, 249 144 gold mining, 33, 34,37–41, 39,79–80 Industrial Conciliation Act (1924), 48, 51 Golden Age, 66, 69, 76–7, 305–6 Industrial Conciliation Act (1956) Government of National Unity, 168–9 impact of, 61, 64 governmentality, 235–6 Section 77 of, 61, 82–3, 95–6, 108, Graaff, De Villiers, 83, 86 131–2, 142 Great Depression, 52, 54 TUCSA and, 62–3 Great Trek, centenary of, 56–7 Wiehahn Commission, 124 Grobbelaar, Arthur, 122, 123, 124, 135–6, industrial relations see works committees; 138–41 Bantu Labour Act (1964); Bantu Grobler, Wally, 122, 123, 131–2, 138 Labour Relations Amendment Act Grobler, W. S. J., 84 (1973); Industrial Conciliation Act Growth, Employment, and Redistribution (1924); Industrial Conciliation Act (GEAR), 23, 170 (1953); Native Labour Act (1953) industrial rights, 22, 108, 117–19, 129–30, Hartzenberg, Ferdi, 143 134, 141, 143, 145–6, 152–3, 172, hate speech case against Julius Malema, 175, 306–7 117–53, 199, 204, 220, 241 Industrial Tribunal investigation, 108–9, 126 Hechter, Nic, 105, 112, 122, 123, 138 inflation, 77–80, 84, 101, 175 Helping Hand, 221, 234, 300, 326–9 influx control, 66, see also pass laws Helpmekaar 2020, 230–4, 237 informal economy, 10 Henning, Jood, 95, 102–3, 108–9 informal settlements see squatter camps, Hermann, Dirk; see also Basta! Ons voetspore white is in Afrika Information Service, 86–7 on Afrikaner DNA, 216 International Labour Organization (ILO), on apartheid, 258 138, 140–53, 236

334 Index

interviews by author, 12, 28–9, 264–7 long transition, 2–3, 11, 20, 153, 158, 171, Iron and Steel Industrial Corporation 189, 196–7, 240, 262, 267, 282, 291, (Iscor) 301, 307 employment by, 64, 68, 128 history of, 10, 49 Malan, D. F., 56–7 MWU and, 269–70 Malema, Julius, 199–228, 241 privatisation of, 169 Mandela, Nelson, 22 protests against, 192–3, 271 Mantashe, Gwede, 213–14, 215 workers at, 65 manufacturing industry, 79, 90 Iron and Steel Union see South African Marikana massacre, 24 Iron, Steel and Allied Industries Union Maroela Media, 221–2, 232, 241, 304 Marxism, 3, 12, 75, 210 Jacobs, Gideon, 85–101 masculinity, 30, 175, 265 Jewish role in business, 56; see also Metal and Boilermakers’ Union, 268 antisemitism middle-class whites, 6, 11, 18–19, 261–2, job creation, 222–3, 235 280, 300 job reservation mineral revolution, 33–5, 37–41, 305; Afrikaner Broederbond and, 112 see also mining industry history of, 43, 82–3 Mines and Works Act (1911), 42–3 MWU defense of, 174–9 Mines and Works Amendment Act (1926), National Party and, 89–90, 94–6, 103, 49, 71 108–11, 125, 174–5 Mineworker, The, 157, 172–4, 176–8, United Party and, 88, 109–10 180–2, 246–7 Wiehahn Commission, 113, 119, 126, Mineworkers’ Union (MWU) 128, 131, 142, 174–5 constitution of, 255–6, 291–2; see also Johannesburg, 53, 198 Solidarity trade union Joint Committee Representing All Dirk Hermann on, 188–9, 243–8, 250 Organised Labour in the Republic of Flip Buys on, 244–50, 252, 254–6, 271 South Africa, 124–5, 130–5, 144, 151 headquarters of, 198–9 history of, 71–3, 188–9 Kagan, Morris, 130 membership of, 157–8, 161, 165–93, Kraal Publishers, 224, 231–2 246, 268–82 Kriel, Kallie, 228 militancy, 173, 270 Krisisberaad (Crisis Summit), 227–9 political alignment of, 184–5, 274–6 Kruger, Paul, 40, 230 ‘reinvention’ of, 158–9, 161–71, 195 rough institutional culture of, 243–50, labour aristocracy, 35–7, 73–5 271–4, 282 Labour Party, 42, 49–72 services of, 193 labour reforms, 108–15, 150–2, 274, 278 Wessel Visser biography of, 158–9, labour shortages, 69, 72, 77–80, 82–94, 164, 167, 187, 195, 198, 249, 252, 108 274–5 labour, relations with state and capital see white workers on, 267–82 states, capital and labour, relations mining industry between economic growth and, 79–80 Lamont, Colin, 204 impact of, 33–5 land redistribution, 303–5 labour reforms, 147–8 Langner, Danie, 228 racial order and, 37–41 late capitalism, 3, 15, 20, 27–30, 200; see work processes, 33, 34, 43, 50 also capitalism; neoliberalism workers of, 34, 39, 43, 50, 62, 148 Le Roux, Francois, 109 minorities; see also immigrant communities Le Roux, Frederick, 90–1 MWU and, 179 legal action, 218, 223, 231; see also neoliberalism and, 19 Solidarity Movement Solidarity and, 2, 236, 291–2 Lenin, Vladimir, 35–75 Wiehahn Commission, 132, 134–5, living standards, 171–2, 179–80 137–8, 145–9

