ARCL0039 Ancient Civilisations of Andean South America

Home , Caral, Chimor, Huaca Prieta, Kotosh, Machu Picchu

Years 2 & 3 (15 credits)

Coursework deadlines: 12/NOV/2019 & 20/JAN/2020

Module Coordinator Dr. José R. Oliver

2019-2020

ARCL. 0039 Andean Civilisations, Term 1, 2019

Module Handout ARCL 0039 Ancient Civilisations of Andean South America Term I - 2019 (15 Credits, 2 nd and 3 rd Year Option) Module Coordinator: Dr. José R. Oliv er Office: IoA Room 104 [email protected] - tel. (0207) 679 1524 Office Hours: As posted on Office Door or by appointment Lectures: Tuesdays 9-11 AM in Room B-13

Week by Week Lectures

Date Lecture # Topic ESSAY DUE* 1 Introduction to the Module 01-OCT 2 Vertical Ecological Zonation and Cultural Adaptation in the Andes Cotton Preceramic Period 08-OCT 3 The Early Centers with Monumental Architecture 4 in Coastal Perú: (Part 1)

5 The Early Centers with Monumental Architecture 15-OCT in Coastal Perú Cotton-Norte Chico (Part 2) 6 The Maritime-Oasis Hypothesis 7 The Kotosh Religious Tradition of the Central 22-OCT Andean Highlands 8 The Collapse of the Late Preceramic/Initial Period & the Early Horizon "Revolution" 9 Chavín de Huántar: From Village to Civic- 29-OCT Ceremonial Centre 10 Chavín Art and Architecture

04-08 NOVEMBER READING WEEK (no lectures)

12-NOV 11 The Rise and Expansion of Moche Civilisation 12-NOV ESSAY 1 12 The Fall of the Moche: The Case of Pampa Grande 19 NOV 13 The Rise of Tiwanaku and its Capital Center 14 The Tiwanaku Capital Core and its Periphery 15 Tiwanaku Economy 26 NOV Raised Field ( waru-waru ) Agriculture 16 The Collapse of Tiwanaku 17 The Inca Imperial Organisation 03 DEC 18 The Inca Capital of Cuzco, Royal Estates & Sacred Landscapes 19 Inca Empire & Conquest: The Case of the Wanka 10 DEC (Huanca) in the Mantaro Valley 20 End of Empire: The Spanish Conquest Overview 20/JAN/2020 20 JAN ESSAY 2 *Marked essays will be returned two weeks after delivery deadline.

ARCL. 0039 Andean Civilisations, Term 1, 2019

1. OVERVIEW

Short Description. Through archaeology, material culture, and ethnohistory this Module examines the rise and fall of complex Pre-Columbian civilizations of the central Andes of South America. These include the origins of monumental public architecture in the Preceramic period, the development of the civic-ceremonial center of Chavín de Huántar (1000-200 BC) in the highlands, the complex Moche 'multi-polities' (AD 1-650) of the desert coast, and the Tiwanaku state (AD 400-1200) of Lake Titicaca basin in the Bolivian-Peruvian altiplano . It concludes with an examination of the vast Inca Empire (AD 1400-1531) and the consequences of Spanish Conquest. This Module is intended as an introductory overview of the archaeology of the Andean region of South America. Organization of Lecture Themes. This module is divided into seven parts or major themes, as follows: (1) Introduction to the Andean World; (2) The Archaic or ‘Cotton’ Pre-Ceramic and Initial Periods: The Foundations of Andean Civilisation; (3) The Pre-ceramic in the High Andes: Kotosh Religious Tradition; (4) The Moche-Lambayeque Civilisations of Coastal Peru; (5) The Tiwanaku State of the Titicaca Basin; (6) The Inca Empire; and (7) The Spanish Conquest and Its Consequences. The major themes are comprised of lectures on specific topics. A week by week table summary of the lectures is found in page ii above. A detailed syllabus, including references of suggested and required reading materials, can be found from page 1 onward. Basic Texts. There is no single textbook on reserve at IoA-Issue Desk. Some textbooks are available electronically via on line open line access (EXPLORE). The edited volume by Silverman (2004) is worth buying as reference.

 Silverman, Helaine, editor (2004) Andean Archaeology. Blackwell Publishing, LTD. IoA- Issue Desk SIL 2; INST ARCH DGF 100 SIL (2 copies; 1 week loan).  Moore, Jerry D. (2014) A Prehistory of South America: Ancient Cultural Diversity on the Least Known Continent. U. of Colorado Press. On Line Access via EXPLORE  Moseley, Michael D. (1992, 2001) The Incas and their Ancestors. London: Thames & Hudson. IoA- Issue Desk MOS 3; INST ARCH DGF 100 MOS (2 copis, 1 week loan)  Silverman, Helaine and William H. Isbell (2008) Handbook of South American Archaeology, Springer, New York. IoA-DG SIL (hardcopy Library use only). Full book On Line Access via EXPLORE

Methods of Assessment. Work will be assessed by means of two essays based on topics covered during the Term (each one worth 50% of the total module mark). Questions can be seen on pages XX-XX of this handout.

Teaching Methods. This module consists of ten 2-hour sessions (2 lectures per session) Lectures are assisted with PowerPoint presentations. This handout, other material resources and PowerPoints are available in Moodle. No group tutorial sessions will be held. However, individual/personal tutorial can be arranged by prior appointment or request by the student.

Workload. There will be 20 hours of lectures scheduled for regular class meetings. Students are also expected to undertake about 100 hours of reading plus 50 hours preparing for and producing the assessed essay work. The total workload is about 150 hours for this module (the equivalent of 15 credits).

