How To Control Pests Of These white pine trees have been completely defoliated by bagworms, a common leaf- feeding pest of many trees and shrubs. Ornamentals

THE PRESENT trend of the By DR. DONALD L. SCHUDER

® American people for suburban Associate Professor, Department of Entomology living has opened a new field of Purdue University, Lafayette, Ind. service, that of insect control of lawns and ornamental plantings. Several pest control firms in the summarizes some of the pests, and When the population of aphids is East and Midwest are already es- lists methods for their control. The heavy, they may cause the twigs tablished in this field, and are find- topic is divided into Sucking and leaves to become curled and ing it an excellent source of income Insects, Chewing Insects, Tree twisted, flower buds hardened, and in association with their normal Boring Insects, Leafminers, Galls, flowers malformed. Aphids secrete household pest control operations. and Mites. a sweet, sticky substance called Other companies should investi- Sucking Insects "honey-dew." The material is gate the possibilities of expanding attractive to ants and flies and is into this line of work, while the This group includes the various a nuisance on cars, chairs, tables, demand is still growing and there aphids, lacebugs, plant bugs, and and the like which are beneath is room for more operators. leafhoppers which weaken plants infested plants. A black, sooty Before going into this new busi- by sucking out the plant sap. mold may grow on the honey-dew. ness, PCOs and CAs should give These insects frequently inject into the plant tissues secretions which Aphids may be controlled during some thought to the potential in the summertime by applying nico- their areas and the ability of each injure or kill the plant cells. Aphids or Plant Lice — Nearly tine sulphate and soap, lindane, firm and its employees to take malathion, thiodan, or diazinon. on this new line of endeavor. A all ornamental trees and shrubs are subject to injury by aphids. The highly poisonous parathion change would necessitate knowl- and tetraethyl pyrophosphate edge of a new group of insects, These insects are small, soft-bodied insects which may vary in color (TEPP) are also highly effective new and often larger equipment, against aphids, but are not recom- and new methods of operations. from green to shades of red, brown, or black. The insects may attack mended for use by anyone un- Most of the actual work is done familiar with handling them. Lin- during the spring and summer both aerial and subterranean por- tions of the plant, but are com- dane or BHC is preferred for months, which are already the wooly aphids. busy season for the PCO. Many of monly seen clustered on the new the firms in this business have growth or the underside of leaves. A forceful stream of water from trained personnel who specialize in the care of lawns and ornamental plantings. Last December, Weeds and Turf presented its first article In order to understand the scope of this business and the possibili- on ornamental pest control, written by Dr. L. C. Kuitert of the ties of success in it, the operators University of Florida. This article by midwesterner Schuder should understand the insects and gives another slant on the important ornamentals market, plants involved, insecticides and and offers more control hints for successful contract applicators. equipment needed, and numerous other problems. This article briefly the hose will help to remove sticky feed. It then inserts its needle-like honey-dew from plants. Since ants mouthparts and draws its liquid frequently are involved in trans- food supply from the phloem porting and tending aphids, it is tissues of the plant. At this time, sometimes helpful to kill the ant the insect loses its mobility and colony by treating their nesting goes through a series of five molts, areas with chlordane. casting off its skin before it Lacebugs — Many trees and reaches maximum size and sexual shrubs are attacked by species of maturity. The males emerge as lacebugs. The insects are about l/s winged adults and fly about in inch in length, dark in color, with search of the females. Eggs are transparent, lacy wings. Both the laid underneath the female scale adults and nymphs feed on the and the cycle is repeated the underside of leaves. They extract following season. Other species of so much plant juice that the leaves scales have multiple generations become pale and mottled with and the cycle just described may white splotches. The lower surface be repeated several times each of the leaves are spotted with year. In some species, no males Dr. Donald L. Schuder, assistant professor of are known and reproduction is black and brownish dots. entomology at Purdue University, Lafayette, Ind., About the last of May, apply details the role CAs and PCOs can play in parthenogenic. lindane, malathion, DDT, or nico- treating for pests of ornamentals. Species having one generation tine sulfate. The new systemic results are usually obtained by a year can be controlled by sprays