CONTENTS PAGE THE ACOUSTICS OF MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS 17-53 Sound 17—Longitudinal and Transverse Vibra­ tions 19—Tone and Noise 21—Tone-Colour 23— Pitch 24—Intervals 25—Just Intonation 26—Equal Temperament 27—Standard of Pitch 29—Acoustics of String Instruments 30—Harmonics 31—Resonance 34—Acoustics of Wind Instruments 37—Overblow­ ing I 38—Stopped Pipes 39—Flue-Pipes 40—Lip- Reed Pipes 41—Double Cane Reed-Pipes 42—Single Cane Reed-Pipes 43—Human Voice 44—Overblow­ ing II 46—Finger-holes 47—Keys 48—Stopping of "the Horn 48^—Slide of the Trombone 49—Valves 49 —Acoustics of Plates 51—Acoustics of Bells 52— Acoustics of Drums 52—Electric Instruments 53

1 CHAPTER I PREHISTORY AND ANTIQUITY 54-64 Stone Age 54—Bronze Age 55—Iron Age 56— Greece 57—Lyra, Kithara 58—Aulos 60—Rome 62—Tuba, Cornu, Lituus, Tibia utricularis 62— Hydraulis 63

CHAPTER 11

THE EARLY MIDDLE AGES (TO 1300) . 65-88 Celtic North 66—Crwth 66—Harp 67—Horn 68 —Tuba 69—Cornetto 69—Oliphant 70—Organ 71—Portative 72—Glockenspiel 73—Vielle 74— Citole 76—Hurdy-Gurdy 77—Lute 78—Guitar 80 —Psaltery 80—Mandola 81—Rebec 81—Trumpet 82—Shawm 82—Bagpipe 83—Platerspiel 83—Pan­ pipes 83—Recorder 84—Tabor-Pipe, Tabor 84— Ketdedrum, Tambourine, Triangle, Cymbals 85— • Transverse Flute 86

http://d-nb.info/993184863 8 Musical Instruments

CHAPTER III PAGE THE LATE MIDDLE AGES (1300-1500) . . . 89-110 Harp 90—Vielle 91—Hurdy-Gurdy 92—Citole 92 —Guitar 93—Lute 93—Mandola 95—Rebec 95— Psaltery 97—Dulcimer 97—Tromba Marina 97— Shawm, Pommer 99—Bagpipe 100—Recorder 100 —Tabor-Pipe 101—Double Recorder 101—Porta­ tive 102—Positive Organ 103—Transverse Flute 105—Trumpet 105—Slide Trumpet 106—Horn 107 —Kettledrum 108—Snare-Drum 108—Tambourine 109—Jingle-Ring 109—Triangle 109—Cymbals no

CHAPTER IV THE RENAISSANCE (THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY) • 111-146 Vielle 113—Viola da Gamba 113—Viola da Braccio 115—Lira da Braccio 116—Lira da Gamba 117— Lute-Vielle 118—Hurdy-Gurdy 119—Rebec 119— Tromba Marina 120—Citole 120—Guitar 121— * Lute 121—Mandola 123—Harp 123—Psaltery, Dulcimer 124—Clavichord 124—Plucked Keyboard Instruments 126—Spinet (Virginal) 128—Harp­ sichord 128—Clavicytherium 129—Shawm, Pommer 130—Bagpipe 131—Bassoon 132—Sordune 133— Rackett 133—Tarrolt 133—Krumhorn, Schreier- pfeifen, Bassanello, Cornamusa 133—Recorder 134— Tabor-Pipe 135—Double Recorder 135—Transverse Flute 135—Dolzflote 136—Portative 136—Positive Organ 136—Regal 137—Church Organ 137— Trumpet 139—Trombone 141—Post-Horn 142— Cornetto 142—Serpent 143—Alphorn 143—Kettle­ drum 143—Swiss Drum 144—Tambourine, Triangle, Cymbals 144—Xylophone 145—Glockenspiel 145

CHAPTER v BAROQUE AND ROCOCO (1600-1750) . . . 147-191 Viola da Gamba 150—Viola Bastarda 150—Baryton 151—Viola d'Amore 151—V^olino Piccolo 152— Violin, Viola, Violoncello 152—Double-bass 153— Stringed-Instrument Makers 153—QuintOn 155— Viola Pomposa 156—Violoncello Piccolo 156—Viola Contents 9

