Present State of the Knowledge of Aquatic Mollusks in Peru
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
Opportunistic Suspension Feeding in the Intertidal Gastropod Olivella Columellaris and Its Implications for the Regulation of Tidal Migrations
Ciencias Marinas (2016), 42(4): 289–294 Research Note/Nota de Investigación http://dx.doi.org/10.7773/cm.v42i4.2640 C M Opportunistic suspension feeding in the intertidal gastropod Olivella columellaris and its implications for the regulation of tidal migrations Alimentación suspensívora oportunista del gasterópodo intermareal Olivella columellaris y sus implicaciones en la regulación de las migraciones mareales Aaron P Morse1, Winfried S Peters2, 3* 1 Department of Geosciences, Indiana/Purdue University Fort Wayne, 2101 East Coliseum Boulevard, Fort Wayne, IN 46805, USA. 2 Department of Biology, Indiana/Purdue University Fort Wayne, 2101 East Coliseum Boulevard, Fort Wayne, IN 46805, USA. 3 Goldring-Gund Marine Biology Station, Playa Grande, Santa Cruz, Guanacaste, Costa Rica. * Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT. The gastropod Olivella columellaris inhabits sandy beaches of the Tropical East Pacific. These snails perform tidal migrations for continuous suspension feeding in the moving backwash zone, possibly controlled by an endogenous circatidal clock. However, O. columellaris readily modifies its circatidal behavior, for example when flow channels develop below natural and artificial tide pools at ebb tide. Suspension feeding continues in such channels while water is running, delaying tidal migration. Such behavioral plasticity questions the significance of endogenous rhythms for the regulation of tidal migrations in O. columellaris. Key words: Olivella columellaris, sandy beach intertidal zone, underwater sailing locomotion, endogenous clock, tidal migration. RESUMEN. El gasterópodo Olivella columellaris habita las playas arenosas del Pacífico Oriental Tropical. Estos caracoles suelen realizar migraciones mareales ya que se alimentan de partículas en suspensión en la zona de resaca que se mueve con la marea. -
Resumen Final 2010 Restos De Fauna Y Vegetales De Huaca Prieta Y
RESUMEN FINAL 2010 RESTOS DE FAUNA Y VEGETALES DE HUACA PRIETA Y PAREDONES, VALLE DE CHICAMA Por Víctor F. Vásquez Sánchez1 Teresa E. Rosales Tham2 1 Biólogo, Director del Centro de Investigaciones Arqueobiológicas y Paleoecológicas Andinas – “ARQUEOBIOS”, Apartado Postal 595, Trujillo-PERÚ- URL: www.arqueobios.org 2 Arqueólogo. Director del Laboratorio de Bioarqueología de la Facultad de Ciencias Sociales de la Universidad Nacional de Trujillo, Perú. E-mail: [email protected] - Trujillo, Septiembre 2010 - 1 CONTENIDO Pág. 1. INTRODUCCIÓN 3 2. MÉTODOS DE ESTUDIO 4 a. DESCRIPCIÓN Y FILIACIÓN CULTURAL DE LA MUESTRAS 4 b. ANÁLISIS ARQUEOZOOLÓGICO 4 i. Identificación Taxonómica: Invertebrados 4 ii. Distribuciones Geográficas y Ecología 6 iii. Abundancia Taxonómica mediante NISP, NMI y Peso, Biometría y Estadísticas Descriptivas 6 iv. Alometria: Cálculo de la biomasa de Donax obesulus 8 v. Paleoecología: Especies Bioindicadoras 10 b. ANÁLISIS ARQUEOBOTÁNICO 10 i. Restos Macrobotánicos: Identificación Taxonómica, Frecuencia y Cantidad de Restos, Clasificación Paleoetnobotánica 10 ii. Restos Microbotánicos: Flotación Manual Simple, Acondicionamiento e identificación taxonómica, frecuencia y cantidad de restos. Carpología biometría de semillas, estadísticas descriptivas y análisis paleoetnobotánico. 11 iii. Antracalogía 12 3. RESULTADOS 13 a. ARQUEOZOOLOGÍA 13 i. MOLUSCOS 23 Sistemática y Taxonomía, Distribuciones Geográficas y Ecología, Abundancia Taxonómica mediante NISP, NMI y peso, Biometría y estadísticas descriptivas, Alometría de Donax obesulus, Diversidad y Equitatividad ii. CRUSTÁCEOS, EQUINODERMOS Y ASCIDIAS 37 Cuantificación: NISP y Peso 38 ii. PECES, AVES Y MAMÍFEROS: 41 Sistemática y Taxonomía 41 Distribuciones Geográficas y Ecología 44 Abundancia Taxonómica mediante NISP y Peso 46 2 b. ARQUEOBOTÁNICA 58 i. SISTEMÁTICA Y TAXONOMÍA 58 ii. MACRORESTOS: Frecuencia y Cantidad de Restos 60 iii. -