insecticide, dimethoate, is also spraying early in the morning, in early June. This group includes effective. Be sure to treat the because the insects are less active Putnam scale, pit-making scale of underneath side of the leaves. at that time. Preventive measures sweet gum, scurfy scale, and the DDT may induce a mite problem are important, and include the gray race of oystershell scale. and should be combined with a removal of weeds, trash, and debris. Species having two generations good miticide. Scale Insects — Scale insects are per year can be controlled by Leafhoppers — Leaf hoppers are serious pests of many ornamental sprays in early June and again in small, wedge-shaped, active insects plants, but unlike the other insects late July. This group includes such which run, hop, or fly when dis- which suck sap from the plants, common species as the brown race turbed. These sucking insects are they are inactive during most of of oystershell scale, pine needle usually yellow or greenish in color, their lives. Scale insects are quite scale, and the juniper scale. while a few kinds are striped. Leaf- small, usually dark in color so Multiple generation species fre- hoppers feed on the underside of that they are difficult to detect. quently require sprays at monthly the leaves, causing them to become Infested plants appear unhealthy, intervals for adequate control. light in color and marked with grow poorly, and the foliage may Some of the species included in small, white dots on the upper sur- be small and chlorotic. For ease this group are the San Jose scale, face. Often, the cast skins of the in identification, scale insects may euonymus scale, and the tea scale. nymphs remain attached to the be grouped into three divisions: Unarmored Scales lower surface of the leaf and may (1) armored scales, (2) soft or Soft, unarmored, or lecanium serve as an aid in identifying the unarmored scales, and (3) the scales differ from the armored cause of the injury. Some species mealybugs. scales and have their waxy secre- of leafhoppers are known to trans- Armored Scales tion as an integral part of their mit tree diseases such as phloem Armored scales are the most body. The body shape may be necrosis on elm. common type of scale insect flattened, slightly convex, or hemi- For control, apply DDT about found on trees and shrubs. They spherical. They are larger than the middle of June, or whenever secrete a hard, waxy covering the armored scales, varying from the insects are discovered. Be sure over their bodies. The insect feeds 1/12 to 1 /2 inch in length. The eggs to direct the spray to the underside and grows beneath this protective are laid beneath the female's body of the foliage where the leafhoppers covering or scale. The scale may and hatch in one to three weeks. feed. be circular, oblong, or pear-shaped. Development is slow and may Plant bugs — These small, The armored scales are quite small, require almost a year for a single shield-shaped insects are active varying in size from to inch generation. The nymphs of several and run or fly freely when dis- in length or diameter. A typical of the soft scales feed on the leaves turbed. Both the adult and life cycle may be illustrated with during the summer and move nymphal stages have sucking the gray race of the oystershell back to the twigs in the fall. mouthparts. Several species of scale. These insects overwinter in Most species produce honey-dew. this group inject toxins into the the egg stage, beneath the female Some of the unarmored scale plant, causing the parts attacked scale of the previous season. These species require spraying in June. to wither and die. Terminal buds, eggs hatch the latter part of May This group includes: Terrapin shoots, and blossoms are com- or the first of June. The young scale, hickory lecanium, cottony monly affected. scale, called a nymph or crawler, maple scale, Fletcher's or the taxus DDT is the best insecticide for moves about over the host plant lecanium, European elm scale, controlling plant bugs. The best until it finds a suitable place to European fruit lecanium, and spruce bud scale, among others. compounds. When the scale insects Some of the other unarmored occur on oil-susceptible plants, scale insects require spray appli- use superior or summer oils. DN cations in mid-August. Some and liquid lime sulfur will discolor common examples are the tulip paint and stone and should be tree scale, magnolia scale, and used with caution around home oak kermes. plantings. Mealybugs Summer crawler sprays should The mealybugs are soft-bodied be timed to coincide with egg- insects and usually are covered hatch. The most commonly avail- with a powdery, cottony-waxy able and effective material for material. Unlike the scale insects summer application is malathion. The insecticide Sevin has been Yellow-necked caterpillars, which usually feed already discussed, the mealybugs in colonies on pin oaks, will throw back their have legs and are able to move found to be very effective against heads and curl up the tip of the abdomen as a about throughout their entire