Black south african history pdf Continue In South African history, this article may require cleaning up in accordance with Wikipedia quality standards. The specific problem is to reduce the overall quality, especially the lead section. Please help improve this article if you can. (June 2019) (Find out how and when to remove this message template) Part of the series on the history of the weapons of the South African Precolonial Middle Stone Age Late Stone Age Bantu expansion kingdom mapungubwe Mutapa Kaditshwene Dutch colonization of the Dutch Cape Colony zulu Kingdom of Shaka kaSenzangakhona Dingane kaSenzangakhona Mpande kaSenzangakhona Cetshwayo kaMpande Dinuzulu kaCetshwayo 1887 Annexation (British) British Colonization Cape Colony Colonia Natal Transvaal Colony Orange River Colony Bur Republic South African Orange Free Republic Natalia Republic Bur War First Storm War Jameson Reid Second World War Union of South Africa First World War of apartheid Legislation South African Border War Angolan Civil War Bantustans Internal Resistance to apartheid referendum after apartheid Mandela Presidency Motlante Presidency of the Presidency of the President zuma The theme of economic history of invention and the opening of the Military History Political History Religious History Slavery Timeline South Africa portalv Part series on Culture History of South Africa People Languages Afrikaans English Ndebele North Soto Sowazi Swazi Tswana Tsonga Venda Xhosa Zulus Kitchens Festivals Public Holidays Religion Literature Writers Music And Performing Arts Music Musicians Media Television Movie Sport Monuments World Heritage Symbols Flag Herba South Africa portalvte Historic statesin presentSouth Africa to 1600 Kingdom Mapungubwe (1050 -1270) Kingdom of Mutapa (1430-1760) 1600-1700 Dutch Cape Colony (1652-1795) 1700-1 Ndwandwe (c.1780-1817) Ndwandwe (c.1780-1817) Swellendam (1795) Graaff-Reine (1795-1796) Cape Colony (1795-1802) 1800-1850 Dutch Cape Colony (1802-1806) Cape Colony (1806- 1910) Waterboer Land (1813-1871) Kingdom of the zulus (1818-1897) Adam Kok Land (1825-1861) Winburgh (1836-1844) Sherstrame (1837-1837) 1848) Natalia Republic (1839-1843) 1850-1875 South African Republic (1852-1902) Orange Free State (1854-1902) Republic of Utrecht (1854-1858) Lee Republic of Greenburgh (1856-1860) Griqualand East (1861-1879) Griqualand West (1870-1880) Diggers' Republic (1870-1871) 18 75-1900 Stellaland (1882-1885) Goshen (1882-1883) Nyeu Republic (1884-1888) Klein Vristat (1886-186-1888) 1891) 1900-present Cape Colony (1806-1910) Union (1910-1961) Transkay (1976-1994) Boputatswana (1977-1994) Venda (1979-1994) Siskey (1981-1994) Republic of South Africa (1961-present) South African FlagUseCivil and State Flag, and state ensignDesignThe ensignDesignThe South Africa was adopted on 27 April 1994. It replaced the flag that had been in use since 1928 and was chosen to represent multiculturalism and ethnic diversity in the country's new post-apartheid democratic society. It is believed that the first modern humans inhabited South Africa more than 100,000 years ago. The backstory of southern Africa was divided into two phases based on broad models of technology, namely the Stone Age and the Iron Age. After the discovery of the ovminins in Taung and Australopithecus fossils in the limestone caves in Sterkfontein, Swartkrans, and Kromdraai these areas were collectively designated a World Heritage Site. The first inhabitants of southern Africa are collectively called Hoisan, Hoi-Hoi and San separately. These groups were displaced or sometimes absorbed by migrating Africans (Bantus) during the expansion of the Bantu from West and Central Africa. While some retained the oblast, others were grouped into a category known as Colored, Multiracial Ethnic Group, which includes people with a common background from two or more of these groups: Khoisan, Bantu, English, Africans, Austrones, East Asia and South Asians. European exploration of the African coast began in the 13th century, when Portugal pledged to open an alternative route to the Silk Road that would lead to China. In the 14th and 15th century, Portuguese explorers traveled along the West African coast, detailing the coastline, and in 1488 they skirted the Cape of Good Hope. The Dutch East India Company established a trading post in Cape Town under the command of Jan van Rifik in 1652, European workers who settled on the cape, became known as Free Burgers and gradually established farms in the Dutch Cape colony. After the invasion of the Cape colony in 1795 and 1806, there were mass migrations, known collectively as the Great Way, during which the Voortrekers established several boeres on the inside of southern Africa. The discovery of diamonds and gold in the nineteenth century had a profound impact on the region's destiny, bringing it onto the world stage and introducing a transition from an exclusively agrarian economy to industrialization and urban infrastructure development. The discoveries also led to new conflicts, culminating in an open war between the Boer settlers