SCIENCE LAB Laboratorio Cientíﬁ Co Para Músicos •Laboratoire Scientiﬁ Que Du Musician • Wissenschaftliches Musiklabor

92393 AGES años • ans • ja hre tar, d gui rum, e a + ak ﬂute! M and 5

DIYmusicmusic makermaker SCIENCE LAB Laboratorio cientíﬁ co para músicos •Laboratoire scientiﬁ que du musician • Wissenschaftliches Musiklabor

STORYBOOK & LAB GUIDE TABLE OF CONTENTS

Music Maker Story ...... 1

An Introduction to the Hands-On Experiments ...... 14

Experiment 1: Feeling Vibrations ...... 16 Experiment 2: High or Low? Exploring Pitch ...... 18 Experiment 3: Turn Up the Volume ...... 20 Experiment 4: Get to Know Your Ocean Drum ...... 22 Experiment 5: The Sound of Waves ...... 24 Experiment 6: Bouncing Sounds ...... 26 Experiment 7: Get to Know Your Pan Flute ...... 28 Experiment 8: What’s the Pitch? ...... 30 Experiment 9: Vary the Volume ...... 32 Experiment 10: A Rainbow of Sounds ...... 34

Glossary ...... 36

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Printed in China.

Customer Service: 800.445.5985 hand2mind.com “What happened to you? Why are you so tired?” Luna asks her best friend as they wait for the bus. eeooo M w! “Well, sleep did NOT happen,” Nik mumbles. “Instead, lots of noise happened.”

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¹ At school Mr. Wowza passes out noisy kitchen objects to introduce the Science of Sound unit.

Nik yells, “Luna, stop banging those things! The N O I S E is driving me B O N K E R S ! ”

A few minutes later, Mr. Wowza shouts above the clatter, “W O W Z A ! There are some sound waves in here!”

BAN G!

K! Mr. Wowza explains how sound waves IN L travel to people’s ears. C CLANG! “Sound is all about vibrations. When an object vibrates , it moves back and forth against the air. This creates waves which 2 we hear as sound.” “OK, let’s shake this up!” Mr. Wowza instructs. “Everyone! Hummmm!”

“W OWZA!” Rico yells out. “My throat is vibrating!”

“Exactly!” Mr. Wowza explains, “Your throat vibrates every time you talk or sing or shout. mm hu Pretty W OWZA stuff, huh?”

CLANG!

mm “I don’t always feel vibrations,” Nik says. hu “But I still H EAR lots of noise.”

“You are right on, Nik,” Mr. Wowza says. “We can see vibrations, too!” he adds. 3 “Let’s make some music,” Mr. Wowza announces.

“We’re putting on a VIBRATIONS concert! Let’s research how to make our own instruments!”

to mak dink ants e ky- a w rin n with Lu noise her me so ums. an dr n c can’t wait to ti Nik the strin pick gs s banjo of hi .

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-tom tom Rico is eage And r play some bl to ues s harm on hi onic 4 a. “Now, let’s learn about instruments. Time for some air guitar,” Mr. Wowza announces as he gives his best rock star performance. “String instruments make their sounds when we PLUCK or STRUM the strings.” o ma ants t ke a w n with Lu noise her me so ums. an dr Nik chimes in. “The strings on my n c them. ti banjo vibrate when I pluck T-DIRNT I can feel the vibrations!” RN DI

“And the strings on my guitar vibrate when I strum with my EOW-NE fingers,” explains Paulo. N OW -tom tom

5 b “What about drums, Mr. Wowza?” asks Luna. ad u “Drums don’t have strings. How do they m make sound?” ! tom ! m! to

“Why, Luna, drums are percussion instruments. You have to BANG on the drums to make sound. We can see j vibrations on drums if we look closely.” in g ! l k

e ! n i l

“My tambourine is a percussion instrument! I can bang or SHAKE it to make sound,” adds Jada.