Index 335

Mittal Steel, 10; see also ArcelorMittal National Party and, 104 South Africa Wiehahn Commission, 112, 122, 123, Mokoatle, Ben, 122, 123, 138–53 125, 128–30, 152 Mulder, Connie, 178 nismark, 292–5, 297, 299 Muller, Helgaard, 108 municipal service delivery, 24, 231, 233 O’Okiep copper mine, 113–14 Munsook, Gopi, 122, 123, 138–53 Open Society Foundations, 16 MWU-News, 182, 184–5, 188, 190–1, 254–6 Pact government, 53–4, 59, 71, 128, 258 Pan-South African Language Board National Manpower Commission (NMC), (PANSAB), 191 139, 146 pass laws, 41, see also inﬂux control National Party (NP) Paulus, Arrie Afrikaner nationalism and, 56–60 AWB and, 274 apartheid and, 60–6 background of, 247–9, 271–2 capitalism and, 66, 70 Conservative Party and, 178 disbanding of, 166 on history of MWU, 188 Durban strikes, 91–7 on labour reforms, 72–3, 78, 100, 177, HNP and, 161–2 182 labour reforms, 80–3, 101–3, 108–12, media coverage of, 270 114–15, 151 membership of MWU, 172–4 MWU and, 72, 174, 178–80, 185, 188, as MP, 162 205, 258 National Party and, 73, 96, 113, 172, 173 negotiations for transition to democracy, Wiehahn Commission, 125–6, 153, 157 22, 180 political rights, 117–19, 129–30, 134–5, TUCSA and, 141 141, 143, 145–6, 152–3, 172, 175, white workers and, 1, 5–6, 48–52 306–7 Wiehahn Commission, 125–6, 157 politics of race, 171, 306–7 National Prosecuting Authority (NPA), 303 poor white problem see white poverty National Union of Clothing Workers Population Registration Act (1950), 65 (NUCW), 135, 140 populism, 3, 16–19, 204, 208, 215–16, National Union of Furniture and Allied 238–9, 265–6, 306, 308 Workers, 136 postcolonial theory, 4, 12 National Union of Metalworkers of South poverty, 41, 212–13, 265; see also white Africa (NUMSA), 169 poverty National Union of Mineworkers (NUM), precarity, 14–16, 22, 37, 41–8, 73–5, 265, 162, 192–3, 213–14 305–6 National Union of Motor Assembly and Pretoria, 9–11, 199 Rubber Workers of South Africa private sector, 49, 66, 68, 115, 119 (NUMARWOSA), 136 privatisation, 169, 178, 235 nationalisation, 58 Progressive Party (PP), 87, 89, 96 Native Labour Act (1953), 60–1, 92 Progressive Reform Party (PRP), 80, 102, Neethling, Tommie, 122, 123, 131–3, 138 109–11 negotiations for transition to democracy, 2, Promotion of Bantu Self-Government Act 7, 23, 162, 180, 182–3, 195, 208–9, (1959), 65 274–6 protests, 80, 132–3, 183, 269, 271, 275, Nel, Gerrie, 303 277, 307; see also Soweto uprising neoliberalism, 14, 19, 169–71, 200, Public Service Association, 67 212–13, 217–18, 235–40; see also capitalism; late capitalism race New York Times,17–18 -based order, 19, 40–1, 48–52, 55, Nicholson, Ben, 130–1 59–60, 120, 171–8 Nieuwoudt, Attie class and, 22, 45, 186 Afrikaner Broederbond and, 97, 112 culture and, 194–5, 262 labour reforms, 64–75, 125, 127 labour and, 33, 39