life. many of the lecanium scales. protective action when they are disturbed. They vary in size from about y Other insecticides which have or numerous. The sprays are most to inch m length when full- been shown to be effective against effective when applied in early grown. The female mealybug de- the scale crawlers are Ethion, June, as soon as possible after posits her eggs in a white, cottony Trithion, phosphamidon, Guthion, the eggs hatch. Several insecticides sack. The species noticed on demeton, phorate, diazinon, chlor- are effective. Malathion is the ornamental trees and shrubs pro- thion, and Cygon. most widely accepted material. duce two or more generations each Chewing or Leaf-Feeding Insects Other materials which have been year. Some common mealybugs Leaf feeding or chewing insects recommended include diazinon, are the grape or taxus mealybug include those species which con- toxaphene, and lead arsenate. The and the juniper mealybug. sume solid foliage tissue. Members new insecticide DD VP is suggested Control of Scale Insects of this group may skeletonize the for trial by professional spraymen. The control of scale insects is foliage or entirely defoliate the Blister Beetles — Blister beetles often difficult because of failure plant. are active, black, gray, or striped to obtain adequate spray coverage. The Bagworm — The bagworm insects which appear suddenly in To be effective, the spray material is a general feeder and may be enormous numbers and strip the must come in contact with the found attacking the foliage of both foliage from some species of orna- insects. Care should be taken to deciduous and evergreen trees and mental trees and vines. The beetles see that the spray is evenly applied shrubs. The bagworm is so named are long, cylindrical, and have an to all parts of the plant. The because the caterpillar spends its unusual appearance because of addition of a wetting agent to life inside a silken, spindle-shaped their long legs. This group of the spray mix will help wet the bag. The bag is usually adorned insects usually appears in large insect and insure penetration of with bits of twigs and leaves from numbers during the summer. They the insecticide through the insect's the host plant and looks so much are difficult to control. The best protective covering. like a part of the tree that it control has been obtained by Scale insects may be controlled usually goes unnoticed until ex- applying 5% granular dieldrin to during both the dormant period tensive damage has been done. the soil beneath the trees or vines. and the growing season. During The bagworm overwinters in the The insects are killed when they the dormant period, apply dor- egg stage inside the old bag. The return to the soil in the cooler mant oil, lime sulfur, or the dinitro eggs hatch in late May and early parts of the evening and night. June. The young caterpillars im- Sprays or dusts of cryolite, chlor- Oystershell scales have infested these apple- mediately spin bags and continue dane, and DDT have also been tree twigs. Large insects are the mature females, while the smaller ones are the young, newly to enlarge them as they grow. suggested. settled crawlers. When the bagworm larvae mature Leaf-feeding Caterpillars — Cat- in late August and early Septem- erpillars, the immature stage of ber, the bags are about 2 inches butterflies and moths, exist in a long. The bags are then attached wide variety of sizes and colors. firmly to twigs or branches and Some may be covered with hairs the worms pupate and change and spines, while others are en- into adults. There is only one tirely naked. They may feed singly generation each year. or in large colonies. All species For bagworm control when only have voracious appetites and con- a few small trees are involved, sume large quantities of foliage. bagworms can be controlled by Most species are easily controlled hand-picking the bags and burning with DDT sprays. In the case of them. This may be done at any- some of the webworms, it is time when the bags are discovered, essential to use high pressure, so but is most easily done during that the foliage inside of the web the fall and winter, or early spring. is covered with the insecticide. Spraying is the most effective Leaf Beetles — 4'Leaf beetles" method when the trees are large is a term applied to several species of hard-shelled beetles of many rots and windthrow. A few species POTTS MIST sizes and colors which feed upon of boring insects are capable of the foliage of shade trees and attacking healthy trees, but the BLOWERS shrubs. They may eat holes in the majority attack trees and shrubs leaves, as in the case of flea only after they have been weak- Mac/e to USDA Requirements beetles, or they may devour the ened or injured from some other foliage completely. Some common cause, such as transplant shock, -tj» examples are the elm leaf beetle drouth, flooding, and dirt fill over and the willow-poplar leaf beetle. the roots. The presence of borers Leaf beetles may be controlled by is often not evident until it is too spraying when the leaves are 24 late to save the tree; therefore,

