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Machu Picchu

R Roscoe Andy Roscoe’s Free Incan Tour Guides Interactive Maps and Tour Guides available at: AndyRoscoe.com/peru Eastern view. R Roscoe construction.12 Allows for the support of heavy Background granite buildings, large quantities of tourists, was discovered by Hiram Bingham seasons of heavy rain, earthquakes and even in 1911. drainage.3 It was a royal estate of Pachacutec, a winter cutija hacienda controled the land of MP. court. This area was inhabited to keep the Neighboring haciendas included Collpani, Chanca conquered. Free travel was not allowed Mandor, Cedrobamba, Pampacahuay.3 among the people so only the Inca leadership Why no Spanish destruction? Maybe the civil would have know about it.12 Supported no more war and was draining ’s resources than 750 and only a few hundred during the and all the sites along the Inca Trail were rainy season (Nov–Apr).3 abandoned along with treasures.4 Or maybe these compounds could hold twice as many people sites were abandoned during Manco’s rebellion. as housing. MP compounds housed 120 elites. The Incas burned many houses through this area They have superb stone work, cut and polished. to ensure a barrier between Vilcabamba and Each doorway has carved ‘bar-sockets’, used to Cusco.1562 doc, 4 support a kind of door. Housing: 150 possible dwellings, at most 750 residents. MP has about 30 religious structures, many more than other History royal estates. ’s panaca was very 1450. Built, based on the architectural style.1 3 important religiously. 1565. Mentioned in a traveler’s journey to It was originially believed to be a place for Vilcabamba as Picho.8 the Virgins of the Sun. This was based on skulls 1568. Probably visited by Spaniard Gabriel found by Bingham. Skulls do not differ as much Xuarez. He bought the surrounding area, though in Andean people as in Caucasions. Studies on no evidence.10, 8 Also mentioned in a Spanish the pelvic bones show that the men, women document, “village of Picho.”8 11 ration were actually equal. Warrior skeletons 1865. Antonio Raimondi’s map shows a peak found gives evidence of MP as not just a religious “Machu Picchu.”8 site. As a royal estate it showed locals who was 1875. Charles Wiener tried to find MP because 9 in power. it was reported as an interesting archaeological Most burials at MP were of Collas, Lupaqas, site.8 He listed rumors of Huaina Picchu and and Pacajes from Lake Titicaca. Also Canaris, Matcho Picchu, Perou et Bolivie.1 Chacas, and Chimu. Broken bones and bad backs 1904. Lizarraga treasure hunted these slopes. 3 indicate retainers and laborers. He reported the ruins, but no one paid attention. Metallurgy was important to MP. Because 1911. Discovered by Bingham. A trepanned of abundant fuel and natural draft furnaces skull was found. No skeletons were found inside 5 possible. 170 metal artifacts excavated. Tin the city. Animal specimens were left with

mostly found, from N Bolivian highlands. Smithsonian. Archaeological material left with Bingham found large bronze crowbars, possibly Yale Museum. received excavation from 3 replacing wooden levers. 1914–15.2 13 2000ft above the river. It took 50 years William Farabee, Harvard anthropologist, 9 to build. Buildings consist of 18 different traveled down the Urubamba R. He gave a map 8 building styles, including Imperial. Water to Bingham. Albert Gresecke, U of Cusco, also canals was carefully built and structured just for traveled the Urubamba R and told of rumors of its construction. Plazas were built up to create MP ruins above Mandor Pampa.1 level surfaces and support for buildings. About 1934. Became overgrown after Bingham left. 60% of construction was spent on this unseen Louis Valcarcel recleared it.13 Description of locations from the Right side of the map. 3

6. A Roscoe

1. R Roscoe 3. D Roscoe 9. Bench. M Tadlock 5. Quarry. Stone Descriptions working was done 1. Drawbridge. To the west, the trail cuts into using hammer stones the side of a bluff. There is a gap in the trail of harder material. Left with a removable bridge. The path continues on over stones and chips to Llactapata. Roundtrip 1hr.4 made excellent 2. Main Gate. This is the imposing main fill.14 entrance to Machu Picchu. Frames Huayna 6. Western SIDE. Picchu.1 Lintel ring stone and bar holds are on In the foreground the inside.14 is the quarry. In the Bingham found more than 30 2. D Roscoe Sacred Plaza you can pebbles. No volcanic activity in the area to clearly see the viewing produce these. Bingham thought they were platform, looking at from a meteor shower. Using x-ray fluorescence, Llactapata.12 U of Missouri found they are Chivay obsidian Trail on W side down from Colca Valley near Arequipa. Too small for to river. Found after potential tool use. Precious offerings were often 1997 forest fire. Not placed in special locations, like here. Person open to the public as of from Colca canyon probably placed them here as 2000.4 an offering as they entered MP, valued because 7. Snake Rock. 4. D Roscoe it was created from apus of volcanic mountain Serpent Rock. Snakes peaks of Colca and also the river that shaped the are carved onto to rock, stones.3 cave underneath.12 3. Roof. You can see from this photo how the These can only be seen thatched roofs were attached to the building. when standing ontop.14 Most buildings have perfect stone work and 8. Staircase to Sacred dry masonry, but then have rough mortared Plaza. stonework in the gables.2 4. Fake. Here is an archeologist’s attempt to split a stone, not an Incan attempt. 5. R Roscoe 4 Description of locations from the Right side of the map.