6 “Ommmmm!” Mr. Wowza says softly and calmly. “Now, we’re making sound with another type of percussion instrument a water xylophone.” A RAINBOW of colored water sits in jars on the science table. Using different tools, students m! take turns clanging on the jars. to

d o n k ! ! k n i nk! l tu

The jar with the water The jar with the water has a HIGH sound, or pitch. has a LOW sound, or pitch. 7 Next, Mr. Wowza pulls out a harmonica and starts warbling a tune on it. He takes a deep breath and mm! hu WARBLES some more. After a few minutes, Mr. Wowza sighs and says, “Phew! I’m WINDED. Let’s talk about wind instruments.”

Rico pulls out his homemade harmonica and tells the class, “I just blow on the reeds to make sounds. If I want the volume to be louder, I have to blow harder.”

humm!

“Yes, wind instruments use our air to make sound, Rico!” explains Mr. Wowza. 8 Mr. Wowza isn’t the only one who gets WINDED . The whole class makes music with their paper kazoos. The most interesting sounds are heard. whoOO!

“Just hum,” Rico explains to the class. “The wax paper vibrates to make sound.”

MM hu m!

“ our boat Row, row, row y he stream.. wn t ." gently do

9 After lots of practice, it is time for the show! “Welcome, friends and family!” Mr. Wowza announces. “Enjoy some fun vibrations made by our band of homemade instruments.”

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And with that, the class begins its musical performance of CLINKS, CLANGS, DINKS, and BANGS! The auditorium is filled with sound waves! ¹0 d on ! k le ! g in j

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¹2 After the concert, the audience members surprise the students by playing their own straw kazoos.

“W OWZA!” the class cries out OO! together in surprise. “Those are some HO W COOL sound waves!”

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¹3 ! Introduction to Experiments Safety First! Please remind your child that the DIY Music Maker Science Lab has some pieces that require safety in using them. Dear Family, * Review that small parts, such as beads, Welcome to the DIY Music Maker Science Lab! should not be put in mouths, ears, At hand2mind we believe children learn best by or noses. doing! In fact, we have been encouraging hands-on * Review that rubber bands should not be learning and discovery in classrooms and at home for chewed on or used in ways other than more than 50 years. as described in the experiments.

We hope you enjoyed reading together with your child * Review that glass can break. Children the story of Mr. Wowza’s class. Encourage your child should ask adults for help with moving to go back to the story and explore the illustrations any glasses in Experiment 10. and think carefully about the text. As you revisit the * Review that food coloring can stain story, you might ask open-ended, thought-provoking clothing, carpeting, and other surfaces. questions, such as “Why do you think the sounds are Help children squirt the food coloring different in each jar of the water xylophone?” Allow into glasses in Experiment 10. your child time to share his or her thoughts.

As needed, provide guidance to your child as he or she completes the experiments step-by-step. Together, spend a few moments discussing the What Happened? section in each experiment.

And most importantly, have fun!

~hand2mind

¹4 Components A Note from Nik and Luna Wowza! Learning about the science of sound is one noisy exploration! What a blast we had making our own instruments and giving a concert. To make the To make the To make the To make the Now it’s your turn to explore the BOX GUITAR, OCEAN DRUM, PAN FLUTE, WATER XYLOPHONE, you will need: you will need: you will need: you will need: science of sound. Make your own instruments and play your own wacky music! Follow the step-by-step directions to do some noisy experiments. Here are 1 empty ocean drum 4 tall glasses some tips: 1 box guitar 8 straw pipes or jars* unfolded * First, get all the materials together. * Ask an adult for help if you need it. 1 set of beads * Be a scientist! Ask questions as you experiment. Example: “Why did that 4 rubber bands happen?” 2 foam pieces Have fun discovering new things! water* ~Nik and Luna 1 sheet of paper & 1 pair of scissors* 8 sets of snap pegs 8 end caps

