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Downloaded from the Humanities Digital Library http://www.humanities-digital-library.org Open Access books made available by the University of London Press ***** Publication details: A Return to the Village: Community Ethnographies and the Study of Andean Culture in Retrospective edited by Francisco Ferreira with Billie Jean Isbell https://humanities-digital-library.org/index.php/hdl/catalog/book/a- return-to-the-village DOI - 10.14296/0520.9781908857842 ***** This edition published 2020 by UNIVERSITY OF LONDON PRESS SCHOOL OF ADVANCED STUDY INSTITUTE OF LATIN AMERICAN STUDIES Senate House, Malet Street, London WC1E 7HU, United Kingdom ISBN 978-1-908857-84-2 (PDF edition) This work is published under a Creative Commons Attribution- NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License. More information regarding CC licenses is available at https://creativecommons.org/licenses A RETURN TO THE VILLAGE Community ethnographies and the study of Andean culture in retrospective edited by Francisco Ferreira with Billie Jean Isbell A Return to the Village: Community Ethnographies and the Study of Andean Culture in Retrospective edited by Francisco Ferreira with Billie Jean Isbell © Institute of Latin American Studies, School of Advanced Study, University of London, 2016 British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN: 978-1-908857-24-8 (paperback) ISBN: 978-1-908857-84-2 (PDF) Institute of Latin American Studies School of Advanced Study University of London Senate House London WC1E 7HU Telephone: 020 7862 8844 Email: [email protected] Web: http://ilas.sas.ac.uk Contents List of illustrations v List of acronyms and abbreviations ix Notes on contributors xi Acknowledgments xvii Introduction: Community ethnographies and the study of Andean culture 1 Francisco Ferreira 1. Reflections on fieldwork in Chuschi 45 Billie Jean Isbell (in collaboration with Marino Barrios Micuylla) 2. Losing my heart 69 Catherine J. Allen 3. Deadly waters, decades later 93 Peter Gose 4. Yanque Urinsaya: ethnography of an Andean community (a tribute to Billie Jean Isbell) 125 Carmen Escalante and Ricardo Valderrama 5. Recordkeeping: ethnography and the uncertainty of contemporary community studies 149 Rudi Colloredo-Mansfeld 6. Long lines of continuity: field ethnohistory and customary conservation in the Sierra de Lima 169 Frank Salomon 7. Avoiding ‘community studies’: the historical turn in Bolivian and South Andean anthropology 199 Tristan Platt 8. In love with comunidades 233 Enrique Mayer References 265 Index 295 List of illustrations Figure 0.1 The peasant community of Taulli (Ayacucho, Peru). Photo: F. Ferreira. 2 0.2 Taulli’s central village. Photo: F. Ferreira 2 0.3 A communal assembly at Taulli’s central village, 2008. Photo: F. Ferreira. 10 0.4 Meeting at Taulli’s medical centre, built in the 1990s. Photo: F. Ferreira. 11 0.5 Taulli’s Carnival celebrations in the central village, March 2008. Photo: F. Ferreira. 12 2.1 Sectorial fallowing in Sonqo. Created by C.J. Allen. 83 6.1 In Tupicocha, newly invested presidents of parcialidades (ayllus) visit the community office in 2010 to form the new directorate. Photo: F. Salomon. 176 6.2 Tupicocha comuneros examining the author’s work table. Photo: F. Salomon. 179 6.3 One stress factor that causes damage to the Tupicocha quipocamayos is the practice of twisting them into a single cable prior to transport and display. Photo: F. Salomon. 181 6.4 The ‘simulacrum’ or replacement quipocamayo displayed by parcialidad Centro Guangre in Tupicocha, 2007. Photo: F. Salomon. 181 6.5 In 2016, a display case inside the community meeting hall held a quipocamayo of ayllu Segunda Allauca. Photo: F. Salomon. 184 6.6 In Rapaz, the late Moisés Flores attends night-time balternos ceremonial inside Kaha Wayi, and in the presence of suspended khipu collection, New Year, 2004. He wears the formal dress of a balterno. Photo: F. Salomon. 189 6.7 Museologist Renata Peters (right, seated) in a 2005 working meeting inside the precinct with some balterno officers. Photo: F. Salomon. 190 vi RETURN TO THE VILLAGE 6.8 Vendelhombre [ceremonialist] Melecio Montes (left) lifts the upper altar-cloth of Kaha Wayi’s mountain altar, revealing a lower altar-cloth severely damaged by fungus. The lower cloth remains were repaired in 2005 by interweaving them with a fungus-proof synthetic fibre. Photo: F. Salomon. 