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Resumen Final 2010 Restos De Fauna Y Vegetales De Huaca Prieta Y RESUMEN FINAL 2010 RESTOS DE FAUNA Y VEGETALES DE HUACA PRIETA Y PAREDONES, VALLE DE CHICAMA Por Víctor F. Vásquez Sánchez1 Teresa E. Rosales Tham2 1 Biólogo, Director del Centro de Investigaciones Arqueobiológicas y Paleoecológicas Andinas – “ARQUEOBIOS”, Apartado Postal 595, Trujillo-PERÚ- URL: www.arqueobios.org 2 Arqueólogo. Director del Laboratorio de Bioarqueología de la Facultad de Ciencias Sociales de la Universidad Nacional de Trujillo, Perú. E-mail: [email protected] - Trujillo, Septiembre 2010 - 1 CONTENIDO Pág. 1. INTRODUCCIÓN 3 2. MÉTODOS DE ESTUDIO 4 a. DESCRIPCIÓN Y FILIACIÓN CULTURAL DE LA MUESTRAS 4 b. ANÁLISIS ARQUEOZOOLÓGICO 4 i. Identificación Taxonómica: Invertebrados 4 ii. Distribuciones Geográficas y Ecología 6 iii. Abundancia Taxonómica mediante NISP, NMI y Peso, Biometría y Estadísticas Descriptivas 6 iv. Alometria: Cálculo de la biomasa de Donax obesulus 8 v. Paleoecología: Especies Bioindicadoras 10 b. ANÁLISIS ARQUEOBOTÁNICO 10 i. Restos Macrobotánicos: Identificación Taxonómica, Frecuencia y Cantidad de Restos, Clasificación Paleoetnobotánica 10 ii. Restos Microbotánicos: Flotación Manual Simple, Acondicionamiento e identificación taxonómica, frecuencia y cantidad de restos. Carpología biometría de semillas, estadísticas descriptivas y análisis paleoetnobotánico. 11 iii. Antracalogía 12 3. RESULTADOS 13 a. ARQUEOZOOLOGÍA 13 i. MOLUSCOS 23 Sistemática y Taxonomía, Distribuciones Geográficas y Ecología, Abundancia Taxonómica mediante NISP, NMI y peso, Biometría y estadísticas descriptivas, Alometría de Donax obesulus, Diversidad y Equitatividad ii. CRUSTÁCEOS, EQUINODERMOS Y ASCIDIAS 37 Cuantificación: NISP y Peso 38 ii. PECES, AVES Y MAMÍFEROS: 41 Sistemática y Taxonomía 41 Distribuciones Geográficas y Ecología 44 Abundancia Taxonómica mediante NISP y Peso 46 2 b. ARQUEOBOTÁNICA 58 i. SISTEMÁTICA Y TAXONOMÍA 58 ii. MACRORESTOS: Frecuencia y Cantidad de Restos 60 iii. MICRORESTOS: Frecuencia y Cantidad de Restos 65 iv. ANTRACOLOGIA 70 v. CARPOLOGIA: Biometría y descriptores estadísticos de semillas 72 vi. ALGAS 81 4. COMENTARIOS 82 5. REFERENCIAS BIBLIOGRÁFICOS 157 3 1. INTRODUCCIÓN El presente informe es el resumen final de los estudios de los restos de fauna y vegetales, obtenidos durante las excavaciones de Huaca Prieta y Paredones, en los años 2007, 2008 y 2009. Los restos de fauna y vegetales identificados, y cuantificados según su proveniencia arqueológica, han sido separados según su posición estratigráfica y datación radiocarbónica, en sus respectivas fases, las cuales están también asociadas a los momentos de formación y ocupación de los sitios. La datación absoluta y las características estratigráficas de ambos sitios, han permito obtener 5 fases de ocupación, en las cuales se ha podido distribuir y cuantificar los restos, para someterlos a diferentes técnicas de índole zooarqueológico y arqueobotánicas. Una combinación adecuada de diversos métodos que utiliza la zooarqueología, ha permitido conocer aspectos relacionados a la abundancia taxonómica de las especies de fauna. La biometría de algunas especies nos permitió conocer aspectos evolutivos relacionados con la historia natural y ecología de la especie. Cálculos alometricos nos han servido para estimar la cantidad de carne que proporcionan aquellas especies donde se realizaron estos estudios. También los cálculos de los índices de diversidad y equitatividad, nos permiten conocer el estado de los ecosistemas antiguos y la diversidad de las especies, realizando una estimación de estos valores sobre las tanatocenosis de cada fase en ambos sitios. La historia natural de una comunidad viviente dentro de un ecosistema, tiene su funcionamiento normal cuando las variables que gobiernan las cadenas tróficas y los parámetros abióticos funcionan normalmente. Estas características es posible observar en las tanatocenosis con una buena distribución vertical y cronológica. Así también cuando los ecosistemas se alteran, estas características pueden ser tipificadas utilizando una combinación de metodologías. El objetivo del informe es presentar información zooarqueológica y arqueobotánica, que sirva para realizar interpretaciones sobre la explotación y manejo de los recursos faunisticos y vegetales, que hayan sido útiles en los sistemas de subsistencia del poblador prehispánico de Huaca Prieta y Paredones, además de información paleoecológica que sirva para contrastar con los resultados de las técnicas isotópicas y químicas. Las discusiones y posibilidades paleoecológicas están basadas en los conceptos de la ecología moderna y de cómo funcionan actualmente las comunidades vivas. Es decir, si así funciona hoy, así debió suceder en el pasado, y por tanto se puede reconstruir la historia natural de estas evidencias, lo que nos permite realizar una contribución para el conocimiento de la historia y ecología humana de estos primeros pobladores en esta parte de la costa norte. 