1 set of food markers or crayons* coloring*

1 guitar bridge

1 cup of filler materials: dry rice 1 metal teaspoon* or dried beans* *Gather these materials from home. ¹5 ¹. FEELING VIBRATIONS YOU STEP EXPLORING UESTIONS ¹ NEED Push the top and * How do guitars make sounds? bottom pegs together above and below * What do you feel when you play the guitar? the hole. box guitar STEP 2 Have an adult help you fold the box. rubber bands

STEP 3 Place the bridge. snap pegs

STEP 4 bridge Stretch the rubber bands over the top and bottom pegs so they rest in the bridge divets. ¹6 This is STEP 5 called FUN FACTS! strumming! Animals, like rabbits, Drag your finger that live underground across the top of can hear sound travel the rubber bands. through the dirt.

This is STEP 6 called Pick up a rubber plucking! band between your thumb and first finger. Let it go quickly.

STEP 7 WHAT HAPPENED? Strum and pluck to make When you strum and The air around the pluck the rubber guitar vibrates, too. some sounds. bands, they move These vibrations back and forth, or make sound waves. vibrate. You feel The sound waves those vibrations in travel to your ears. the rubber bands You hear a sound. and in the box. ¹7 2.HIGH OR LOW? EXPLORING PITCH YOU STEP EXPLORING UESTIONS NEED Pluck¹ rubber * How does a guitar make different types of sounds? band #1.

* Which rubber bands make sounds that are higher?

* Which rubber bands make STEP 2 box guitar sounds that are lower? Pluck rubber band #4.

STEP 3 Compare the sounds they make. Which rubber band makes a higher sound?

¹8 STEP FUN FACTS! 4 We can hear many Now, pluck the sounds with different rubber bands pitches. We cannot hear from #1 to #4. very low-pitched sounds called infrasound . We cannot hear very high-pitched sounds STEP 5 called ultrasound Compare the sounds they make. . How are the sounds different when you pluck the rubber bands in order? WHAT HAPPENED? Sounds can be low The pitch is lower. (like thunder) or Rubber bands #3 high (like singing and #4 vibrate birds). This is faster so the pitch known as pitch. is higher. Clink! When you pluck rubber band #1, it vibrates slower. ¹9 3.TURN UP THE VOLUME YOU STEP EXPLORING UESTIONS NEED Pluck¹ the rubber * How can you play your bands on one side guitar loudly? of the bridge. * How can you play your guitar softly? STEP 2 box guitar Now, pluck the rubber bands on the other side of the bridge.

STEP 3 Compare the sounds you hear. How loud are the sounds?

20 STEP 4 The hole in the FUN FACTS! guitar is called Volume is measured in Pluck the rubber a sound hole decibels ! . Which sound bands right over is the loudest? the sound hole. Regular talking voice: 60 decibels

STEP 5 Crying baby: Press the rubber 110 decibels bands down against the box. WHAT HAPPENED? STEP 6 When the rubber vibrate as much. Pluck the rubber bands vibrate, This makes a softer the air inside the sound. When the bands right over hole vibrates. rubber bands are the hole. This makes a loud pressed down, they sound. When the do not vibrate as rubber bands are much. This makes a STEP 7 plucked further softer sound, too. Compare the sounds you hear. from the hole How loud are the sounds? the air does not 2¹ 4.GET TO KNOW YOUR OCEAN DRUM YOU STEP EXPLORING UESTIONS NEED Get your¹ ocean drum * What is an ocean drum? ready to play. If you * What sounds does an ocean choose, decorate drum make? your own drum ocean drum background and slide it into place.

beads STEP 2 Twist open the valve on the drum. paper and STEP scissors 3 Pour the beads in slowly and carefully. Then markers or close the valve. crayons

22 STEP FUN FACTS! 4 An ocean drum is a Play your drum percussion instrument. by shaking it. People in Nepal created ocean drums to sound like water. Nepal is a country STEP 5 that does not have an Play your drum ocean nearby. by hitting it Tap-tap-tap! gently with another tool from around the house. WHAT HAPPENED? When you shake When you hit the STEP 6 the ocean drum, drum with another Compare the sounds you hear. the beads vibrate tool like a the How do the sounds differ? back and forth pencil eraser, the across the drum. beads vibrate up The sound they and down. The make is like a sound is sharp loud rattle. and steady.