Pre-requisites: The module is designed for 2 nd and 3rd yr. students. While there are no formal pre-requisites, students are advised that previous attendance to 1st year core modules at the Institute is likely to facilitate comprehension of the materials presented in this module. 3

ARCL. 0039 Andean Civilisations, Term 1, 2019

2. AIMS, OBJECTIVES & ASSESSMENT

Aims:  To introduce students to the key arguments regarding the nature and the historical development of ancient civilisation in the Andean region.  To familiarize students with the strengths/weaknesses of the archaeological evidence (and explanatory arguments for the developmental history of selected ancient Andean civilisations.  To teach students to criticize and evaluate interpretations of archaeological data.  To provide students with experience in critical assessment of the archaeological evidence.  To provide students with experience in using essential principles of interpretation that can be applied in their own research (e.g. BA dissertations).

Goals: Students will become familiar with the key literature and source materials for each topic of discussion. At the end of this module, the successful student should be able to recognize and understand what the principal questions and research problems that archaeologists wrestle with in Andean archaeology and to critically evaluate how effectively these have been addressed in recent years. That is, students should be able to evaluate whether or not the explanations provided by archaeologists fit the available data.

Learning Outcomes. On sucessful completion of this module, students should be able to demonstrate to have developed further skills on:  observation and critical reflection  application of acquired knowledge  effective writing skills

Coursework. The first essay is due 12 November, 2019 and the second is due on 20 January, 20 The essay questions are provided in the last two pages of this handout (pp. 16-17). The essay length must fall between a minimum of 2850 words and a maximum of 3150 words (average 3,000 words). If you are unclear about the nature of an assignment, they should discuss this with Dr. Oliver (module coordinator).

There is no penalty for using fewer words than the lower figure in the range: the lower figure is simply for your guidance to indicate the sort of length that is expected. The following should not be included in the word-count: title page, contents pages, lists of figures and tables, abstract, preface, acknowledgements, bibliography, captions and contents of tables and figures, and appendices. Penalties will only be imposed if you exceed the upper figure in the range. There is no penalty for using fewer words than the lower figure in the range: the lower figure is simply for your guidance to indicate the sort of length that is expected. In the 2019-20 session penalties for overlength work will be as follows:

 For work that exceeds the specified maximum length by less than 10% the mark will be reduced by five percentage marks, but the penalised mark will not be reduced below the pass mark, assuming the work merited a Pass.  For work that exceeds the specified maximum length by 10% or more the mark will be reduced by ten percentage marks, but the penalised mark will not be reduced below the pass mark, assuming the work merited a Pass.

ARCL. 0039 Andean Civilisations, Term 1, 2019

Coursework submission procedures.

• All coursework must normally be submitted both as hard copy and electronically . • You should staple the appropriate colour-coded IoA coversheet (available in the IoA library and outside room 411a) to the front of each piece of work and submit it to the red box at the Reception Desk. • All coursework should be uploaded to Turnitin via Moodle by midnight on the day of the deadline. This will date-stamp your work. It is essential to upload all parts of your work as this is sometimes the version that will be marked. • Instructions are given below. Please note that the procedure has changed for 2019- 20, and work is now submitted to Turnitin via Moodle.

How to Upload Coursework

1. Ensure that your essay or other item of coursework has been saved as a Word doc., docx. or PDF document , Please, include the module code and your candidate number on every page as a header. (Note that candidate number is not the same as your UCL student number.) 2. Go into the Moodle page for the module to which you wish to submit your work. 3. Click on the correct assignment (e.g. Essay 1), 4. Fill in the “Submission title” field with the right details: It is essential that the first word in the title is your examination candidate number (e.g. YGBR8 Essay 1), Note that this code changes each year. 5. Click “Upload”. 6. Click on “Submit” 7. You should receive a receipt – please save this. 8. If you have problems, please email the IoA Turnitin Advisers on ioa- [email protected] , explaining the nature of the problem and the exact module and assignment involved. One of the Turnitin Advisers will normally respond within 24 hours, Monday-Friday during term. Please be sure to email the Turnitin Advisers if technical problems prevent you from uploading work in time to meet a submission deadline - even if you do not obtain an immediate response from one of the Advisers they will be able to notify the relevant Module Coordinator that you had attempted to submit the work before the deadline

Please read Appendix A for additional coursework procedures, on page 15.

ARCL. 0039 Andean Civilisations, Term 1, 2019

3. SHEDULE Tuesdays 9-11 AM, Room B-13

THEME I. Introduction to the Andean World Session 1-Lecture 1. Introduction to the Module Session 1-Lecture 2. Vertical Ecological Zonation and Cultural Adaptation in the Andes

THEME II. The Foundation of Andean Civilisations: The Archaic or ‘Cotton Pre- Ceramic’ & Initial Periods Session 2-Lecture 3. The Early Centers with Monumental Architecture in Coastal Perú Cotton Preceramic Period (Part 1) Session 2-Lecture 4. The Early Centers with Monumental Architecture in Coastal Perú (Part 2)

Session 3-Lecture 5. The Early Centers with Monumental Architecture in Coastal Perú Cotton Preceramic Period (Part 2 cont.) Session 3-Lecture 6. The Maritime-Oasis Hypothesis

THEME III. The Preceramic in the High Andes: The Kotosh religious Tradition Session 4-Lecture 7. The Kotosh Religious Tradition of the Central Andean Highlands Session 4-Lecture 8. The Collapse of the Late Preceramic/Initial Period & the Early Horizon "Revolution"

THEME IV. Chavín de Huántar and the Early Horizon in Highland Andes Session 5-Lecture 9. Chavín de Huántar: From Village to Civic-Ceremonial Centre Session 5-Lecture 10. Chavín Art and Architecture

READING WEEK 4-8 NOVEMBER 2019

THEME V. The Moche Civilisation Session 6-Lecture 11. The Rise and Expansion of Moche Civilisation Session 6-Lecture 12. The Fall of the Moche: The Case of Pampa Grande

THEME VI. The Tiwanaku State in the Lake Titicaca Basin Session 7-Lecture 13. The Rise of Tiwanaku and its Capital Center Session 7-Lecture 14 The Tiwanaku Capital Core and its Periphery