336 Index

race (cont.) Solidarity Financial Services, 224 MWU/Solidarity membership and, Solidarity Investment Company (SIC), 255–6, 267, 291–301 223–4 neoliberalism and, 217–18, 240 Solidarity magazine, 161, 192, 203, 261 as social construction, 12–13 Solidarity Movement racial capitalism, 3, 119, 308 1922 as founding myth, 256–61 racial degeneracy, 53–5 articulation of ‘calling’ concept, 212, 216, racism, 42, 217–18, 279–80 218, 242, 247, 290–1 Railroads and Harbours Staff Associations, as civil society organisation, 194–5, 199, 63, 124 237–8 railways, 49 coloured members of, 165, 297 rainbow nation, 22 counternarratives in, 240, 267–83, 301–2 Rand Revolt 1922 cradle-to-grave approach of, 234–5 history of, 44–8 discursive strategies of, 200–18, 241–2 impact of, 48, 50 global campaigns by, 236, 303–5 murders of Africans during, 45 graduate appointments at, 252–3 MWU and, 71, 113, 157, 173–4, 179, headquarters of, 198–9, 223, 241, 257 183, 188, 202 historical narrative about, 201–10, photographs of, 46–7, 257–60 239–42, 276 Solidarity and, 257–61 history of, 2, 262 white poverty and, 55 magazine of, 161 rebellion of 1914–1915, 231 media coverage of, 165, 232–3, 304–5; see recessions, 168, 172 also Maroela Media Reconstruction and Development membership of, 223–4, 240, 292 Programme (RDP), 23, 169 organisational strategies of, 200, 218–40 redundancies, 10, 285 ‘own institutions’ strategy, 220–7, 235, Reyneke, J. P. A., 83 239–40 Riekert Commission, 112 as political actor, 229, 236–7, 289, 300, right-wing politics, 16–19, 244–6, 265–6, 308–9 302, 307–8 populism of, 204, 208, 215–16, 238–9, Roets, Ernst, 304 265–6 services of, 207–8, 222, 234–6, 303–5 Sasol, 68 as social movement, 2, 27–30, 199, Schoeman, Ben, 61 236–8, 248 scholarships see bursaries as ‘state’ for Afrikaners, 199–200, 227–39 Second World War, 58, 60, 66 strategies of, 303, 307–8 self-help, 212–14, 218, 221, 231, 238 sub-narratives in, 240, 242–63 separate development, 126–7, 240, 290 sustainability of, 299 seven-day working week, 182 Solidarity Property Company, 224 skilled workers, 43–4, 50, 78–80, 82–3, 88, Solidarity Research Institute, 222 94; see also labour shortages Solidarity trade union Smuts, Jan (General/Prime Minister), 40, as civil society organisation, 162–3, 45, 48, 51, 59 185–6, 190, 194–7, 199, 209–10 social Darwinism, 53 historical narrative about, 201–10, social mobility, 67–71, 69, 147; see also 216–17, 239–40 embourgeoisement history of, 158–9, 165, 175–93, 214, 253 social movement unionism, 20–2, 197 media coverage of, 165, 232–3 social movements, 3, 25, 27, 159, 168, 171, membership of, 195–7, 250–6, 291–301 197, 199–201, 209, 216, 219, 237–8 neo-racism hearings, 190 socialism, 210–12, 218, 260 services of, 234–6 Solidariteitkunde seminar, 204–17, 220–1, as social movement, vii–xvi, 159, 195, 223–4, 227, 242–4, 250, 257, 259, 197, 199 262, 266, 291–3; see also Hermann, as social movement union, 27, 158, 200 Dirk working-class whites and, 251–61, 301–2 Solidarity Building Fund, 223–4 Solidarity World (online platform), 235