190 6.9 Vice-president and Kamachikuq Víctor Gallardo examines khipu cords during conservation work inside the temporary site lab. Photo: F. Salomon. 194 6.10 Comunidad Rapaz allows visits inside Kaha Wayi in the daytime, but on rare occasions crowding can be a problem. This mass visit was organised by an NGO in 2005. Photo: F. Salomon. 194 7.1 San Marcos, 1970. Photo: T. Platt. 205 7.2 The alferez [ritual sponsors] and company coming up to San Marcos for Corpus Christi, 1971. Photo: T. Platt. 207 7.3 Tinku in San Marcos for Corpus Christi, 1971. Photo: T. Platt. 208 7.4 Liconi Pampa, 2013. Photo: Fortunato Laura. 210 7.5 Carbajal patriclan members, 1971: Curaca Agustín Carbajal (extreme right), Gregorio and Santiago Carbajal (at centre, seated). Photo: T. Platt. 211 7.6 Map of the great ayllus of Northern Potosí. Drawn by Esteban Renzo Aruquipa Merino (after Mendoza and Patzi, 1997; Harris and Platt, 1978). 214 7.7 Map of Macha territory, with moieties and cabildos (Mendoza and Patzi, 1997). 229 8.1 Tangor carguyoj with his servant and friends carrying chicha to the plaza for distribution to the whole comuna, 1969. Photo: E. Mayer. 239 8.2 Map of Cañete Valley (Lima, Peru) agricultural zones (Mayer and Fonseca, 1979; 1988, no page number) 242 8.3 Diagram of land management by production zones, Cañete Valley (Mayer, 1985; 2002, p. 389). 244 8.4 Maize terraces in Laraos (Lima, Peru). Photo: E. Mayer. 245 List of acronyms and abbreviations AAA American Anthropological Association AFASEP Association of Families of the Assassinated, Kidnapped, Detained and Disappeared (in Ayacucho) AI Amnesty International ANASEP National Organisation of Kidnapped and Disappeared Persons APRODEH Asociación pro Derechos Humanos (the Peruvian human rights organisation) CCP Confederación Campesina del Perú CCPC Closed Corporate Peasant Community CIP Centro Internacional de la Papa (International Potato Center) CNRS Centre national de la recherche scientifique CONIAE Confederación de Nacionalidades Indígenas del Ecuador CORA Chilean Agrarian Reform COSUDE Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation DESCO Centro de Estudios de Promoción y Desarrollo (Promotion and Development Study Centre) EC European Commission ESRC Economic and Social Research Council FADA Federación Agraria Departamental de Ayacucho (Agrarian Federation of Ayacucho) FAO Food and Agriculture Organization (of the UN) FICI Federación Indígenas y Campesina de Imbabura (major peasant organisation in Ecuador’s Ariasucu province) FLACSO Facultad Latinoamericana de Ciencias Sociales FUNHABIT Fundación Ecuatoriana del Hábitat GIZ Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit GmbH (German Corporation for International Cooperation) IEP Instituto de Estudios Peruanos (Lima) IMA Instituto de Manejo de Agua y Medio-Ambiente (Institute for Water and Environmental Management) viii RETURN TO THE VILLAGE INEI Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática (Peru’s Institute of Statistics and Information) IPTK Tomas Katari Polytechnic Institute LSE London School of Economics MAS Movimiento al Socialismo (Movement for Socialism) MBL Movimiento Bolivia Libre (Free Bolivia Movement) MIR Movimiento de Izquierda Revolucionaria (Revolutionary Left Movement) MNR Movimiento Nacionalista Revolucionario (Revolutionary Nationalist Movement) MUSEF Museum of Ethnography and Folklore (La Paz) NGO non-governmental organisation NSF National Science Foundation ONERN Oficina Nacional de Evaluación de Recursos Naturales (Office of Natural Resource Management) PETT Programa Especial para la Titulación de Tierras PRATEC Proyecto Andino de Tecnologías Campesinas (an NGO) PRODERM Proyecto de Desarrollo Rural en Microregiones (Project for Rural Development in Microregions) PUCP Pontificia Universidad Catolica del Peru (Pontifical Catholic University of Peru) SAIS Sociedades Agrarias de Interés Social SANBASUR Saneamiento Ambiental Básico en la Sierra Sur (Basic Environmental Sanitation in the Southern Highlands) SEPIA Seminario Permanente de Investigación Agrarian SERPAJ El Servicio de Paz y Justicia (the Catholic Church’s Peace and Justice System) Sendero Luminoso Communist Party of Peru-Shining Path (more commonly known as Shining Path) SINAMOS El Sistema Nacional de Apoyo a la Movilización (National Social Mobilisation Support System) SSRC Social Science Research Council UCLA University of California, Los Angeles UNAIMCO La Union de Artesanos Indigenas del Mercado Centenario-Otavalo (Union of Indigenous Artisans for the Centenario Market of Otavalo) VRAEM Valley of the Rivers Apurímac, Ene and Mantaro (Peruvian coca-growing area located between the highland regions of Ayacucho and Cuzco) Notes on contributors Catherine J. Allen is a cultural anthropologist with an abiding interest in the connections (and disconnections) between the Andean present and the pre-Columbian past. She is professor emerita of anthropology at George Washington University where, from 1978 to 2012, she taught courses on South American cultures, the anthropology of art, symbolic anthropology and anthropological theory. Allen holds a BA (1969) in liberal arts from St John’s