Session 8-Lecture 15 Tiwanaku Economy: Raised Field (waru-waru) Agriculture Session 8-Lecture 16 The Collapse of Tiwanaku (The Erickson- Kolata Debate)

THEME VII. The Inca Empire Session 9-Lecture 17 The Inca Imperial Organisation Session 9-Lecture 18 The Inca Capital of Cuzco, Royal Estates & Sacred Landscapes

Session 10-Lecture 19 Inca Empire & Conquest: The Case of the Wanka (Huanca) in the Mantaro Valley Session 10-Lecture 20 The Spanish Conquest & Overview

ARCL. 0039 Andean Civilisations, Term 1, 2019

4. DETALIED SYLLABUS THEME I. INTRODUCTION TO THE ANDEAN WORLD The first session discusses the aims and goals of this module and introduces the student to the basic cultural and chronological terminology used in Andean archaeology. The second lecture discusses will introduce the student to the important concept of vertical ecological zonation or, (or 'verticality' as is commonly referred to) and its implications for sociocultural and economic adaptation that gives a distinctive character to the Andean peoples, past and present. The ‘verticality model’ was developed by the late economic-anthropologist John V. Murra for explaining colonial and modern Andean societies, and was quickly co-opted by archaeologists to test its applicability and validity in pre-colonial (Pre-Columbian) times.

Session/Week 1 Lecture 1. Introduction to the Module Required readings • Wilson, David J. (1999) Indigenous South Americans of the Past & Present, Ch. 1: pp. 1-9 and Ch. 3, pp. 39-68. IoA- DG WIL; Issue Desk WIL 9 • Rowe, John H. (1973) Stages and Periods in Archaeological Interpretation in Peruvian Archaeology: Selected Readings, Rowe and Menzel editors, pp.1-13, 1973 [5th edition]. IoA- DGF 100 ROW

Lecture 2. Vertical Ecological Zonation and Cultural Adaptation in the Andes Required readings : • Murra, John V. (1985) "The Limits and Limitations of the 'Vertical Archipelago' in the Andes. In Andean Ecology and Civilisation: An Interdisciplinary Perspective on Andean Ecological Complementarity. Edited by Shozo Masuda, Izumi Shimada and Craig Morris, pp. 15-20. University of Tokio Press. IoA- DGF 100 AND (1 week) Watson Science library ANTHROPOLOGY WA 100 MA (1 week). • Sandweiss, Daniel H. and James B. Richardson III (2008) “Central Andean Environments”. In: Handbook of South American Indians, edited by Silverman & Isbell, Chapter 8. Springer. IoA- DG SIL . • Wilson, D. (1999) Indigenous South Americans of the Past & Present, Ch. 8: pp. 286- 333. IoA-Issue Desk WIL 9; DG WIL

Recommended readings ‡ Murra, John V. (1985) "El archipiélago vertical" Revisited. In: Andean Ecology and Civilisation: An Interdisciplinary Perspective on Andean Ecological Complementarity. Edited by Shozo Masuda, Izumi Shimada and Craig Morris, pp. 3-11. University of Tokio Press. IoA- DGF 100 AND 91 (1 week); Watson Science Library ANTHROPOLOGY WA 100 MA (1 week). ‡ Shimada, Izumi (1999) Evolution of Andean Diversity: Regional Formations. In The Cambridge History of the Native Peoples of the Americas, Vol. III-Part I: South America. Edited by F. Salomon and S.B. Schwartz. Cambridge University Press. Read pp. 371-387. IoA-DG 100 SAL 91 (1 week)

THEME II. THE FOUNDATION OF ANDEAN CIVILISATIONS: THE ARCHAIC (COTTON PRE-CERAMIC) & THE INITIAL PERIODS The Cotton or Late Preceramic & the Initial Period marked the appearance large civic- ceremonial centres characterized by monumental architecture which served as models for the organisation of future pan-Andean civislisations. The presence of large-scale, monumental architecture has raised significant questions about the economic bases that sustained the development of complex societies and states. Can complex societies arise in the absence of agriculture? Are such monumental public works the result of stratified and socially complex

ARCL. 0039 Andean Civilisations, Term 1, 2019 societies with centralized power or the result of kin-based corporate organization? How well Moseley explanatory model on the 'rise of Andean civilization' fit the data?

Session/Week 2 Lectures 3 & 4. The Early Centers with Monumental Architecture in Coastal Perú (Part 1): Archaic or “Cotton Pre-Ceramic” Period. Required readings • Haas, Jonathan and Winifred Creamer (2004) Cultural Transformations in the Central Andean Late Archaic . In Andean Archaeology, Chapter 3, edited by Helaine Silverman. Blackwell Publishing, LTD, London. IoA-Issue Desk SIL 2; DGF 100 SIL. • Haas, Johnathan (2004), Dating the Late Archaic occupation of the Norte Chico region in Peru Nature 432, pp. 1020 - 1023 (23 December 2004); UCL EXPLORE • Moseley, Michael E. (1985) The Exploration and Explanation of Early Monumental Architecture in the Andes. Early Ceremonial Architecture in the Andes, pp. 29-57. Edited by C. B. Donnan. Washington D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library & Collection. IoA- Issue Desk DON • Dillehay, Tom D., D. Bonavia, S.L. Goodbred Jr., M. Pino, V. Vásquez, T. Rosales Tham (2012) A late Pleistocene human presence at Huaca Prieta, Peru, and early Pacific. Coastal adaptations. Quaternary Research 77 (2012) 418–423 UCL EXPLORE • Burger, Richard and Robert M. Rosenwig, editors (2012) Early New World Monumentality. University of Florida Press: Gainesville. Read one of the following: Chapter 11 ‘Why do People Build Monuments?’ by Haas & Creamer (pp.289-312) OR Chapter 14 ‘ Monumental Public Complexes… on Peru’s Central Coast’ by Burger and Salazar (pp. 399 -430). IoA- DE BUR