For pastures, crops, forests, corn, milo, soybeans, expanded, or whenever the insects preventive measures are of the vegetables, small grains, crawfish, fire ants, are found, with dieldrin or DDT. utmost importance. Spray the shade trees, lawns, yards, fly & mosquito control, DDT may cause an increase of municipalities, highways, brush & weed control along rights-of-way, barn & cattle spraying, mites, so incorporate a miticide and custom application. in the spray. Lead arsenate is THREE DIFFERENT MODELS also effective. P-48-S Big 13 hp. model for rapid coverage treats Leaf-rollers and Leaf-tyers 50-foot swath. Thoroughly tested and proven. Delivers The caterpillars included under 4,800 cu. ft. of air per minute. Weighs 475 lbs. $1100-1350. this heading are described sepa- P-24-S Rugged 300 lb. mist blower. Triple square or round outlets will deliver up to 2,400 cu. ft. per minute. rately because the injury caused $800-900. by the insects is quite typical, and P-24-E Economy model, with single outlet or triple is seen more frequently than the outlet, does not include spray tank. All features of P-24-S, including standard pumps, pressure regulators, insects which do the damage. gauges, etc. Weighs 265 lbs. $710. The caterpillars are mostly small, A granule and pellet distributor is available as auxiliary equipment for each of the S. F. Potts Mist Blowers at greenish-yellow, and about 24 inch $50-75, for applying insecticides, herbicides, aerosols, or in length when mature. These fertilizers, while avoiding spray drifts. Tractor P.T.O. units are also available. larvae feed in concealment which they provide for themselves by rolling, folding, or tying leaves to- gether. Control of this group of insects involves early application

of the insecticide before the larvae Fall webworm, a common pest of white oaks have completed their shelters. The and other shade and forest trees, is responsible most commonly recommended for the heavy webbing on this forest tree. control is TDE. Arsenical sprays trunk of transplanted trees with are also of considerable merit. dieldrin, DDT, or lindane prior Other newer insecticides which to wrapping. Be sure to use have shown promise in leaf-roller wettable powder formulations, control include Endrin, Phosdrin, since oil formulations may injure Trithion, Sevin, and Guthion. the bark when the trees are Sawflies — Many shade and wrapped. Wrap the trunk of the Model P-24-S, with square outlets, is shown above ornamental trees are attacked by tree with commercial borer wrap, Now an authorized distributor for colonies of caterpillar-like larvae burlap, or even with aluminum foil. the Back-Pack Mist Blower which strip the plant of its foliage. The beetles which act as borers The larvae have five pairs of are classified into three groups: "SOLO" prolegs and the adults have trans- 1. Flat-headed borers — the S. F. Potts is now an authorized dis- parent wings and a sawlike ovi- tributor of the portable back-pack positor, hence the name. Some sun-loving, metallic- Mist Blower "Solo," manufactured in species are called slugs, because colored wood borers of the West Germany. Applies dust, spray, they superficially resemble small, family Buprestidae, the or granules. $279-298. naked snails. The latter group larvae of which work in As originators of Mist Blowers and the Con- skeletonize the foliage by eating the cambium region. centrated Spray method, we are equipped off the lower surface of the leaf. 2. Round-headed borers — the through extensive experience and research to long-horned beetles of the help each purchaser with information and Sawflies are easily controlled with suggestions on chemicals, equipment, and how applications of DDT. family Cerambycidae, the to spray safely, economically, and effectively. larvae of which bore into Take advantage of our 35 years research in this Borers and Boring Insects field with colleges, experiment stations, and the solid wood. U.S. Department of Agriculture. The larval stage of some beetles 3. The bark beetles — the shot Write today for full details on the and moths are called borers. Some hole borers of the family big, standard, and economy models. of these insects work in the ter- Scolytidae and others. The minal shoots, while others work larvae and adults work in beneath the bark, frequently gir- the cambium region and S. F. POTTS dling and killing the tree; still are attracted to weakened Box 51, Crawford, Mississippi others tunnel in the heartwood, trees. Phone Crawford 2241 which makes the tree subject to The larvae of some of the common moths also infest the insects, the larvae of which feed Cygon, have given long-lasting trunk and larger branches of trees. between the upper and lower leaf effects when applied to the soil Common examples are the car- surfaces. This feeding may take in mid-April. Use a 5% granular penter worm, leopard moth, peach the form of tunnels which may formulation at 1 ounce of actual tree borer, and dogwood borer. be either straight, serpentine, or insecticide per inch of trunk Borers