The Chiton Radula: a Unique Model for Biomineralization Studies
4 The Chiton Radula: A Unique Model for Biomineralization Studies Lesley R. Brooker1 and Jeremy A. Shaw2 1University of the Sunshine Coast 2Centre for Microscopy, Characterisation & Analysis University of Western Australia Australia 1. Introduction Over the course of evolution, a range of strategies have been developed by different organisms to produce unique materials and structures perfected for their specific function. This biological mastery of materials production has inspired the birth of the new discipline of biomaterials through biomimicry (Birchall, 1989). Chitons (Mollusca: Polyplacophora) are slow moving, bilaterally symmetrical and dorso- ventrally flattened molluscs that are commonly found on hard substrata in intertidal regions of coastlines around the world (Kaas & Jones, 1998). All species are characterized by a series of eight dorsal, articulating shell plates or valves, which may be embedded, to varying degrees, in a fleshy, muscular girdle (Kaas & Jones, 1998) (Figure 1). Approximately 750 living species are known, and while intertidal regions are home to the majority of chitons, a number of species can be found at depths of up to 8000m where they feed on detrital material (Kaas & Jones, 1998). Fig. 1. Photograph of the dorsal surface of the chiton Acanthopleura gaimardi, showing the eight overlapping aragonite plates surrounded by the fleshy girdle, which, in this species, is covered in small aragonite spines. Chitons feed by rasping macro- and micro-algae from the rocks on which they live through the use of a radula. The radula has been coined as a conveyor belt of continuously developing www.intechopen.com 66 Advanced Topics in Biomineralization teeth, replaced by new teeth as they are worn and lost. -
What Can We Learn from Confusing Olivella Columellaris and O
Biota Neotrop., vol. 12, no. 2 What can we learn from confusing Olivella columellaris and O. semistriata (Olivellidae, Gastropoda), two key species in panamic sandy beach ecosystems? Alison I. Troost1, Samantha D. Rupert1, Ariel Z. Cyrus1,. Frank V Paladino1,2, Benjamin F. Dattilo3 & Winfried S. Peters1,2,4 1Department of Biology, Indiana/Purdue University Fort Wayne, 2101 East Coliseum Boulevard, Fort Wayne, IN 46805‑1499, USA 2Goldring Marine Biology Station, Playa Grande, Santa Cruz, Guanacaste, Costa Rica 3Department of Geosciences, Indiana/Purdue University Fort Wayne, 2101 East Coliseum Boulevard, Fort Wayne, IN 46805‑1499, USA 4Corresponding author: Winfried S. Peters, e‑mail: [email protected] TROOST, A.I., RUPERT, S.D., CYRUS, A.Z., PALADINO, F.V., DATTILO, B.F. & PETERS, W.S. What can we learn from confusing Olivella columellaris and O. semistriata (Olivellidae, Gastropoda), two key species in panamic sandy beach ecosystems? Biota Neotrop. 12(2): http://www.biotaneotropica.org.br/v12n2/ en/abstract?article+bn02112022012 Abstract: Olivella columellaris (Sowerby 1825) and O. semistriata (Gray 1839) are suspension‑feeding, swash‑surfing snails on tropical sandy beaches of the east Pacific. While they often are the numerically dominant macrofaunal element in their habitats, their biology is poorly understood; the two species actually have been confused in all of the few publications that address their ecology. Frequent misidentifications in publications and collections contributed also to an overestimation of the geographic overlap of the two species. To provide a sound taxonomic basis for further functional, ecological, and evolutionary investigations, we evaluated the validity of diagnostic traits in wild populations and museum collections, and defined workable identification criteria. -