Recommended readings ‡ Moseley, Michael D. (1992) The Incas and their Ancestors, pp. 99-145. London: Thames & Hudson. IoA Issue Desk MOS 3 ‡ Pineda Fung, Rosa (1988) The Late Preceramic and Initial Period. Peruvian Prehistory, pp.67-96. Edited by Richard W. Keatinge. Cambridge University Press. IoA- DGF 100 KEA (6 copies, 1 week loan). ‡ Feldman, Robert A. (1992) Preceramic Architectural & Subsistence Traditions. Andean Past, Vol. 3: 67-86. Cornell Latin American Studies Program. Cornell University. UCL EXPLORE ‡ Von Hagen, Adriana & Craig Morris (1998) Cities of the Ancient Andes. Chapter 3 - Early Monumental Architecture in the Andes, pp.40-58. Thames & Hudson, London. IoA- DGF 100 VON; Issue Desk VON ‡ Pineda Fung, Rosa (1988) The Late Preceramic and Initial Period. Peruvian Prehistory, pp.67-96. Edited by Richard W. Keatinge. Cambridge University Press. IoA- DGF 100 KEA (6 copies, 1 week loan). ‡ Quilter, Jeffrey (1985) Architecture and Chronology at El Paraíso. Journal of Field Archaeology, Vol. 12: 279-297. UCL EXPLORE

Session/Week 3 Lecture 5. The Early Centers with Monumental Architecture in Coastal Perú (Part 2) • Finish required readings listed for Week 2.

Lecture 6. The Maritime-Oasis Hypothesis Required readings • Wilson, D. (1999) Indigenous South Americans of the Past & Present, Ch. 9: pp. 334- 356. IoA- DG WIL; Issue Desk WIL 9

ARCL. 0039 Andean Civilisations, Term 1, 2019

• Moseley, Michael D. (1992) Maritime Foundations and Multilinear Evolution. Andean Past, Vol. 3: 5-42. Cornell Latin American Studies Program. Cornell University. Issue Desk MOS • Raymond, J. Scott (1981) The Maritime Foundations of Andean Civilisation: A Reconsideration of the Evidence. American Antiquity 46(4):806-821. UCL EXPLORE

Recommended readings ‡ Quilter, Jeffrey (1992) To Fish in the afternoon: beyond subsistence economies in the study of early Andean civilization. Andean Past Vol. 3: 111-125. Cornell Latin American Studies Program. Cornell University. IoA- Issue Desk QUI ‡ Moseley, Michael D. (1975) The Maritime Foundations of Andean Civilisation. Menlo Park, San Francisco. IoA- DGF 100 MOS (2 copies, 1 week loan) ‡ Quilter, Jeffrey and Terry Stocker (1983) Subsistence Economies and the Origins of Andean Complex Societies. American Anthropologist, 85(3):545-562. UCL EXPLORE

THEME III. THE PRECERAMIC IN THE HIGH ANDES: THE KOTOSH ‘RELIGIOUS’ TRADITION The scale and size of monumental sites in the Andean highlands show a contrast with those from coastal Perú during the later Preceramic periods. This lecture focuses on the level of social and organizational complexity in the high central Andes during the Preceramic. We will examine the crucial architectural and material features of the so-called "Kotosh religious tradition" and how this tradition compares with coastal those form coastal Pre-Ceramic sites. The second discusses various arguments about proposed to account for the end (collapse?) of Pre-Ceramic polities and the emergence of a pan-Andean period of integration that marks the Early Horizon. What events/processes led to the collapse of Intial Period societies? What were the causes for the Early Horizon "revolution", and what are the implications of such a pan- Andean distribution?

Session/Week 4 Lecture 7. The Kotosh Religious Tradition of the Central Andean Highlands Required readings • Burger, Richard (1992, 1995 ppbk) Chavín and the Origins of Andean Civilisation. 'Late Preceramic in the Highlands', pp. 42-55. London: Thames & Hudson. IoA- DGF 10 BUR (2 copies, 1 week loan). • Grieder, Terence and Alberto Bueno Mendoza (1985) Ceremonial Architecture at La Galgada. Early Ceremonial Architecture in the Andes C. B. Donnan editor, pp. 93-109. Dumbarton Oaks, Washington D.C. IoA- Issue Desk DON

Recommended readings ‡ Grieder, T., A. B. Mendoza, E. Smith and Malina (1988) La Galgada: A Preceramic Culture in Transition. U. of Texas Press. IoA- DGF 10 GRI ‡ Izumi, S. and T. Sono (1963) Andes 2: Excavations at Kotosh, Perú, 1960. Tokyo. IoA- DGF Qto IZU ‡ Izumi, S., J. Cuculiza and C. Kano (1972) Excavations at Shillacoto, Huanuco, Perú. Univeristy of Tokyo Museum Bulletin 3. Tokyo. IoA- DGF 10 IZU

Lecture 8. The Collapse of the Late Preceramic/Initial Period & the Early Horizon "Revolution" Required readings • Read chapter by Richard Burger (1993) in Latin American Horizons, edited by Don Rice, pp.41-74. Washington D.C. Dumbarton Oaks. IoA- Issue Desk RIC 1; DF 100 RIC (1 week loan)

ARCL. 0039 Andean Civilisations, Term 1, 2019

• Rodríguez Kembel, Silvia & John W. Rick (2004) Building at Chavín de Huántar: Models of Social Organization and Development in the Initial Period and Early Horizon. In Andean Archaeology, Chapter 4, edited by Helaine Silverman. Blackwell Publishing, LTD, London. IoA- Issue Desk SIL 2; DGF 100 SIL ( 1 week loan)

THEME IV. CHAVÍN DE HUÁNTAR AND THE EARLY HORIZON IN HIGHLAND ANDES Chavín is the first major 'ceremonial' centre to have had a major influence throughout the Central Andean region. It marks what is known as the Early Horizon (ca. 900 BC-200 B.C.), a period when many elements of Andean culture were widely shared. Questions revolve around various explanations/models that account for the emergence of Chavín and its subsequent influence throughout the Central Andean region. How it came to have and exert such broad regional influence, how it may have functioned, and what was its subsistence and the nature of its economy. Pilgrimage is suggested by some to account for the creation and maintenance of Chavín de Huántar as a centre of power.