4 2. MÉTODOS DE ESTUDIO a. DESCRIPCIÓN Y FILIACIÓN CULTURAL DE LA MUESTRA Los restos de fauna y vegetales que están representados en el resumen final, corresponden a los materiales recuperados de las excavaciones de las temporadas 2007, 2008 y 2009, en Huaca Prieta y Paredones, dentro del complejo arqueológico El Brujo. Estos materiales provienen de las unidades 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 21, 23, 24, 25, pozos y test pits, y trinchera N-S o Pit 3 de Bird, excavados en Huaca Prieta, cuyas capas, pisos y niveles han sido clasificados en 5 fases de ocupación, según las dataciones radiocarbónicas efectuadas sobre materia vegetal. Por ejemplo en la unidad 9, las capas 1-2 corresponden a la fase 5, capas 3-4 a la fase 4, capas 5-6 a la fase 3, capa 7 a la fase 2 y capa 8 a la fase 1. Otras unidades presentan una estratigrafía con diferente clasificación por fases. Para el sitio Paredones, los materiales de fauna y vegetales, provienen de las unidades 20 y 22. La unidad 20 presenta capa 1 que corresponde a fase 5, capas 2-4 a la fase 4, capas 5-9 a fase 3, capas 10-11 a fase 2 y las capas 12-13 a la fase 1. La unidad 2, presenta los pisos 1-11 que corresponden a la fase 5, y capas 11-13 que corresponden a fase 4. En total, en ambos sitios, se han detectado 5 fases de ocupación, pero los restos de fauna y vegetales, se presentan en las 5 fases en Huaca Prieta, y solo en las fases 2, 3, 4 y 5 en Paredones. b. ANÁLISIS ARQUEOZOOLÓGICO i. Identificación Taxonómica: Invertebrados La identificación taxonómica de los restos de moluscos se realizó utilizando colecciones comparativas y trabajos especializados sobre este grupo de invertebrados como: Álamo y Valdivieso (1987), Breure (1978, 1979), Dall (1909), Keen (1958, 1971), Marincovich (1973), Olsson (1961), Osorio et al, (1979), Peña (1970, 1971), Vegas (1963), y también el uso de algunas páginas web especializadas en moluscos. Para los crustáceos cuyos restos son principalmente dactilopoditos, se utilizaron claves taxonómicas y manuales especializados, como: Chirichigno (1970), Del Solar (1972) y Del Solar et al. (1970). En ambos casos y sobre todo cuando habían dudas, se procedió a realizar análisis comparativos con las colecciones modernas del Laboratorio de Bioarqueología. 5 En el caso de los equinodermos, la mayoría de los restos estaban constituidos por espinas y fragmentos de exoesqueleto de las partes ambulacrales. Se utilizó el trabajo de Fernández (1964) para la identificación taxonómica y se visito la colección de Equinodermos del Instituto del Mar Peruano (IMARPE). Vertebrados Las identificaciones taxonómicas de los restos de peces, aves y mamíferos fueron llevadas a cabo utilizando las colecciones comparativas del Laboratorio de Bioarqueología de la Universidad Nacional de Trujillo, consultas con especialistas y con la colección ósea del sitio precerámico Los Gavilanes, cuyos materiales fueron analizados por Elizabeth Wing y Elizabeth Reitz. Para el caso de los peces se utilizaron los siguientes trabajos especializados: Ridewood (1921) un trabajo clásico para la identificación de vértebras de tiburones y rayas, Allen y Robertson (1994), Casteel (1976), Collete y Chao (1975), Espino et al, (1986), Falabella et al, (1994, 1995), Greenwood (1976), Chirichigno (1974), Chirichigno y Cornejo (2001), Medina (1982), Morales y Rosenlund (1979), Pannoux (1991), Roselló (1986), Rojo (1990), Lepiksaar (1979), Sasaki (1989), Vegas (1987), Yee (1987). En la identificación de los restos de aves se procedió a reconocer el resto óseo a que parte del esqueleto de un ave tipo pertenecía, siguiendo los criterios diagnósticos de Olsen (1979) y Gilbert et al, (1981). También se utilizaron los trabajos de Driesch (1976), Koepcke (1970) y uso de la osteometría y bioinformática. La identificación taxonómica de los restos de mamíferos se realizó tomando los mismos criterios que para los restos de aves y el método comparativo con muestras del Laboratorio de Bioarqueología de la Universidad Nacional de Trujillo - Perú. También se utilizaron trabajos especializados como: Ziswiler (1980), Olsen (1968, 1982), Driesch (1976), Pacheco et al, (1979), Boessneck (1982), Emmons (1990), Flower (1876), Gardner y Romo (1993), Gilbert (1990), Glass (1965), Hesse y Wapnish (1985), Hillson (1992), Lawlor (1979), Myers et al, (1990), Pasquini y Spurgeon (1989), Rosi (1988), Sisson y Grossman (1990), Wheeler (1982), Puig y Monge (1983) y Davis (1989). La utilización de la bioinformática mediante la consulta con los bancos de datos de Animal Diversity (http://www.animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu), FAO 6 (http://www.fao.org), ITIS
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