9. M Roscoe

10. Principal. R Tadlock

10. Looking N. R Roscoe 9. Temple of the three windows. Bingham believed this was birthplace of the Incas, which 10. Sacristy. ward talked of the Incas coming forth from 3 caves. Priest House one faces The edge of the windows are rounded more than the at usual to allow for wider view.11 Llactapata and the A masmas, open sided building had a stone setting sun over Mt pillar to support the roof.6 Pumasillo on the Dec Looks due east toward the rising sun.Reinhard, 1 .11 The base of Bench. A large stone block sits on a small the platform is perfectly cylindrical stone was used as roller to help in carved but the upper is 4 moving. rough: shows a later 10. Huaca. D Roscoe originally had 5 windows. Two were blocked “hasty construction.”4 off. Near the base is a rock with the step motif Principal Temple is on the N side of the plaza. carved onto it. The N corner-stone shows that Maybe dedicated to Viracocha. It’s a masma,11 the rock was being smoothed after placing. A three-walled building with large foundation “shallow groove in the end face” showed workers stones and excellent stone work. “Only temple how far to cut.12 with a kind of sub-temple attached, Sacristy.4 10. Sacred Plaza. Here are the Principal Sacristy/Priest house, maybe a place for Temple and Priest’s House and stairway leading priest to prepare before entering Principal up to Intihuatana. Sitting on the bench of the Temple. The left side of the door-jamb has a Description of locations from the Right side of the map. 5

11. M Roscoe 15. Ward

16. Donahue

12. M Roscoe stone with 32 angles.4 There is a huaca which points to the cardinal directions. Maybe represents the Southern Cross.4 11. Image Stones. 16. Hummingbird. Wright 12. South stone. Wright Also called Echo crane fell and broke off Stones. Stones carved to match Mt Yanantin and a corner of the stone.1 Mt Putuski.12 There is also a 12. huatana / Hitching Post of the carved stone arrow Sun. Inti means sun. Huatana, as a noun means pointing south to Mt a year. As a verb means hitching post.6 : the Southern High point of MP. It points to true north. Cross rises to the east, Cardinal directions with alignment to 4 mountain peaks directly overhead 14. A Roscoe peaks:9 Salcantay S, N, Pumasillo and sets to the west. W, Veronica E. At the center of sacred peaks and 13. Main plaza. solar events. On the equinox, the sun rises over 14. Uña Picchu. This is the small mountain Mt Veronica and sets at Mt San Miguel. And Dec just to the right of this plaza. solstice the sun sets at over Mt Pumasillo. 15. Sacred Rock is just below this marker. every major site has one and another at It’s an Image Stone, like 11. It’s a carving of Choquesuysuy and between here and Llactapata. Mt Yanantin. Spanish destroyed most. This pillar is higher 16. Unfinished Temple. There is an than any other.2 interesting “radiating petroglyph.” The wall Maybe an abstract version of Huayna Picchu. has what appears a hummingbird design made Shadows follow the same as HP.15, 1 “Carved with the stones.12 out of solid granite attached to the Salcantay 17. Upper Group. Single entry, double jam massif” and connects HP.Reinhard, 1 with carved sockets. Main dwelling with 20 full In 2000, while shooting a beer commercial, a length niches, hornacinas.3 Description of locations on the Left side of the map are found on page 8. Description of locations on the Right side of the map are found on page 3.