Session/Week 5 Lecture 9. Chavín de Huántar: From Village to Civic-Ceremonial Centre Required reading • Burger, Richard (1992) Chavín and the Origins of Andean Civilisation. Thames & Hudson, London. Read Chapter V (especially pp. 128-82). IoA- DGF 10 BUR (2 copies, 1 week loan). • Burger, Richard (2019) Understanding the Socioeconomic Trajectory of Chavín de Huántar: A New Radiocarbon Sequence and Its Wider Implications. Latin American Antiquity. UCL EXPLORE • Burger, Richard “Chavín de Huántar and its Sphere of Influence”. In: Handbook of South American Indians, edited by Silverman & Isbell, Chapter 35. Springer. IoA- DG SIL • Miller and Burger (1995) Our Father the Cayman, Our Mother the Llama: Animal Utilization at Chavín de Huántar. American Antiquity 60(3):421-458. UCL EXPLORE

Recommended readings ‡ Moseley, Michael D. (1992) The Incas and their Ancestors, pp. 148-149. London: Thames & Hudson. IoA- Issue Desk MOS 3 ‡ Conklin, William J. & Jeffery Quilter, editors (2008) “Chavín: Art Archietcture & Culture” Cotsen Institute of Archaeology-UCLA . IoA Issue Desk CON [DGF 10 CON ] Chapters 1 (J.Rick), 2 (S. Rodríguez Kembel) and 3 (Burger-Salazar) are especially relevant. Others on art/iconography are also useful. ‡ Wilson, D. (1999) Indigenous South Americans of the Past & Present, Ch. 9: pp. 371- 380. IoA- Issue Desk WIL 9; DG WIL (1 week loan) ‡ Von Hagen, Adriana & Craig Morris (1998) Cities of the Ancient Andes. Chapter 3 - Early Monumental Architecture in the Andes, pp.40-58. Thames & Hudson, London. IoA- Issue Desk VON; DGF 100 Von ‡ Tello, Julio C. (1943) 'Discovery of the Chavín Culture in Peru. American Antiquity 9(1): 135-160. UCL EXPLORE

Lecture 10. Chavín Art and Architecture Required readings • Burger, Richard (1992, 1995) Chavín and the Origins of Andean Civilisation. Thames & Hudson, London. pp.207-209 IoA- DGF 10 BUR (2 copies, 1 week loan). • Lathrap, Donald W. (1985) Jaws: The Control of Power in the Early Nuclear American Ceremonial Center. Early Ceremonial Architecture in the Andes, pp. 241-267. C. B.

ARCL. 0039 Andean Civilisations, Term 1, 2019

Donnan editor. Washington D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library & Collection. IoA- DGF 100 DO READING WEEK 4-8 NOVEMBER THEME V. The Moche Civilisation The Early Intermediate period is marked by rise of regional polities such as Nasca, Moche, Nievería, and Cajamarca, all of which show high levels of sociopolitical and economic complexity. The Moche are best known around the world for their sophisticated ceramic art, exquisite craftsmanship, elaborate elite burials and complex architecture decorated with polychrome friezes. The first lecture will focus on various theories proposed to explain the rise and expansion of the Moche throughout coastal Peru. The second lecture focuses on the various theories accounting for the demise (collapse) of the Moche by examining the archaeological and paleoenvironmental evidence from Pampa Grande (Moche V) site in Lambayeque Valley. As Moche civilisation was an agrarian society evolving in a desert/oasis environment, artificial irrigation technology was at the core of the polity's economic success. There remain questions such as: Was their demise and collapse due to catastrophic events (ENSO floods, droughts), internal revolts, or due to the) warfare conquests by Wari (Huari) polities from the Cajamarca highlands?

Session/Week 6 Lecture 11. The Rise and Expansion of the Moche Civilisation Required readings • Castillo, Luis Jaime and Santiago Uceda Castillo (2008) The Mochicas. In Handbook of South American Archaeology, edited by H. Silverman & W. H. Isbell, Chapter 36 (pp. 202-729). IoA DG SIL • Moseley, Michael D. The Incas and their Ancestors, pp. 161-164., 209-216. London: Thames & Hudson. IoA- Issue Desk MOS 3 • Wilson, D. (1999) Indigenous South Americans of the Past & Present, Ch. 9: pp. 356- 366; 381-403. IoA- Issue Desk WIL 9; DG WIL (1 week loan)

Recommended readings ‡ Bawden, Garth (1992) The Moche. Oxford: Blackwell. Especially pp. 198-207 (Emergence of), 263-275 (Collapse of). IoA- DGF 100 BAW ‡ Chapdelaine, Calude (2001) The Growing Power of a Moche Urban Class. In Moche Art and Archaeology in Ancient Peru, edited by J. Pillsbury, pp. 69-85. National Gallery of Art-Yale University Press. IoA-DGF 300 Qto PIL ‡ Pilsbury, Joanne (editor; 2001) Moche Art and Archaeology in Ancient Peru, edited by J. Pillsbury. IoA-DGF 300 Qto PIL

