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Pesticide Use and Toxicology in Relation to Wildlife: Organophosphorus and Carbamate , Compounds

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Pesticide Use and Toxicology in Relation to Wildlife: Organophosphorus and Carbamate , Compounds Utah State University DigitalCommons@USU All U.S. Government Documents (Utah Regional U.S. Government Documents (Utah Regional Depository) Depository) 1987 Pesticide Use and Toxicology in Relation to Wildlife: Organophosphorus and Carbamate , Compounds Gregory J. Smith U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/govdocs Part of the Environmental Indicators and Impact Assessment Commons Recommended Citation Smith, Gregory J. and U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, "Pesticide Use and Toxicology in Relation to Wildlife: Organophosphorus and Carbamate , Compounds" (1987). All U.S. Government Documents (Utah Regional Depository). Paper 510. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/govdocs/510 This Report is brought to you for free and open access by the U.S. Government Documents (Utah Regional Depository) at DigitalCommons@USU. It has been accepted for inclusion in All U.S. Government Documents (Utah Regional Depository) by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@USU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. -,-w - IJ .. i'PBa.6'~132b9.1 :. .,; L ~c-=----=:-,.~ .-~. -.----.. ~--- _ ......, '. ~ .. PB88132691 i ~ 1111111111111111111111111111111 .. o· ,~ :~ \, ~ Pesticide Use and Toxicology .. ~ '4\ I in Relation to Wildlife: ~ ,i Organophosphorus and Carbamate '~ ~ , Compomlds / 1: ~ " L'.' i, ~ ;-~.:u -::;a* . ~PR~BYDEPARTMENTOF COMMERCE u.s. ii NATIONAL TECHNICAL INFORMATION SERVICE SPRINGFIELD. VA 22161 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR Fish and Wildlife Service / Resource Publication 170 f\ \ Resource Publication This pUblication of the Fish and Wildlife Service is one of a series of semi technical or instructional materials deal­ ing with investigations related to wildlife and fish. Each is published as a separate paper. The Service distributes a limited number of these reports for the use of Federal and State agencies and cooperators. A list of recent issues appears on inside back cover. Copies of this publication may be obtained from the Publications Unit, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Matomic Building, Room 148, Washington, DC 20240, or may be purchased from the National Technical Information Service (NTIS), 5285 Port Royal Road, Springfield, VA 22161. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Smith, Gregory James. Pesticide use and toxicology in relation to wildlife. (Resource publication / United States Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service; 170) Supt. of Docs. no.: 149.66:170 1. Pesticides and wildlife. 2. Pesticides-Toxicology. 3. Carbamates-Toxicology. 4. Organophosphorus com­ pounds-Toxicology. 1. Title. II. Series: Resource publica­ tion (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service) ; 170. S914.A3 no. 170 333.95' 4'0973 s 87-600357 [QH545.P4] [639.9'6] Pesticide Use and Toxicology in Relation to Wildlife: Organophosphorus and Carbamate Compounds By Gregory J. Smith UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE Resource Publication 170 Washington, DC • 1987 Contents Page Acknowledgments. .. iii Introduction .. 1 Sources of Information ............................................... 1 Arrangement and Use of the Handbook. 2 Properties of Organophosphorus and Carbamate Pesticides Chemical and Physical Properties ...................................... 2 Biochemical Properties and Mode of Action. 3 Wildlife Toxicology Toxicity Testing . 4 Wildlife Die-offs . 4 Pesticide Risks to Wildlife. 5 Pesticide Field-use Estimates Methods and Data Sources . .. 5 Organophosphorus and Carbamate Pesticide Use ......................... 6 Limitations of the Data. 10 Conclusions . 10 Chemical Summaries and Hazard Evaluations Insecticides ........................................................ 11 Herbicides ......................................................... 114 Fungicides ......................................................... 137 References .......................................................... 149 Appendix A. Species Referenced in the Text ............................. 160 Appendix B. Acute Oral Rat LD50's .................................... 161 Appendix C. Abbreviations Used in the Text ............................. 163 Appendix D. Index to Pesticides ... :;;/............................... : .. 