Index 337

Solidariność, 193 Sutton, Dick, 122, 123, 138–53 SolTech, 221, 224, 231, 234 Suzman, Helen, 89 South African Communist Party (SACP), 21, 259; see also Tripartite Alliance Telkom, 187, 275 South African Confederation of Labour Terre’Blanche, Eugene, 274 (SACLA) tipping point dilemma, 291–5 history of, 63–4 Toekomsberaad (Future Summit), 230–3 labour reforms, 87, 95, 100, 150–1 Trade Union Council of South Africa membership of, 149, 157 (TUCSA) National Party and, 104, 109, 111, 114, coloured president of, 136 141, 143 decline of, 157 Wiehahn Commission, 124–30, 152 Durban strikes, 92 South African Congress of Trade Unions history of, 62–3 (SACTU), 63–4 National Party and, 88, 109, 111 South African Co-ordinating Council of Wiehahn Commission, 124, 131, International Metal Workers 135–41, 149, 151 Federation, 124, 131 trade unions South African Electrical Workers’ Afrikaner Broederbond and, 58–9, Association, 130 98–100 South African Iron, Steel and Allied growth of, 21, 47–8, 168–9 Industries Union (Iron and Steel Industrial Conciliation Act (1924), 51 Union), 63–75, 87, 95, 128, 163 international context, 14, 35 South African Party (SAP), 48, 53, 56 labour reforms, 102–3 South African War, 40, 45, 183–4, 188, National Party and, 87, 94–5 201–2 Wiehahn Commission, 121, 126–7, 145, Soweto uprising, 106–8, 110, 114, 134 149–51 Spies, Willie, 220 training see education squatter camps, white, 53, 285–6 Transkei, 65–6 state capture, 57 Transvaal (Zuid-Afrikaansche Republiek), state employment, 8, 10 40 state intervention, 16, 19, 52, 60, 146, Transvaal Agricultural Union, 163, 183 169–70, 212–14, 235–6 Transvaal Miners’ Association (TMA), state retreat, 16, 23, 30, 78, 146, 168–9, 41–2, 44 171, 212–13, 236–8, 308 Treurnicht, Andries, 109, 143, 181 states, capital, and labour, relations tricameral parliament, 135 between, 14, 26, 35, 50, 66, 306 Tripartite Alliance, 21–2, 72–3, 168, 197 steel industry, 50, 269–70 Trump, Donald, 17–19, 304 Steenkamp, Naas, 122–3, 123, 138–41, Truth and Reconciliation Commission, 166 146, 149, 153 Steyn, Marais, 82 unemployment Stilfontein mine closure, 213–15 economic growth and, 80 Stofberg, Louis, 178 growth of, 24 strike of 1922 see Rand Revolt (1922) National Party and, 86, 94 strikes power and, 22, 78 decline in, 51, 167–8 privatisation and, 169 Durban strikes, 90–101, 93, 103, 114, white poverty and, 10–11, 41, 300–1 135 Ungerer, Peet MWU, 113–14, 173, 191–3, 283 Afrikaner Volksfront and, 184 National Party and, 77, 85 AWB and, 274 on Rand, 42 Conservative Party and, 181 Solidarity, 260–1 as MWU general secretary, 162, 178–86, ‘super white union’, 162, 180, 182, 187, 246, 270, 272, 274 195, 256, 264 retirement of, 164 Suppression of Communism Act (1950), on white poverty, 185 61–2, 64 Union of South Africa, 40–1