Lecture 12. The Fall of the Moche: The Case of Pampa Grande • Shimada, Izumi (1994) Pampa Grande and the Mochica Culture, pp. 1-11, 61-93, 247- 262. University of Texas Press. Issue Desk IoA SHI; DGF 10 SHI • Castillo, Luis Jaime (2001) The Last of the Mochicas: A View From Jequetepeque Valley. In Moche Art and Archaeology in Ancient Peru, edited by J. Pillsbury, pp. 307- 328. National Gallery of Art-Yale University Press. IoA-DGF 300 Qto PIL • Dillehay, Tom D. (2001) Town and Country in Late Moche Times: A View from Two Northern Valleys. In Moche Art and Archaeology in Ancient Peru, edited by J. Pillsbury, pp. 259-278. National Gallery of Art-Yale University Press. IoA-DGF 300 Qto PIL

THEME VI. THE TIWANAKU STATE IN THE LAKE TITICACA BASIN Tiwanaku is one of the most intriguing civilizations of the Andean world, developing one of the very few truly urban centres in South America. It's capital, Tiwanaku, arose in a seemingly bleak, low potential environmental region (the altiplano or high plains) and yet it 11

ARCL. 0039 Andean Civilisations, Term 1, 2019 sustained what is regarded as a very large, dense urban complex. At the height of its power, Tiwanaku's influence extended to south coastal Peru, northern Chile and NW Argentina. The character and mode of administrative state control over these far-flung or peripheral regions are still debated: Were these the result of the implementation of a 'vertical archipelago/zonation' economic model? Was control of the peripheral economic resources direct (colonial enclaves) or indirect (patron-client relationships)? How did the locals on the periphery articulate to the Tiwanaku state? What was the economy that sustained Tiwanaku? By the time the Incas conquered the region, the capital was already a ruin. Why did it collapse? Was it because of the climate (the drought in AD 1250 and the consequent lowering of the Lake Titicaca levels) or were there other factors? These and other issues are explored by focusing on three sub- themes: the role of raised field (waru-waru) agricultural technology and what it tells us about centralised political economy; the explanatory power of Murra's "vertical complementarity" along with theories regarding direct versus indirect rule (of client vs. colonised peripheral polities); and neo-environmental deterministic explanations for change (collapse).

Session/Week 7 Lecture 13. The Rise of Tiwanaku and its Capital Center Required reading • Stanish, Charles (2003) Ancient Titicaca: The Evolution of Complex Society in Southern Peru and Northern Bolivia. Berkeley: University of California Press. Read pp. 165-203. DGF 10 STA (2 copies, 1 week loan) • A. Kolata and C. Ponce Sanginés (1992) Tiwanaku: The City at the Center, in The Ancient Americas: Art From Sacred Landscapes, pp. 317-334. R. Townsend, gen. editor. Chicago Art Institute. IoA- DE Qto TOW • Mohr Chávez, Karen (1988) The Significance of Chiripa in Lake Titicaca Basin Developments. Expedition 30(3):17-26. The University of Pennsylvania Museum. PDF download from : http://www.penn.museum/ expedition-back-issues.html; EXPLORE

Recommended readings ‡ Kolata (1993) The Tiwanaku: A Portrait of an Andean Civilisation. see especially pp. 183-205 Oxford: Blackwell. IoA- DGF 10 KOL ‡ Kolata, Alan (1984) The South Andes, in Ancient Americans, pp. 241-285, . Edited by in Jennings, ed. San Francisco DF 100 JEN ‡ Von Hagen, A. & C. Morris (1998) Cities of the Ancient Andes. Chapter 6, pp.116-128. Thames & Hudson, London. IoA- DGF 100 Von; Issue Desk VON

Lecture 14. The Tiwanaku Capital Core and its Periphery Required readings • Bermann, Marc (1992) Lukurmata: Household Archaeology in Prehistoric Bolivia. Princenton U. Press. Read conclusion chapter. IoA- DGF 100 BER • Bermann, Marc (1997) Domestic life and vertical integration in the Tiwanaku heartland. In Latin American Antiquity 8(2):93-112 UCL EXPLORE

Recommended readings ‡ Janusek, Wayne (2008) Ancient Tiwanaku: Civilisation in the High Andes. Cambridge University Press. IoA- DGF 100 JAN (1 copy, Standard Loan) ‡ Janusek, Wayne (2004) Identity and Power in the Ancient Andes: Tiwanaku Cities through Time. Routledge-London IoA- DGF 100 JAN (2 copies, 1 week loan) ‡ Goldstein, Paul (1993) Tiwanaku Temples and State Expansion: A Tiwanaku Sunken Court Temple in Moquegua, Perú. In Latin American Antiquity 4(1): 22-47. ‡ Janusek, Wayne (2002) Out of Many, One. In Latin American Antiquity 13(1):35-61. UCL EXPLORE

ARCL. 0039 Andean Civilisations, Term 1, 2019

‡ Bermann, Marc (1992) Lukurmata: Household Archaeology in Prehistoric Bolivia. Princenton U. Press. IoA- DGF 100 BER ‡ Alabarracin-Jordan, Juan (1996) Tiwanaku Settlement System: The Integration of Nested Hierarchies in the Lower Tiwanaku. In Latin American Antiquity 7(3): 183- 210. UCL EXPLORE Session/Week 8 Lecture 15. Tiwanaku Economy: Rasied Field (waru-waru) Agriculture Required readings • Kolata, Alan editor (1995) Tiwanaku: Archaeology and Paleoecology of an Andean Civilisation. Read Ch1 pp. 1-22 and Ch. 12 pp. 265-281. Smithsonian Institution Press. IoA- Issue Desk KOL 1 (2 copies, ) • Erickson, Clark L. (1988) Raised Field Agriculture in the Lake Titicaca Basin. Expedition 30(3):8-16. The University of Pennsylvania Museum. Free PDF download from: http://www.penn.museum/ expedition-back-issues.html ;and also UCL EXPLORE

Recommended reading ‡ Denevan, William (2001) Cultivated Landscapes of Native Amazonia and the Andes. Oxford Geographical and Environmental Studies. Oxford University Press. Read. pp. 254-277. IoA- Issue Desk DEN