23 5.THE SOUND OF WAVES YOU STEP EXPLORING UESTIONS NEED To make¹ the sound * How can an ocean drum sound like water? of rolling water, hold your drum flat. * How can an ocean drum make sounds of different volumes?

ocean drum STEP 2 Then, slowly, turn the drum clockwise, keeping it flat.

filler materials STEP 3 such as dry rice or To make the sound of dried beans crashing waves, tilt your drum to the side. All the beads should be on one side.

STEP 4 Next, tilt your drum to the other side quickly. 24 STEP 5 FUN FACTS! The loudest sound ever Compare the water sounds. heard was the Krakatoa Which sounds are louder? volcano eruption in 1883. People as far STEP 6 as 3,000 miles (4,828 Now, tap on your ocean kilometers) away could drum with your finger. hear the explosion. Tap softly. Then tap harder.

STEP 7 Compare the sounds. Compare how the beads move. What do WHAT HAPPENED? you notice? The sounds of the Some sounds are drum change when louder because of STEP 8 you move the beads more vibrations. Remove the beads. Add in rice or other materials Some sounds are or dried beans. Compare the differently. This is softer because of because the beads fewer vibrations. sounds to the beads. How are the vibrate. sounds different?

25 6.BOUNCING SOUNDS YOU STEP EXPLORING UESTIONS NEED Lay your¹ drum * How does the ocean drum flat on a table or sound on a soft surface? a hard floor. * How does the ocean drum sound on a hard surface? ocean drum STEP 2 Tap your drum with your finger.

STEP 3 Lay your drum on your pillow or on your bed.

26 STEP FUN FACTS! 4 When sound bounces Tap your drum off hard surfaces, you with your finger. might hear an echo. An echo happens when a sound bounces off a hard surface and STEP 5 comes back to where it Compare the sounds. How does started from. the surface change the sounds?

WHAT HAPPENED? When the drum When the drum is is placed on a placed on a soft hard surface, the surface, like a vibrations bounce pillow, the pillow off the surface. soaks up the sound This makes the like a sponge. This vibrations travel makes the sound farther. The sound seem quieter. is louder, too. 27 7.GET TO KNOW YOUR PAN FLUTE YOU STEP EXPLORING UESTIONS NEED Push¹ the straw pipes * What is a pan flute? into one foam holder. * What sounds does a pan Be sure to put the flute make? pipes in order from straw pipes shortest to longest.

STEP 2 foam pieces Push the straw pipes into the second foam holder.

end caps

STEP 3 Push a cap onto the bottom of each pipe.

28 STEP FUN FACTS! 4 Pan flutes are also Play your pan flute. called panpipes. Pan Press the top of a flutes have been around pipe against your for thousands of years, lower lip. Blow making them one of the across the straws. oldest instruments.

STEP 5 Make different sounds by changing how you hold your lips and blow. WHAT HAPPENED? When you blow The shorter the STEP 6 across the pipes, pipe, the faster Make different sounds by the air inside the the air vibrates. changing the direction of the pipes vibrates. The Different pipe air you blow. longer the pipe, lengths provide the slower the air different sounds. vibrates.

29 8. WHAT’S THE PITCH? YOU STEP EXPLORING UESTIONS NEED Press¹ the shorter * How does a pan flute make pipes against your sounds that are higher? lower lip. Gently * How does a pan flute make blow across the sounds that are lower? openings. pan flute

STEP 2 Press the longer pipes against your lower lip. Gently blow across the openings.

30 STEP FUN FACTS! 3 The pan flute was the Compare the sounds they make. first mouth organ to be How does the pitch differ invented. It is related between the pipes? to and was developed before the harmonica and the pipe organ.

hummmm!