The Recent Molluscan Marine Fauna of the Islas Galápagos
THE FESTIVUS ISSN 0738-9388 A publication of the San Diego Shell Club Volume XXIX December 4, 1997 Supplement The Recent Molluscan Marine Fauna of the Islas Galapagos Kirstie L. Kaiser Vol. XXIX: Supplement THE FESTIVUS Page i THE RECENT MOLLUSCAN MARINE FAUNA OF THE ISLAS GALApAGOS KIRSTIE L. KAISER Museum Associate, Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History, Los Angeles, California 90007, USA 4 December 1997 SiL jo Cover: Adapted from a painting by John Chancellor - H.M.S. Beagle in the Galapagos. “This reproduction is gifi from a Fine Art Limited Edition published by Alexander Gallery Publications Limited, Bristol, England.” Anon, QU Lf a - ‘S” / ^ ^ 1 Vol. XXIX Supplement THE FESTIVUS Page iii TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 1 MATERIALS AND METHODS 1 DISCUSSION 2 RESULTS 2 Table 1: Deep-Water Species 3 Table 2: Additions to the verified species list of Finet (1994b) 4 Table 3: Species listed as endemic by Finet (1994b) which are no longer restricted to the Galapagos .... 6 Table 4: Summary of annotated checklist of Galapagan mollusks 6 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 6 LITERATURE CITED 7 APPENDIX 1: ANNOTATED CHECKLIST OF GALAPAGAN MOLLUSKS 17 APPENDIX 2: REJECTED SPECIES 47 INDEX TO TAXA 57 Vol. XXIX: Supplement THE FESTIVUS Page 1 THE RECENT MOLLUSCAN MARINE EAUNA OE THE ISLAS GALAPAGOS KIRSTIE L. KAISER' Museum Associate, Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History, Los Angeles, California 90007, USA Introduction marine mollusks (Appendix 2). The first list includes The marine mollusks of the Galapagos are of additional earlier citations, recent reported citings, interest to those who study eastern Pacific mollusks, taxonomic changes and confirmations of 31 species particularly because the Archipelago is far enough from previously listed as doubtful. -
FONDO INVESTIGACION PESQUERA Bases Biológicas ... -.:: CESSO
INFORME FINAL CORREGIDO FIP Nº 2002-16 Bases biológicas para la evaluación y manejo de metapoblaciones de loco en la III y IV Regiones • Abril, 2005 • REQUIRENTE FONDO DE INVESTIGACIÓN PESQUERA, FIP Presidente del Consejo: Felipe Sandoval Precht EJECUTOR INSTITUTO DE FOMENTO PESQUERO, IFOP Jefe División Investigación Pesquera: Mauricio Braun Alegría Director Ejecutivo: Guillermo Moreno Paredes • Abril, 2005 • JEFE DE PROYECTO JORGE GONZÁLEZ Y. AUTORES JORGE GONZÁLEZ CARLOS TAPIA ALVARO WILSON WOLFGANG STOTZ JOSÉ MARÍA (LOBO) ORENSANZ ANA PARMA JUAN VALERO MÓNICA CATRILAO JORGE GARRIDO COLABORADORES CARLOS CORTÉS CÉSAR GUEVARA CRISTIAN CANALES DOMINGO LANCELLOTTI JAIME ABURTO MARCELO VALDEBENITO LUIS CAILLAUX • Abril, 2005 • INSTITUTO DE FOMENTO PESQUERO / DIVISIÓN INVESTIGACIÓN PESQUERA RESUMEN EJECUTIVO En la III y IV Regiones las áreas de manejo y explotación de recursos bentónicos (AMERB) se han establecido como la principal herramienta de manejo del recurso loco (Concholepas concholepas). Sin embargo, su aplicabilidad para la administración y aporte en términos del desarrollo sustentable, aunque sugerentes, requieren de una evaluación objetiva, en cuanto al manejo de carácter discreto que se ha establecido para cada AMERB, desconociendo la eventual interacción espacial de las mismas. En este marco, se desarrolla una aproximación para evaluar el desempeño de las AMERBs desde una perspectiva integral bajo un enfoque metapoblacional. Si bien, el estudio está orientado a proporcionar la información de campo que permita probar la hipótesis de metapoblaciones en el recurso loco en la III y IV Regiones y proponer un modelo inicial que incorpore las tasas de extinción y colonización de los parches o poblaciones locales. Se debe entender que para el caso del recurso loco, la metapoblación no es un conjunto de “parches” discretos, (concepto asociado al modelo original de Levins), sino a un continuo heterogéneo conformado por zonas de productividad diferencial. -