Lecture 16. The Collapse of Tiwanaku: The Erickson-Kolata Debate Required readings • Erickson, Clark L. (1999) Neo-environmental Determinism and Agrarian 'Collapse' in Andean Prehistory. Antiquity Vol. 73, pp. 634-642. UCL EXPLORE • Kolata, Alan, M. W. Binford, M. Brenner, J. Janusek & C. Ortloff (2000) Environmental Thresholds and the Empirical Reality of State Collapse: A Response to Erickson (1999). Antiquity Vol. 74, pp. 424-426-642. UCL EXPLORE • Calaway, Michael J. (2005) Ice-core Sediments and Civilisation Collapse: A Cautionary Tale from Lake Titicaca. Antiquity Vol. 79 (no. 306), pp. 778-790. UCL EXPLORE

THEME VII. THE INCA EMPIRE The Inca Empire, Tawantinsuyu (Land of the Four Quarters), extended from Southern Ecuador to Northern Chile, over 4,000 km in length, and from the Pacific coast to the edges of the Amazonian forest to the east. The Inca were the most complex state civilisation to arise in South America. The empire was around a couple of centuries old when Francisco Pizarro and 168 Spaniards arrived in 1532. Within a year, following the execution of Atahualpa (Atawalpa) in 1533, the fate of Tawantinsuyu was sealed: the collapse of the empire followed quickly. Many questions arise: How could such a empire was forged in the face hugely diverse indigenous societies and polities, ranging from complex states like Chimor and confederacies like the Aymara to politically autonomous 'tribal' peoples of the eastern Selva? How archaeology squares with the ethnohistoric and Inca-based 'histories' of the empire. What were the consequences of the Spanish Conquest for Andean peoples?

Session/Week 9 Lecture 17. The Inca Imperial Organisation Required readings • Moseley Moseley, Michael D. (1992) The Incas and their Ancestors, pp. 25-71. London: Thames & Hudson. I oA-Issue Desk MOS 3

ARCL. 0039 Andean Civilisations, Term 1, 2019

• Hiltunen, Juha & Gordon McEwan (2004) Knowing the Inca Past . In Andean Archaeology, Chapter 12, edited by Helaine Silverman. Blackwell Publishing, LTD, London. . IoA- Issue Desk SIL 2; DGF 100 SIL (1 week loan) • D'Altroy, Terence and Katharina Schriber (2004) Andean Empires. In Andean Archaeology, Chapter 13, edited by Helaine Silverman. Blackwell Publishing, LTD, London. . IoA- Issue Desk SIL 2; DGF 100 SIL (1 week loan) • Urton, Gary (2008) Inca Khipu: Knotted -Chord Record Keeping in the Andes”. In: Handbook of South American Indians, edited by Silverman & Isbell, Chapter 41. Springer. IoA-DG SIL .

Lecture 18. The Capital City of Cuzco, Royal Estates & Sacred Landscapes Required readings • D'Altroy, Terence (2002) The Incas. London: Blackwell. Read Chapter 1 (pp.1-23). IoA-DGF 100 DAL • von Hagen, A. & C. Morris (1998) Cities of the Ancient Andes. Chapter 8- City and Countryside in the Inka Empire, pp. 161-198. Thames & Hudson, London. IoA- DGF 100 VON; Issue Desk VON

Recommended readings (lectures 17-18) ‡ Burger, Richard and Lucy Salazar (2004) Machu Picchu: Unveiling the Mystery of the Incas. Yale University Press. DGF 10 BUR (Standard Loan) ‡ D'Altroy, Terence (2002) The Incas. London: Blackwell. IoA-DGF 100 DAL. ‡ Malpass, Michael editor (1993) Provincial Inca: Archaeological and Ethnohistorical Assessment of the Impact of the Inca State. U of Iowa Press. See especially, Susan Niles's 'The Provinces in the Heartland...' (Ch 6: pp. 145-176) IoA-DGF 100 MAL ‡ Morris, Craig (1988) Progress and Prospect in the Archaeology of the Inca, in Peruvian Prehistory, pp.133-256. Edited by Richard W. Keatinge. Cambridge University Press. :233-256. IoA- DGF 100 KEA ‡ Wilson, D. (1999) Indigenous South Americans of the Past & Present, Ch. 9: pp. 403- 428. IoA- DG WILL, Issue Desk WILL

Session/Week 10 19. Inca Empire & Conquest: The Case of the Wanka (Huanca) in the Mantaro Valley Required readings • D'Altroy, Terence (1992) Provincial Power In the Inka Empire. Smithsonian Institution Press. Read pp. 47-70. IoA- Issue Desk DAL 2 (3 hr. loan, 1 copy ); DGF 200 DAL . Be aware that only 1 copy is available if you plan to do Essay 2 question. • D'Altroy, Terence (2002) The Incas. London: Blackwell. Read Chapter 4 (pp. 62-85); and Chapter 9 'The Varieties of provincial Rule' (pp. 249-262). Desk Issue IoA- DAL 1 (1 copy); DGF 100 DAL (3 copies, 1 week loan)

Recommended readings ‡ Malpass, Michael editor (1993) Provincial Inca: Archaeological and Ethnohistorical Assessment of the Impact of the Inca State. U of Iowa Press. See especially, Susan Niles's 'The Provinces in the Heartland...' (Ch 6: pp. 145-176) IoA-DGF 100 MAL

Lecture 20. The Spanish Conquest and Its Consequences Recommended readings ‡ Rostorwski de Diéz Canseco, María (1999) History of the Inca Realm, Cambridge University Press. IoA- DGF 200 ROS

ARCL. 0039 Andean Civilisations, Term 1, 2019

5. ON LINE AND LIBRARY RERSOURCES This handbook and a selection of other reading materials (PDF) are uploaded into Moodle. The PowerPoints will become visible following the lecture but not before (except for Lectures 1-2). PowerPoints in Moodle are for private use and not to be distributed to anyone. For reasons of copyright, failure to do so will result in immediate blockage of access to PowerPoints in Moodle for everyone. The detailed syllabus (above) includes the library call numbers for all the reading materials. Those available for downloading electronically (PDF) are followed by the term “Explore” in references cited and can be found through the UCL Library Services catalogue web page. Not all reading materials are available electronically (no open access). You will still have to use our library (5 th floor) where materials listed under “Required Reading” are available only asd hardcopies via the Issue Desk. Some recommended readings are also at the Issue Desk. When selecting your essay questions, keep in mind that some will require readings that are only available in hardcopy (Issue Desk), thus read the essay questions that interest you as early as possible. Plan ahead!