18. Recording stones 1 1. Drawbridge 22 20. Ceremonial rock 24 2. Main gate 21. Watchman’s hut 18 23 20 3. Roof 22. Kallanka 21 4. Fake 23. Inca trail 5. Quarry 24. Machu Picchu Mtn 6. Western side 25. Agricultural sector 7. Snake rock 26. Canal 8. Staircase 27. Storehosues 9. 3 Windows Temple 28. path to hotel 10. Sacred plaza 29. Secure doorway 11. Image stones 30. Stairway 12. inti huatana 31. dry moat 2 13. main plaza 32. Princess’ palace 14. Uña picchu 33. Sun temple 15. Sacred rock 34. Royal mausoleum 16. Unfinished temple 35. stone baths 27 25 17. Upper group 36. Fountain house 3 37. Hanged man’s rock 29 6 38. King’s group 39. 3 door group 40. Kallanka 26 30 5 41. Image stone 42. Industrial sector 31 4 43. Condor Temple 7 44. Slide 28 33 45. mortars 37 46. Intimachay 36 10 11 12 34 32 38 8 35 9

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Legend 7 Location without photo. 5 Location with needed photo. This view is from the top of Huayna Picchu, looking down and back at Machu Picchu, looking South. Photo by Dellany Donahue. 6 Location with photo. 8 Description of locations from the Right side of the map.

30, 31. Mcgarey Descriptions 18. Recording Stones. Several found, few even seen before green micaceous or chloritic slay schist. Found at the foot of of MP mountain precipece. 56 found, only 3 with skeletons. stone disks: varying sizes, same color, no carvings. For counting or maybe covering jars. Each has a cross carved in center. They are carefully ground and polished, very thin (some almost translucent). Some made of sandstone 24. R Roscoe and other rock. 1.5hrs.4 could be from an earlier culture, also found in 24. Machu Picchu . The Caras made similar. Mountain has housing Dice marked with straight lines and crosses for 12 soldiers and a for tally.12 carefully terraced signal 20. Ceremonial station at very top. Rock. Also called the 10,000ft elevation, 13 Funerary Rock. The 3,200ft above river. 25. R Roscoe sharp bump matches Viewing platform every Mt Yanatanin.12 The site 150ft. There’s a surprise is surrounded by round new set of stairs after river rocks, tieing it to each group. 1.5hr the Urubamba R.14 climb.1 21. Watchman’s Hut 25. Agricultural / guardhouse. Next 20. R Roscoe Sector. A total of ten to the Ceremonial Rock acres, not enough to there’s also floating support the city, food 26. D Roscoe stairs. was brought in from A masmas, an open Cusicacha. 75in of rain sided building. a year. Terraces allow 22. Kallanka largest water to absorb slowly building at MP. Broken into the ground: no pottery is probably or . evidence of drinking. 21. D Roscoe Even Main Plaza was 9 Locals were allowed built in this manner. 27. McGarey near MP but not in.14 26. Canal. Called an 23. Inca Trail from “azequia.”2 It carries water 1.5mi.14 the Sun Gate and Cuzco. 27. Storehouses to the left of this marker. Intipunku from Machu 28. Path to hotel. Picchu roundtrip: 23. Sun Gate. A Roscoe 29. Secure Doorway. Doors were secured Description of locations from the Right side of the map. 9

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28. McGarey 33. outside, Window. D Roscoe using the ring above ’ arrival and and side pegs were used signals the planting with the noches on the season.1 The Enigmatic sides.6 Window: “oddly shaped 30. Stairway. and faces north. 31. dry Moat. A large “On both sides...are rock points upward, secret stones that pull “about 1/3 of the out of the wall. The way down, probably a Incas had something survey marker.”14 29. M Roscoe inside, something 33. window. M Roscoe 32. Princess’ palace that tightened and / priest house. turned.”Paolo Greer, 1 NE Two-story building, window matches same each floor was accessed angle at .3 from the outside. A Built to represent ledge supported the Coricancha in Cusco. upper floor.14 Inca Trail – a pilmagrage 33. Stairs. R Roscoe Closest building to Pachacutec’s gold to the Sun Temple, statue.Paolo Greer, 1 Maybe the stone statue is “buried excellent quality. Maybe in some terraces on the back side of MP, beneath housed a Sun Temple 32. M Roscoe a rounded wall...best wall in MP.”Paulo Greer, 1 priest.12 The stone in the center is burnt. Originally 33. Sun Temple / Torreon2. Note the curved thought to be from lightning. After taking the wall. The rock in the center is part of the gold statue to pay for ’s ransom, they outcrop. There’s a line cut into it and points to stacked the room with wood and burned it, the rising sun on the June solstice.4 cracking the rock.Paulo Greer, 1 Carved rock outcrop Three windows: 2 small, east and south, 1 probably in shape of puma to match Pachacuti’s large portal with small holes. East Window: on connection to diety in vision.3 June solstice the rising sun casts a rectangular 34. Royal Mausoleum. Under the Temple of light onto the center rock.15 It also frames the Sun. Pachacutec’s tomb with a gold statue 10 Description of locations from the Right side of the map.