Morphology of Two Deep-Sea Olivella from the Southwestern Atlantic, with a Record of a Radula-Less Olivellinae Species (Neogastropoda: Olivoidea: Olividae)
Archiv für Molluskenkunde 150 (1) 31–43 Frankfurt am Main, 30 June 2021 Morphology of two deep-sea Olivella from the southwestern Atlantic, with a record of a radula-less Olivellinae species (Neogastropoda: Olivoidea: Olividae) Alexandre Dias Pimenta1 & Luiz Ricardo Lopes Simone2 1 Departamento de Invertebrados, Museu Nacional, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Quinta da Boa Vista, São Cristóvão, 20940-040, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil ([email protected]). https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7001-5820 2 Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida Nazaré, 481, Ipiranga, 04263-000, São Paulo, Brazil ([email protected]). https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1397-9823 • Corresponding author: A.D. Pimenta. Abstract. Two deep-sea species from southeast Brazil, originally assigned to different subgenera ofOli - vella, are anatomically described. Olivella (Olivina) klappenbachi and Olivella (Anasser) careorugula, both described by Absalão & Pimenta (2003), present typical Olivellinae anatomy, with internal absorp tion of the shell wall and a non-spiralized visceral mass, the absence of a valve of Leiblein and gland of Leiblein, and a large cuticularized and muscular stomach. Olivella klappenbachi presents the typical radular morphology of Olivellinae, while Olivella careorugula lacks a radula and odontophore, which is unique among known olivids. A well-founded phylogenetic classification of Olivella at the generic/ subgeneric level is still lacking, and the numerous proposed subgenera are mostly based on the structure of the pillar. A broader taxonomic -
Mollusks of Manuel Antonio National Park, Pacific Costa Rica
Rev. Biol. Trop. 49. Supl. 2: 25-36, 2001 www.rbt.ac.cr, www.ucr.ac.cr Mollusks of Manuel Antonio National Park, Pacific Costa Rica Samuel Willis 1 and Jorge Cortés 2-3 1140 East Middle Street, Gettysburg, Pennsylvania 17325, USA. 2Centro de Investigación en Ciencias del Mar y Limnología (CIMAR), Universidad de Costa Rica, 2060 San José, Costa Rica. FAX: (506) 207-3280. E-mail: [email protected] 3Escuela de Biología, Universidad de Costa Rica, 2060 San José, Costa Rica. (Received 14-VII-2000. Corrected 23-III-2001. Accepted 11-V-2001) Abstract: The mollusks in Manuel Antonio National Park on the central section of the Pacific coast of Costa Rica were studied along thirty-six transects done perpendicular to the shore, and by random sampling of subtidal environments, beaches and mangrove forest. Seventy-four species of mollusks belonging to three classes and 40 families were found: 63 gastropods, 9 bivalves and 2 chitons, during this study in 1995. Of these, 16 species were found only as empty shells (11) or inhabited by hermit crabs (5). Forty-eight species were found at only one locality. Half the species were found at one site, Puerto Escondido. The most diverse habitat was the low rocky intertidal zone. Nodilittorina modesta was present in 34 transects and Nerita scabricosta in 30. Nodilittorina aspera had the highest density of mollusks in the transects. Only four transects did not clustered into the four main groups. The species composition of one cluster of transects is associated with a boulder substrate, while another cluster of transects associates with site. -