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    A Republic of Lost Peoples: Race, Status, and Community in the Eastern Andes of Charcas at the Turn of the Seventeenth Century A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA BY Nathan Weaver Olson IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Sarah C. Chambers August 2017 © Nathan Weaver Olson 2017 Acknowledgements There is a locally famous sign along the highway between the Bolivian cities of Vallegrande and El Trigal that marks the turn-off for the town of Moro Moro. It reads: “Don’t say that you know the world if you don’t know Moro Moro.” Although this dissertation began as an effort to study the history of Moro Moro, and more generally the province of Vallegrande, located in the Andean highlands of the department of Santa Cruz de la Sierra, the research and writing process has made me aware of an entire world of Latin American history. Thus, any recounting of the many people who have contributed to this project must begin with the people of Moro Moro themselves, whose rich culture and sense of regional identity first inspired me to learn more about Bolivian history. My companions in that early journey, all colleagues from the Mennonite Central Committee, included Patrocinio Garvizu, Crecensia García, James “Phineas” Gosselink, Dantiza Padilla, and Eloina Mansilla Guzmán, to name only a few. I owe my interest and early academic grounding in Colonial Latin American history to my UCSD professors Christine Hunefeldt, Nancy Postero, Eric Van Young, and Michael Monteón. My colleagues at UCSD’s Center for Iberian and Latin American Studies and the Dimensions of Culture Writing Program at UCSD’s Thurgood Marshall College made me a better researcher and teacher.
  • Poesía Peruana Quechua Última Y Neoliberalismo (1980-2007)

    Poesía Peruana Quechua Última Y Neoliberalismo (1980-2007)

    Vol. 10, No. 3, Spring 2013, 54-73 www.ncsu.edu/project/acontracorriente Peruvian Quechua Poetry (1993-2008): Cultural Agency in Central Andes1 Ulises Zevallos Aguilar Ohio State University 1 This article is based on a presentation which took place at the Symposium: “The Global Script of Indigenous Identities: Local Literacies, Oral Languages, and the Written Word”. Michigan State University, East Lansing, October 30, 2008. The introduction and consolidation of neoliberalism in Peru was carried out by several democratic governments during the last two decades of the twentieth century. Although the political parties have collapsed, new social movements mobilized, defending their own social agendas. Among them, Amazonian, Aymara and Quechua Movements started to organize independently in a micropolitical strategy. The celebration and condemnation of the quincentenerary of Christopher Columbus’ arrival in the Americas in 1492 contributed to their development. Foundations and international organizations supported indigenous movements’ condemnations of this date, with many organizations making economic aid contingent upon governments’ planning economic and social programs for indigenous peoples. In this way, government offices and NGOs had to develop specific programs for ethnic groups. Without their integration it would have been impossible to receive loans and donations. At the same time, indigenous agency, known as globalization from below, had broken national boundaries. Indigenous immigrants have also contributed to the consolidation of their communities and the emergence of new cultural practices abroad and in their places of origin. Peruvian Quechua Poetry (1993-2008) 55 In recent decades there has been a diminishing of linguistic and cultural diglossia between Quechua and Spanish in the Central and Southern Peru that has made possible the establishment of permanent centers of Quechua literary activity.