39. McGarey

34. Steps. D Roscoe of himself on top of the center rock for worship. 38. bedroom. M Roscoe Luis Lumbreras, 1 Entrance with steps is carved into a single stone. Fancy masonry filling in gap. 35. Stone Baths. The primary bath below the Sun Temple. 36. Fountain Caretaker’s House 34. Masonry. D Roscoe 38. bedroom. M Roscoe 38. bathroom. M Roscoe is above the principal others, private garden, fountains, and baths. fountain. Has a Entrance lintel has deep, long groove like at recreated thatch roof. Ingenuity Group and Coricancha in Cuzco.3 The Ceilings were probably stones were cut to give a “puffy” look, giving “highly decorated, with each stone individuality.14 a rattan mat woven in 39. Three door group. Three massive double elaborate geometric jamb doorways, each with “carved sockets with designs stretched stone bar-holds”. Three kanchas surrounding between the roof poles patio. Windows to the E.3 35. M Roscoe and thatch.7, 4 40. Kallanka. Large celebration hall. 37. Hang Man’s rock. The lintel has a 41. Image Stones. Also called echo stones. protruding ring carved from it, probably held a Stones carved to match visible moutians, like the lamp or image.6 one between the Sacred Plaza and Intihuatana. 38. King’s Group. Royal Sector. Built with 42. Industrial Sector. Ingenuity Group, massive lintels and high pitched gables.6 Up to Private Garden Group. 4 sections, has a 3tons.4 Includes Hangman’s Rock.6 surrounding wall with only 1 entrance of a The would stay here. More difficult double jamb and massive lintel, opens into a to enter. Doorway lintels are twice as large of huairona – 3 walled room. Houses and huaironas Description of locations from the Right side of the map. 11

42, 43. donahue enough. Condor carved stone is here, a symbol of Incan prisons. Or possibly religious: many niches are size. Or sacrificial area: small canals around condor stone resemble those 44. M Roscoe at Kenko.6 44. Slide is a large white rock with platform carved into 43. Condor wings. Ward the top. The stairs next are lined with niches. to the slide has hand Sections connected holds notches.14 by stairways, one 45. Mortars. A 45. Bingham of them is carved large room holds two from a single block. stone mortars. Not 2 shrines of natural for grinding grain. rock outcroppings. 2 These types found are found in shrines at stone mortars carved 43. condor. M Roscoe into ground. Windows Sacsahuaman, Tarapata provide view of Sun Temple and Temple of Three at Quente. Unknown windows.3 use.Victor Angles Largest compound could house 50–60. 46. Inti machay. Compounds could hold twice as many people A small cave, above as housing. MP compounds housed 120 elites. and to the E of They have superb stone work, cut and polished. Condor Temple.4 A Each doorway has carved ‘bar-sockets’, used to solar observatory that 46. Hemming, ranney support a kind of door. Bingham found remains marked the December Solstice. Has coursed of red stucco.3 masonry and a window carved into a boulder 43. Condor Temple / Prison Group. SE of that froms the front wall. Ten days before and main Residential and Industrial sectors. Could after the winter solstice sunrise a beam of light have been used for prisoners, niches large shines throught the window and on the back wall.4 38. King’s Group on Left. D Roscoe

Mt Yanatin. Christy 42. stairs, shrine. D Roscoe Other maps Mini-bibliography Cusco and the : If you’d like to contribute photos, I’d love to Cusco Guide – capital of the Incas. have your help, [email protected] Cusco History – history of the capital. Photography: Kathy Christy, Dellany Donahue, Coricancha – sun temple in Cusco. Patrick McGarey, David Roscoe, Monica Roscoe, Sacsahuaman – fortress near Cusco. Robert Roscoe, Maria Tadlock, Richard Tadlock, Sacred Valley - the beautiful valley. Hal Ward. – fortress in Sacred Valley. Pisac – major Inca site in Sacred Valley. See Full Bibliography at website. 1. Adams, Mark. Machu Picchu and Inca Trail: 2. Bingham, Hiram. Machu Picchu – original . 3. Burger, Richard. Salazar, Lucy. Inca Trail – hike past several sites. 4. Frost, Peter. 5. Gordon, Robert. Rutledge, John. 6. Hemming, John. Other resources include: 7. Lee, Vincent. Glossary of quechua 8. MacQuarrie, Kim. Inca rulers 9. PBS, Nova. Historic names 10. Rowe, John Religion 11. Thomson, Hugh. Tribes 12. Wright, Kenneth. 13. Fejos, Paul. 14. Wright, Ruth.

15. Reinhard, Johan. 3.0