Moluscos Del Perú
Rev. Biol. Trop. 51 (Suppl. 3): 225-284, 2003 www.ucr.ac.cr www.ots.ac.cr www.ots.duke.edu Moluscos del Perú Rina Ramírez1, Carlos Paredes1, 2 y José Arenas3 1 Museo de Historia Natural, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos. Avenida Arenales 1256, Jesús María. Apartado 14-0434, Lima-14, Perú. 2 Laboratorio de Invertebrados Acuáticos, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Apartado 11-0058, Lima-11, Perú. 3 Laboratorio de Parasitología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Ricardo Palma. Av. Benavides 5400, Surco. P.O. Box 18-131. Lima, Perú. Abstract: Peru is an ecologically diverse country, with 84 life zones in the Holdridge system and 18 ecological regions (including two marine). 1910 molluscan species have been recorded. The highest number corresponds to the sea: 570 gastropods, 370 bivalves, 36 cephalopods, 34 polyplacoforans, 3 monoplacophorans, 3 scaphopods and 2 aplacophorans (total 1018 species). The most diverse families are Veneridae (57spp.), Muricidae (47spp.), Collumbellidae (40 spp.) and Tellinidae (37 spp.). Biogeographically, 56 % of marine species are Panamic, 11 % Peruvian and the rest occurs in both provinces; 73 marine species are endemic to Peru. Land molluscs include 763 species, 2.54 % of the global estimate and 38 % of the South American esti- mate. The most biodiverse families are Bulimulidae with 424 spp., Clausiliidae with 75 spp. and Systrophiidae with 55 spp. In contrast, only 129 freshwater species have been reported, 35 endemics (mainly hydrobiids with 14 spp. The paper includes an overview of biogeography, ecology, use, history of research efforts and conser- vation; as well as indication of areas and species that are in greater need of study. -
Chiton (Chiton) Articulatus (MOLLUSCA: POLYPLACOPHORA) DE LA COSTA ROCOSA DE PUERTO ÁNGEL, OAXACA, MÉXICO
INSTITUTO POLITECNICO NACIONAL CENTRO INTERDISCIPLINARIO DE CIENCIAS MARINAS MADURACIÓN GONÁDICA, CICLO REPRODUCTIVO Y TALLA DE MADUREZ SEXUAL DEL QUITÓN Chiton (Chiton) articulatus (MOLLUSCA: POLYPLACOPHORA) DE LA COSTA ROCOSA DE PUERTO ÁNGEL, OAXACA, MÉXICO TESIS QUE PARA OBTENER EL GRADO DE MAESTRÍA EN CIENCIAS EN MANEJO DE RECURSOS MARINOS PRESENTA QUETZALLI YASU ABADIA CHANONA LA PAZ, B.C.S., JULIO 2015 SIP-14 BIS INSTITUTO POLITÉCNICO NACIONAL SECRETARIA DE INVESTIGACIÓN Y POSGRADO ACTA DE REVISIÓN DE TESIS En la Ciudad de La Paz, B.CS,, siendo las i2:Q0 horas del día 18 del mes de Junio del 2015 se reunieron los miembros de la Comisión Revisora de Tesis designada por el Colegio de Profesores de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación de CICIMAR para examinar la tesis titulada: "MADURACIÓN GONÁDICA, CICLO REPRODUCTIVO Y TALLA DE MADUREZ SEXUAL DEL QUITÓN Chiton (Chkorí) articulatus (Mollusca: Polyplacophora) DE LA COSTA ROCOSA DE PUERTO ÁNGEL, OAXACA, MÉXICO" Presentada por el alumno: ABADÍA CHANONA QUETZALLI YASU Apellido paterno materno nombre(s2 B 1 3 0 8 4 9 Con registro: Aspirante de: MAESTRÍA EN CIENCIAS EN MANEJO DE RECURSOS MARINOS Después de intercambiar opiniones los miembros de la Comisión manifestaron APROBAR LA DEFENSA DELA TESIS, en virtud de que satisface los requisitos señalados por las disposiciones reglamentarias vigentes. &BRIEL MORENO SANCHEZ INSTITUTO POLITÉCNICO NACIONAL SECRETAíRÍA DE INVESTIGACIÓN Y POSGRADO CARTA CESIÓN DE DERECHOS En la Ciudad de La Paz, B.C.S., el día 22 del mes lunio del año 2015 el (la) que suscribe BM. QUETZALLIYASÚABA alumno(a) del Programa de MAESTRÍA EN CIENCIAS EN MANEJO DE RECURSOS MARINOS con número de registro B130849 adscrito al CENTRO INTERDISCIPLINARIO DE CIENCIAS MARINAS manifiesta que es autor (a) intelectual del presente trabajo de tesis, bajo la dirección de: DR. -