may be killed by spray- blotch. Some of the more common diameter at chest height, or apply ing before the young larvae hatch leafminers are the holly leafminer, one pound of actual toxicant per from the eggs on the bark. The arbor vitae leafminer, boxwood acre. sprays should be applied at month- leafminer, birch leafminer, locust Galls ly intervals during May, June, leafminer, hawthorn leafminer, Galls are abnormal growths on and July. Direct this spray at and the gregarious oak leafminer. leaves or petioles induced by the trunk and larger branches. The control of leafminers de- insect attack. The forms of galls Materials which have been found pends largely upon proper timing vary from the simple to the gro- effective are dieldrin, DDT, lin- of the insecticidal application. If tesque and unusual. Each species dane, and BHC. the insecticide is not present on of insect produces a typical gall Borer larvae in the cambium the foliage before the adults lay formation. Galls are produced by beneath the bark may be cut out their eggs, the larvae already various insects, such as midges, with a sharp knife. The exposed inside the leaves may not be wasps, and aphids. Several dif- wood should then be treated with killed. The first applications should ferent mites also produce galls, a good wound paint. be made early in May and re- of which the hackberry witches' Borers in the wood can some- peated at monthly intervals for broom and the maple bladder gall times be killed if the tunnel is the species which have more than are common examples. Oak and first cleaned out with a piece of one generation per year. Insecti- hickory tre s are the favorite wire, and then nicotine sulfate, cides commonly suggested for the hosts for several hundred different malathion, or carbon disulfide is control of leafminers are DDT, gall insects. injected into the hole. The hole dieldrin, and lindane. Other in- Damage from galls is rarely should be sealed with mud, putty, secticides which show promise in serious enough to justify chemical or caulking compound after in- the control of leafminers are control, and since the gall tissue jection, to confine the fumes. Ethion, Trithion, Cygon, Endo- protects the insect inside, sprays Leafminers thion, malathion, phosphamidon, applied after the galls have de- The category of leafminers con- and Dibrom. Some of the systemic veloped are ineffective. When only tains many different kinds of insecticides, such as phorate and a few galls occur, they may be

MODELS FOR LAND AND WATER

FOR HERBICIDES, FERTILIZERS, SEED

The Cyclone Electric Model shown on boat, heavy duty, flexible drive shaft which fits above, also mounts on garden tractor or tractor PTO. Double agitator, easy setting front or rear of large tractor, truck or jeep. rate gauge, and positive shut-off. Spreads Powered by a self-contained electric up to a 30-foot swath, depending on mate- motor which operates from the electric rial being spread. 1-, 2 3- and 5-bushel system of the vehicle upon which it is mounted. sizes. Time and money savers that can Models also available which operate from put many extra dollars in your pocket. CYCLONE MODEL 20 HAND SPREADER. For fast, precision spreading of pelleted CYCLONE LAWN SPREADER. Famous and granular chemicals; also seed. See your distributor or write for further information for speed, freedom from streaks, Galvanized hopper holds 3 gals, or accuracy. Ideal for fast, precision approx. 20 lbs. Covers a 6- to 8-foot spreading of pelleted and granular swath with most materials. Feathered- fertilizers, herbicides, insecticides, seed, edge spread prevents streaks and THE CYCLONE SEEDER CO., INC. ice melters, etc. Covers a 6- to 8-foot double overlaps. Shield protects swath. Feathered edge spread to pre- operator. Urbana 36, Indiana vent streaks and double overlaps. pruned off and destroyed by burning. Individual trees which have been heavily attacked by galls in previous seasons may be pro- tected by preventive sprays applied early in the season. Dor- mant sprays of liquid lime sulfur are effective in preventing attack by Cooley's spruce gall, the eastern spruce gall aphid, ash flower gall, and the maple bladder gall. Where staining by lime sulfur makes its use impractical, delayed dormant sprays (applied just as the buds are swelling) of malathion are equally effective. Similar sprays of malathion and lindane are effective in preventing hickory pouch galls. Several galls, such as the hackberry nipple gall, vein pocket gall, the marginal fold gall of pin oak, honey-locust pod This pin oak tree has been heavily infested with the marginal fold and pocket galls. Note how the gall, and the gouty oak gall have foliage has been twisted and distorted by the infestations. been successfully prevented by mite, the honey-locust mite, and hackberry psyllid when these in- applications of insecticides when privet mite. Any plants sprayed sects leave their plant hosts and leaves are about % expanded. The with DDT should be closely invade homes in the fall of the insecticides showing the best re- watched for mites, since these