da Spalla, Bassett 156—Pochette 156—Hurdy-Gurdy PAGE 157—Tromba Marina 158—Cittern 158—Small Eng­ lish Cittern 159—Bass Cittern 159—Guitar, Chitarra Battente 159—Lute 160—Archlute 161—Theorbo- Lute 162—Theorbo, Chitarrone, Angelica 162— Mandola 162—Mandolone 163—Mandolone 164— Colascione 164—Harp 164—Dulcimer 166—Zither 166—Clavichord 167—Harpsichord 168—Virginal, Spinet 169—Oboe170—Oboe d'Amore 170—Oboe da Caccia 171—English Horn 172—Bassoon 172—Double Bassoon 173—Musette 173—Clarinet 174—Recorder 175—Flageolet 176—Tabor-Pipe 176—Double Recorder 177—Transverse Flute 177—Church Organ 178—Positive Organ 183—Portative Organ 183— Regal 184—Trumpet 184—Tromba da Tirarsi 185 —Trombone 186—French Horn 186—Cornett 187 —Serpent 187—Kettledrum 188—Drum 189—Tam­ bourine, Triangle, Cymbals 189—Castanets, Metal Plates 190—Glockenspiel 191—Xylophone 191

CHAPTER VI THE CLASSICAL PERIOD (1750-1810) . . . 192-231 Violin, Viola, Violoncello, Double-bass 193—Viola da Gamba 195—Baryton 195—Hurdy-Gurdy 195— Guitar 196—Lyre-Guitar, Cittern 197—English Guitar 198—Neapolitan Mandoline 198—Harp 198—Aeo­ lian Harp 199—Zither 200—Dulcimer 200—Clavi- , chord, Spinet, Harpsichord 201—Pianoforte 202— Grand Piano 206—Square Piano 207—Upright Piano 209—Oboe 210—English Horn 210—Bassoon 2.10—Double Bassoon 211—Clarinet 212—Trans­ posing Wind Instruments 212—Clarinette d'Amour 214—Basset Horn 214—Flutes 215—English Flageo­ let 216—Double Flageolet 216—Transverse Flute 216—Piccolo Flute 218—Organ 218—French Horn 220—Cornett, Serpent 222—Russian Bassoon 222 —English Bass Horn 223—Trumpet 223—Trombone 225—Kettledrum 226—Bass-Drum 227—Side- Drum, Tambourine, Cymbals 227—Triangle, Glock­ enspiel, Bells, Gongs 228—Nail Violin 229—Euphon 229—Clavicylindre 229—Musical Glasses 230— Glass Harmonica 230 Musical Instruments

CHAPTER VII FROM THE ROMANTIC PERIOD TO THE PRE- PAGE SENT DAY (1810-1940) 232-316 Violin 239—Viola 239—Violoncello 240—Double- bass 240—Variants of the Violin 241—Variants of the Viola 242—Variants of the 'Cello 243—Variants of the Double-bass 243—Guitar 244—Ukulele, Hawaian Guitar, Banjo 245—Electric Guitar 246— Mandolin 246—Balalaika and Dorara, 246—Harp 247—Aeolian Harp and Piano, Zither 250— Cimbalom 251—Pianoforte 252—Neo-Bechstein 255 —Square Piano 256—Upright Piano 256—Jank6, Mo6r Keyboards 257—Mechanical Pianos 257— Clavichord, Spinet, Harpsichord 258—Flute 259— Giorgi Flute 262—Alto, Bass Flutes 262—Piccolo Flute 263—Recorder 264—Ocarina 264—Oboe 265 —Oboe d'Amore 266—English Horn 266—Baritone Oboe, Heckelphone 267—Bassoon 268—Double Bassoon 270—Tenoroon, Soprano Bassoon, Sub- kontrafagott 271—Sarrusophone 271—Clarinet 272 —Basset Horn 275—Bass Clarinet 275—Contrabass Clarinet 276—Saxophone 276—Tdrogatd, Oktavin, Heckelphone-Clarinet 278—Cors Omnitoniques 279 —Hand Horn and French Horn with Valves 282 —Keyed Bugle 284—Serpent 284—English Bass Horn 285—Ophicleide 285—Cornet-i-Pistons 286 —Flugelhorn 288—Alto and Tenor Horns 288— Euphonium 289—Bass Tuba 289—Contrabass Tuba 289—Wagner-Tuba 290—Saxhorn 291—English Slide Trumpet 292—Valve Trumpet 292—Bass Trumpet 293—Bach Trumpet 293—Trombone 294 —Organ 296—Harmonium 301—Accordion 303— Mouth Organ 304—Orgatron 304—Kettledrum 305 —Snare Drum 306—Tenor and Bass Drums 307— Tambourine 308—Cymbals, Castanets 309—Tri­ angle, Musical Saw, Xylophone, Marimba 310— Glockenspiel 311—Celesta, Typophone, Tubular Bells, Vibraphone 312—Gong, Rattles, Wind Machine 313—Electric Instruments 314

BIBLIOGRAPHY 317 INDEX OF PERSONS 323 INDEX OF SUBJECTS 329