Tesis De Pablo David Vega García
Programa de Estudios de Posgrado CAMBIOS HISTÓRICOS EN LAS POBLACIONES DE ABULÓN AZUL Y AMARILLO EN LA PENÍNSULA DE BAJA CALIFORNIA TESIS Que para obtener el grado de Doctor en Ciencias Uso, Manejo y Preservación de los Recursos Naturales Orientación Biología Marina P r e s e n t a PABLO DAVID VEGA GARCÍA La Paz, Baja California Sur, febrero de 2016 COMITÉ TUTORIAL Dr. Salvador Emilio Lluch Cota Director de Tesis Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste. La Paz, BCS. México. Dra. Fiorenza Micheli Dr. Héctor Reyes Bonilla Co-Tutor Co-Tutor Hopkins Marine Station, Stanford Universidad Autónoma de Baja University. California Sur. Pacific Grove, CA. EEUU. La Paz, BCS. México. Dr. Eduardo Francisco Balart Páez Dr. Pablo Del Monte Luna Co-Tutor Co-Tutor Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Centro de Interdisciplinario de del Noroeste. Ciencias Marinas. La Paz, BCS. México La Paz, BCS. México. COMITÉ REVISOR DE TESIS Dr. Salvador Emilio Lluch Cota Dra. Fiorenza Micheli Dr. Eduardo Francisco Balart Páez Dr. Héctor Reyes Bonilla Dr. Pablo Del Monte Luna JURADO DE EXAMEN Dr. Salvador Emilio Lluch Cota Dra. Fiorenza Micheli Dr. Eduardo Francisco Balart Páez Dr. Héctor Reyes Bonilla Dr. Pablo Del Monte Luna SUPLENTES Dr. Fausto Valenzuela Quiñonez Dr. Raúl Octavio Martínez Rincón RESUMEN El abulón es un importante recurso pesquero en México que en las últimas décadas ha presentado una importante disminución de sus poblaciones, a pesar de las estrictas regulaciones a las que está sometida su explotación. Si bien la tendencia general de las capturas de abulón indica una disminución de las dos principales especies que la conforman (Haliotis fulgens y H corrugata), a partir de su máximo histórico en 1950, esta tendencia no ha sido uniforme ni entre especies ni entre las regiones de donde se extrae. -
(Approx) Mixed Micro Shells (22G Bags) Philippines € 10,00 £8,64 $11,69 Each 22G Bag Provides Hours of Fun; Some Interesting Foraminifera Also Included
Special Price £ US$ Family Genus, species Country Quality Size Remarks w/o Photo Date added Category characteristic (€) (approx) (approx) Mixed micro shells (22g bags) Philippines € 10,00 £8,64 $11,69 Each 22g bag provides hours of fun; some interesting Foraminifera also included. 17/06/21 Mixed micro shells Ischnochitonidae Callistochiton pulchrior Panama F+++ 89mm € 1,80 £1,55 $2,10 21/12/16 Polyplacophora Ischnochitonidae Chaetopleura lurida Panama F+++ 2022mm € 3,00 £2,59 $3,51 Hairy girdles, beautifully preserved. Web 24/12/16 Polyplacophora Ischnochitonidae Ischnochiton textilis South Africa F+++ 30mm+ € 4,00 £3,45 $4,68 30/04/21 Polyplacophora Ischnochitonidae Ischnochiton textilis South Africa F+++ 27.9mm € 2,80 £2,42 $3,27 30/04/21 Polyplacophora Ischnochitonidae Stenoplax limaciformis Panama F+++ 16mm+ € 6,50 £5,61 $7,60 Uncommon. 24/12/16 Polyplacophora Chitonidae Acanthopleura gemmata Philippines F+++ 25mm+ € 2,50 £2,16 $2,92 Hairy margins, beautifully preserved. 04/08/17 Polyplacophora Chitonidae Acanthopleura gemmata Australia F+++ 25mm+ € 2,60 £2,25 $3,04 02/06/18 Polyplacophora Chitonidae Acanthopleura granulata Panama F+++ 41mm+ € 4,00 £3,45 $4,68 West Indian 'fuzzy' chiton. Web 24/12/16 Polyplacophora Chitonidae Acanthopleura granulata Panama F+++ 32mm+ € 3,00 £2,59 $3,51 West Indian 'fuzzy' chiton. 24/12/16 Polyplacophora Chitonidae Chiton tuberculatus Panama F+++ 44mm+ € 5,00 £4,32 $5,85 Caribbean. 24/12/16 Polyplacophora Chitonidae Chiton tuberculatus Panama F++ 35mm € 2,50 £2,16 $2,92 Caribbean. 24/12/16 Polyplacophora Chitonidae Chiton tuberculatus Panama F+++ 29mm+ € 3,00 £2,59 $3,51 Caribbean.