year. Actually, these insects are sults have been dieldrin, Sevin, pests are not killed by DDT but easiest to control by attacking the malathion, lindane, and DDT. many of their natural enemies are. insects while they are still on the Treating the soil beneath infested It is always wise to include a host plant; therefore, many PCOs trees in early spring and in the miticide with DDT sprays to have already entered the field of fall with the above materials is prevent mite buildup. ornamental insect control. Since helpful. The aerial and subter- During the past 15 years, a pest control operators have found ranean galls of woolly apple aphids number of new chemicals have this endeavor profitable, it is only on crabapples have been prevented been developed for control of logical to help the customer by by monthly application of phorate mites. These materials, called controlling their other ornamental and demeton. Apply the sprays miticides, do not have any effect insect pests while the equipment to the soil, trunk, and foliage. on insects. Some insecticides, such and materials are at the scene. Mites as Cygon, phorate, malathion, and Successful control of insect pests Mites are not insects, but are parathion, are effective against depends upon thorough coverage, tiny animals closely related to both mites and insects. Most whether they are indoors or out-of- spiders and ticks. They are some- miticides should be reapplied at doors on trees and shrubs. In times called "spider mites" be- periodic intervals throughout the order to get adequate coverage cause they spin silken threads summer. out-of-doors, the small one- and over the host plant. Most mites Some of the newer, more effec- two-gallon sprayers, commonly are so small that they can barely tive miticides include Kelthane, used by the PCO servicemen, will be seen with the naked eye. The Dimite, Chlorobenzilate, Eradex, have to be replaced with larger best way to be sure that mites and Aramite. Tedion and Ovotran, power equipment. The type of are the cause of trouble is to hold primarily ovicides, are most effec- sprayer selected will depend upon a white sheet of paper beneath tive when applied before mite the extent to which one is going a branch and tap it sharply. If populations become abundant. to engage in the care of trees and mites are present, they will fall This discussion will probably shrubs. Small trees, 35 feet in onto the paper and can be seen make many CAs and PCOs hesi- height, may be adequately covered as tiny specks as they crawl about. tate to tackle the job of controlling with some of the small sprayers These specks, correlated with the insect pests for their customers used in termite work; however, typical speckling and webbing, or because it might appear as though tall trees such as the American bronzing, of the foliage, indicate there are too many insect pests elm, oaks, etc., require hydraulic the presence of mites. Evergreens with which they would have to rigs, or even the new air blast and deciduous trees are both sub- become acquainted. However, sprayers and mist blowers. ject to mite attack. Some of the many operators are already very When sprays are applied to a mite species commonly associated well acquainted with several of wide variety of plant materials with ornamental plants include these pests. For example, many under varied conditions, plant the two-spotted mite or red spider, already control the boxelder bug, injury is always a hazard. Two the spruce mite, the European red the elm leaf beetle, and the plant sensitivities are worthy of particular attention at this time. needed to provide ornamental Be Cautious Near Power Lines Cannaert junipers are browned insect pest control services for "CAs must learn to live with by applications of malathion, and customers' outdoor problems. the hazards of electricity," John DDT sprays will defoliage Amur Suggested References M. Ferguson, extension agricul- river privet. A compilation of tural engineer at Kansas State known phytotoxicities was pub- Anonymous. 1956. Lawn Insects, How to Control Them. USDA Home and University, Manhattan, points lished in Pest Control magazine Garden Bulletin No. 35. Superintend- out. "Just using good judgment in June 1960, and should be con- ent of Documents, Washington, D.C. and not taking any chances will sulted for more specific details. English, L. L. 1956. Illinois Trees and help." Shrubs: Their Insect Enemies. Illinois Those investigating the possi- Natural History Survey Circular 47. Pruning, spraying, and moving bilities of entering the field of Schuder, D. L. 1962. Insect Pests of Trees large equipment near high-tension ornamental insect control should and Shrubs. Purdue University Mimeo lines were cited by Ferguson as be interested in selected references. E-41. possible dangers for CAs who do The four references listed below Westcott, Cynthia. 1956. The Gardener's Bug Book. Doubleday and Company, power line or substation weed will provide the basic information Inc., Garden City, N. Y. control work.

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