338 Index

unions see trade unions white workers; see also baas–Klaas United Kingdom see Britain relationships United Nations (UN), 76, 108, 236 citizenship, 9, 18, 56, 59, 167, 194, 209 United Party (UP) conﬂict with employers, 42, 47–8, 71, 89 Afrikaners and, 72 as labour aristocracy, 35–7, 73–5 agricultural sector, 60 mine language, 273–4 history of, 56 National Party 1948 victory, 5, 50, 60, labour reforms, 83–95, 101–2, 109–10 72, 85, 174–97, 205–39 MWU and, 113–14 power, 52–3, 72–3, 78, 84–8, 93, 112–13, urbanisation, 58 129, 188–9 Wiehahn Commission, 96 as privileged precariat, 73–5 United States of America (USA), 17–19, state dependence of, 55, 66, 74–5 77, 86, 167–8, 303–5, 309 struggle for recognition of, 168, 180, unskilled jobs, 39, 128, 283–91 194 urbanisation, 58, 60, 117–18, 142–4, wages of whiteness, 75 150–1, 175 white labourism, 42 Wiehahn Commission Van der Merwe, Piet, 81–115, 122, 123, Afrikaner Broederbond and, 107, 112 138, 144, 148, 153 aftermath of, 141–50, 148 Van der Walt, Dennis, 123, 133, 139 appointment of, 80, 110, 114–15, 121–4 Van der Watt, Abel, 130 black members of, 122–3 verkramptes, 81, 109 impact of, 150–1 verligtes, 81, 109 Joint Committee testimony at, 130–5 Verwoerd, H. F., 65 members of, 116–17, 120–53, 123 victimhood, 9, 203, 209, 219, 258 MWU and, 115, 172–4, 206, 251 victimisation, white-on-white, 286–8 recommendations of, 114 Viljoen, Constand, 163–4, 184 reforms, 157, 168–70, 197, 276–7, Viljoen, I. J., 71 281–2, 301, 307 Viljoen, Marais report of, 141–50 Durban strikes, 91–2 SACLA testimony at, 125–30 on economic growth, 83–4 TUCSA testimony at, 135–41 labour reforms, 76, 86–9, 88, 93, 101, 113 white labour and, 124–41, 151–3 retirement of, 101–2 White Paper following, 142–4 Volksblad, 165 Wiehahn, Nic Volksfront see Afrikaner Volksfront Afrikaner Broederbond and, 105, 112–13 volkstaat, 163, 190, 217, 233–4, 307 background of, 80, 121–2 Voortrekker monument, 56 Commission of Inquiry into Labour Vorster, John, 80, 92, 106–8, 112, 121, 127 Legislation, 112, 116, 120, 123, 133, voting rights, 23, 40–1, 52, 61, 152, 306 134, 139, 143, 151 as labour adviser, 109–10 wages, 33, 40, 58, 67, 77, 84, 91–2 women, 4, 19, 52, 123, 165, 204 Webb, Ronnie, 136–7, 141 works committees, 60–1, 91, 96, 98, 101, welfare states, 66, 70 105, 107 Wenplan 2002, 189–90, 193, 197, 221 World Trade Centre, 1993 storming of, white poverty 251, 275 ‘civilised labour’ and, 49, 52–7 World War I see First World War end of, 5, 61, 69 World War II see Second World War history of, 44 MWU/Solidarity and, 185–6, 213–14, Zuid-Afrikaansche Republiek (Transvaal), 285–6, 300–1 40 white working class and, 11–12 Zuma, Duduzane, 303 Wiehahn Commission, 128–30 Zuma, Jacob, 23–4, 199, 210, 228–9, 230