and the British Empire, fighting mainly for control of the nascent South African mining industry. After the defeat of the Boers in the Anglo-Boer or South African War (1899-1902) on 31 May 1910, under the South Africa Act of 1909, the Union of Southern Africa was established as the self-governing domination of the British Empire, which united four previously separate British colonies: the Cape Colony, the Colony of Natal, the Transvaal Colony and the Orange River The country became a fully sovereign nation state within the British Empire in 1934 after the passage of the Status of the Union Act. The monarchy came to an end on May 31, 1961, which was replaced by the Republic in a referendum of 1960, which legitimized the formation of the country as a republic. In 1948-1994, African nationalism dominated South African politics. Racial segregation and white minority rule, officially known as apartheid, the African word meaning disjointed, was introduced in 1948. On 27 April 1994, after decades of armed struggle, terrorism and international opposition to apartheid, the African National Congress (ANC) won the country's first democratic elections. Since then, the African National Congress has ruled the country in alliance with the Communist Party and the Congress of South African Trade Unions. Early History (until 1652) Main article: Early history of the backstory of southern Africa Additional information: Hoisan, Hoisanid and Peopling African scientists, exploring periods before written historical records were made, established that the territory of what is now called as a whole as South Africa was one of the important centers of human evolution. It was inhabited by Australopithecus at least 2.5 million years ago. The modern human settlement occurred about 125,000 years ago in the Middle Stone Age, as evidenced by archaeological finds in the caves of the River Clasy. The first human habitation is related to a group of DNA originating in the northwestern part of southern Africa and is still common in indigenous coysan (Hoi and San). South Africa was later inhabited by Bantu-speaking people who migrated from the western region of Central Africa in the first centuries AD. In the Blombos Cave, Professor Raymond Dart discovered the skull of 2.51-year-old Taung Child in 1924, the first example of an Australopithecus African ever found. Following in Dart's footsteps, Robert Broome discovered a new much more reliable ovinid in 1938, Paranthropus robustus in Cromdra, and in 1947 discovered several more examples of Australopithecus African in Sterfontein. Further research in the Blombos Cave in 2002 found stones engraved with mesh patterns or cross-hatch, dating back about 70,000 years. This was interpreted as the earliest example of abstract art or symbolic art created by Homo sapiens. In recent decades, many other species of early hominids have become known. The oldest is Little Foot, a collection of legs of unknown homide aged between 2.2 and 3.3 million years old, discovered in Sterkfontein by Ronald Clarke. An important recent finding was that 1.9 million years of australopithecus sediba, discovered in 2008. In 2015, the opening near Johannesburg earlier Homo was announced, called Homo naledi. It has been described as one of the most important paleontological discoveries of our time. San and Hoiho Hoisan demonstrate how to ignite a fire by rubbing sticks together. Descendants of the Middle Paleolithic are believed to be the aboriginal tribes of San and Hoiho. The settlement of southern Africa by Koisan's ancestors corresponds to the earliest division of populations of homo sapiens in general, associated in genetic science with what is described in scientific terms as the matriline haplogroup L0 (mtDNA) and the patrilineal haplogroup A (Y-DNA), originating in the northwestern part of southern Africa. San and Hoyha are grouped under the term Hoisan and are essentially distinguished only by their professions. While the sleds were hunter-gatherers, the hoyha were pastoralists. Hoyha's original origin remains uncertain. Archaeological finds of cattle bones on the Cape Peninsula indicate that Hoyhoy began to settle there about 2,000 years ago. In the late 15th and early 16th centuries, Portuguese sailors, who were the first Europeans on the cape, encountered cattle and cattle. Later, English and Dutch sailors exchanged metals for cattle and sheep on hoiha in the late 16th and 17th centuries. The traditional view is that the presence of livestock was one of the reasons why, in the mid-17th century, the Dutch East India Company established an intermediate location where the port city of Cape Town is now located. The establishment of an intermediate post by the Dutch East India Company on the Cape in 1652 soon led to a conflict between Hoyha and Dutch settlers over land ownership. This was followed by cattle rustling and cattle theft, with Hoyha was eventually driven from the peninsula by force, after a series of wars. The first Hoiho-Dutch war broke out in 1659, the second - in 1673, the third - in 1674- 1677.