Information for intercollegiate and interdepartmental students Students enrolled in Departments outside the Institute should obtain the Institute’s coursework guidelines from Judy Medrington’s office (email [email protected] ). These guidelines will also be available on Moodle under Student Administration.

APPENDIX A

INSTITUTE OF ARCHAELOGY COURSEWORK PROCEDURES (Please Read)

General policies and procedures concerning modules and coursework, including submission procedures, assessment criteria, and general resources, are available on the IoA Student Administration section of Moodle: https://moodle.ucl.ac.uk/ . It is essential that you read and comply with these. Note that some of the policies and procedures will be different depending on your status (e.g. undergraduate, postgraduate taught, affiliate, graduate diploma, intercollegiate, interdepartmental). If in doubt, please consult your module co-ordinator.

GRANTING OF EXTENSIONS: Note that there are strict UCL-wide regulations with regard to the granting of extensions for coursework. Note that Module Coordinators are not permitted to grant extensions. All requests for extensions must be submitted on a the appropriate UCL form, together with supporting documentation, via Judy Medrington’s office and will then be referred on for consideration. Please be aware that the grounds that are acceptable are limited. Those with long-term difficulties should contact UCL Student Support and Wellbeing to make special arrangements. Please see the IoA Student Administration section of Moodle https://moodle.ucl.ac.uk/ for further information. Additional information is given here http://www.ucl.ac.uk/srs/academic-manual/c4/extenuating-circumstances/

MOODLE : Please ensure you are signed up to the module on Moodle. For help with Moodle, please contact Charlotte Frearson [email protected]

ARCL. 0039 Andean Civilisations, Term 1, 2019

ARCL 0039 Ancient Civilisations of Andean South America Essay Questions

Dr. José R. Oliver [email protected].

There are two sets of questions. You must choose and answer one question from each set (not two questions from the same set). The first set comprises questions regarding THEMES II- IV; the second set comprises questions regarding themes IV-X (see Handout, page 6). Each essay is worth 50% of the total module mark.

FIRST SET OF QUESTIONS CHOOSE ONE OF THE FOLLOWING for ESSAY No. 1 Due Date: Tuesday, 12 November 2019

1. Is Michael Moseley’s Maritime-Oasis Hypothesis supported by the archaeological & palaeoenvironmental evidence from the ‘Cotton’ Pre-Ceramic period? Discuss in reference to the Norte Chico region of coastal of Peru. 2. Did the Kotosh Religious Tradition (ca. 3000-1800 BC) ceremonial centres in the Andean highlands develop in isolation and independently from those of the Cotton Pre-Ceramic period on the arid coast of Perú? [Be sure to consider ceremonial architecture, iconography, and exotic/trade materials.] 3. Can Caral (2900-1800 BC) be regarded as an urban/city complex? Discuss. 4. Given the two competing interpretations (models) of the occupation history (chronology) of Chavín de Huántar led by Richard Burger (Yale University team) and John Rick (Stanford University team) critically evaluate their strengths/weaknesses. 5. Donald W. Lathrap, following the lead of Julio C. Tello, argued for a tropical Amazonian origin for the rise of Chavín de Huántar in the highlands. Evaluate and discuss the archaeological evidence (including iconography) for and against Lathrap’s hypothesis. 6. Can Robert Carneiro's theory of social and ecological circumscription account for the rise of complex polities and subsequent expansion of the Moche State? Discuss. 7. Is the mere presence of monumental architecture during the Pre-Ceramic period sufficient evidence to account for the presence of complex societies in the Andes? Discuss.

ARCL. 0039 Andean Civilisations, Term 1, 2019

ARCL 0039 Ancient Civilisations of Andean South America

SECOND SET OF QUESTIONS CHOOSE ONE OF THE FOLLOWING for ESSAY No. 2 Due Date: Monday, 20 January 2019

1. Of the various theories have been proposed to account for the collapse of the Moche civilization (Moche V) which one/s best explain the archaeological evidence and why? Discuss. (make sure you include data from Pampa Grande). 2. Using archaeological evidence, can Tiwanaku be considered a ‘state’ and, if so, what ‘kind’ of state? 3. Is the climatic/catastrophic explanation offered by Alan Kolata et al. for the collapse of the Tiwanaku state well supported by the palaeoenvironmental and archaeological evidence, or are there other alternative explanations? 4. In understanding the power and influence of Tiwanaku, authors like Kolata, Berman and Janusek have focused on the concepts of core & periphery. How useful is this core-periphery concept in understanding the role of Tiwanaku, given the archaeological evidence available? 5. Was the Inca imperial strategy for subjugating other peoples, incorporating new territories and polities, largely based on military conquest and direct rule? Discuss in reference to archaeological evidence from the Mantaro Valley (Wanka/Huanca) project. 6. Did Machu Picchu function as an Inca Royal Estate? How Machu Picchu differs functionally from the Inca capital of Cuzco? 7. Is the khipu (quipu) a 'writing' system or merely a 'mnemonic' device? What information was encoded and who had access to it? What are the problems surrounding the decipherment of quipus?

8. CHALLENGE QUESTION : What is the role of maize ( Zea mays ) in the rise of Andean civilisation? If you select this question, you must come and see me as early as possible for additional guidance and reading materials.