WHAT HAPPENED? Remember: when Faster vibrations you blow across cause sounds to be the pipes, the air higher. The longer inside the pipes the pipe, the slower vibrates. The the air vibrates. shorter the pipe, Slower vibrations the faster the air cause sounds to be vibrates. lower.

3¹ 9. VARY THE VOLUME YOU STEP EXPLORING UESTIONS NEED Press¹ the pipes * How can you play your pan against your lower flute loudly? lip. Blow hard. * How can you play your pan flute softly?

pan flute

STEP 2 Press the pipes against your lower lip. Blow softly.

32 STEP FUN FACTS! 3 In China, the pan flute Compare the sounds they make. is used to play folk How does the volume differ? songs. It may include anywhere from 10 to 24 pipes of different lengths that are all tied together.

pheeeee!

WHAT HAPPENED? The harder you The softer you blow air across blow air across the the pipes, the pipes, the weaker stronger the air the air vibrates. vibrates. This The sound waves makes the sound are smaller, and waves bigger and the volume is the volume louder. softer.

33 ¹0.A RAINBOW OF SOUNDS YOU STEP EXPLORING UESTIONS NEED Line ¹up empty * How does water make sound glasses. Tap each in a glass? one with the spoon. * What do you notice about tall glasses or jars the sounds when the amount of water is different? STEP 2 Fill the first glass nearly to the top with water. water Continue filling glasses, each with less and less water. The last glass food coloring should only have 1-2 inches of water.

a metal spoon

34 STEP 3 FUN FACTS! Add a different color The xylophone is a of food coloring to the percussion instrument water in each glass. made with wood bars of different lengths. The wood bars are struck by STEP 4 a soft mallet to make different sounds. Using a spoon, tap the glass with the most water. Then tap each glass, in order from most to least full. WHAT HAPPENED? When you tap on This causes lower- STEP 5 the glass, sound pitched sounds. Compare the sounds. How do the travels through When there is less pitches differ between glasses? the glass and the water in the glass, water. When there the water vibrates is more water faster. This causes BONUS Tap with other objects, in the glass, the higher-pitched such as a wooden spoon, a fork, water vibrates sounds. and a pencil. Compare sounds. more slowly. How do the sounds differ? 35 GLOSSARY

bridge a wooden or metal piece that sits below the sound hole on the guitar. The bridge helps transfer vibrations from the strings to the top of the guitar.

decibel a measurement of loudness. A whisper is measured at 25 decibels. A race car is measured at 130 decibels.

echo the sound that is heard when a sound bounces oﬀ of a hard surface and comes back to where it started. Echoes can be heard in canyons and caves because of all the hard surfaces that surround these landforms.

infrasound sound that is generally too low-pitched for humans to hear. Elephants use infrasound to communicate with each other over a long distance.

pitch the highness or lowness of a sound. A parrot’s squawk can be high-pitched. A truck’s rumble can be low-pitched.

sound hole the hole on the top of a guitar. The sound hole allows vibrating air to escape from inside the guitar. The vibrating air creates sound.

ultrasound sound that is generally too high-pitched for humans to hear. Bats use ultrasound to ﬁ nd food at night.

vibrate to move back and forth or from side to side. Sounds begin when objects vibrate.

volume how loud or soft a sound is. A rock concert can be loud. A baby’s cooing can be soft.

36 CREDITS

Illustrator: Scott Burroughs

Author: Laura Townsend

Editorial and Design Management: Symmetry Creative Production

Product Manager: Sabrina Hallongren

Product Designer: Jared Ganrude JOIN NIK AND LUNA ON A SCIENCE ADVENTURE! Explore the science of sound while making your own guitar, ocean drum, and pan flute. Then, play your instruments and discover sound waves, pitch, volume, and acoustics. Fun science concepts come to life within a 36-page illustrated storybook & lab guide.