164 ii Acknowledgments Several persons deserve special recognition for their invaluable assistance in the prepara­ tion of this handbook. Russell J. Hall originally conceived the idea for this publication, and he provided direction and encouragement that made this handbook possible. Nancy C. Coon and Donald R. Clark offered advice and support during preparation of the manuscript. Maureen Rowe assisted with references; Toni Greene retyped intermediate drafts; Lynda J. Garrett and Nancy A. Bushby helped obtain the numerous references. The Pesticide Field-use Estimates section could not have been written without the help of Linda K. Vlier, and Kurt 1. Loening provided chemical names. Patricia S. McDonald and Sylvia P. Marshall demonstrated infinite patience in typing drafts of the manuscript. Several Patuxent biologists, physiologists, and chemists provided assistance and comments on earlier drafts, and I thank Elwood F. Hill and Peter H. Albers for critically reviewing the manuscript. Finally, I thank my wife, Kathy, for her help and encouragement. This handbook was prepared under the Cooperative Internship Program of The Institute of Ecology, and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. iii Pesticide Use and Toxicology in Relation to Wildlife: Organophosphorus and Carbamate Compounds by Gregory J. Smith Patuxent Wildlife Research Center u.s. Fish and Wildlife Service Laurel, Maryland 20708 Introduction forests, and wetlands, and undoubtedly exposes many wildlife species to chemical hazards. Organophosphorus The use of organophosphorus and carbamate pesticides compounds represent the largest group of insecticides has increased markedly during the past two decades. Cur­ known (McEwen and Stephenson 1979). During the past rently, more than 100 different organophosphorus and decade, there has been an increase in the lJumber of carbamate chemicals are registered as the active ingre­ reports of wildlife die-offs related to organophosphorus dients in thousands of different pesticide products in the and carbamate pesticide use. This handbook summarizes United States. More than 160 million acre-treatments of available information on organophosphorus and Carbamate these pesticides are estimated to be applied to agricultural pesticides in the wildlife toxicology literature and relates crops and forests each year. Clearly, these two groups of those data to potential hazards to wildlife by e~amining chemicals constitute a major portion of all pesticides used toxicity, environmental persistence; and use patterns of today. the pesticides included. .. Organophosphorus and carbamate compounds have histories dating back long before their use as pesticides. Sources of Information Carbamates were developed during investigation of "ordeal" poisons used in Africa and made from the calabar Chemicals included in this handbook are organophos­ bean, which contains the only known naturally occurring phorus or carbamate compounds, and most, but not all, carbamate ester (Kuhr and Dorough 1976). The insecticidal inhibit cholinesterase activity. All compounds are regis­ activity of carbamates was discovered in 1931 and tered by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency developed in the mid-to-late 1940's. Large quantities were (EPA) as an active ingredient of a product used in the being produced and used by the late 1950's (Kuhr and United States (Office of Pesticide Programs 1982). Some Dorough 1976). Although much research on organo­ of these compounds, although still registered by EPA, are phosphorus compounds was done in the 19th century, the no longer in production. The primary common names for insecticidal activity of these chemicals was not discovered each chemical are generally those given in Blalock et al. until 1937 (Eto 1974). In Germany, during World War II, (1979), adopted by the American National Standards the compounds were rapidly developed as insecticides, Institute, or are names accepted by the International and during the 1950's the commercial use of organo­ Organization for Standardization, British Standards In­ phosphates expanded markedly (Eto 1974). Presently, stitution, or the Weed Science Society of America. K. L. organophosphorus and carbamate pesticides are used as Loening, Director of Nomenclature, Chemical Abstract insecticides, herbicides, nematicides, acaricides, Service, provided Chemical Abstract Service registry fungicides, rodenticides, and bird repellents throughout numbers (CAS numbers) and chemical names according the world. to the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemists The discovery that organochlorine pesticides, such as (IUP AC) rules of organic nomenclature; however, I DDT, are highly persistent, bioconcentrate in food chains, assume all responsibility for errors in this pUblication. The and can severely affect whole populations or species of IUP AC chemical names are also the Chemical Abstract wildlife has led to bans and use restrictions (Stickel 1975). Service names for the 1967-71 indexes. Other common The decreased use of organochlorine pesticides has and trade names are from Berg (1982), Thomson (1982), further expanded the market for the less-persistent and Beste (1983). Trade names are used only to enable organophosphates and carbamates (Murphy
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