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3-27-2017 Nerve Agents
Week of March 13, 2017 – Nerve Agents Last month, on February 13, Kim Jong-nam, the exiled half-brother of North Korea's ruler, Kim Jong Un, was murdered by having the nerve agent, VX-gas, sprayed into his face while at Malaysia’s Kuala Lumpur International Airport. According to the Council on Foreign Relations (CFR), VX is the most toxic nerve agent ever synthesized. The CFR (founded in 1921) is a United States 4900-member organization, nonprofit, publisher, and think tank specializing in U.S. foreign policy and international affairs. The median lethal dose (LD50) of VX due to skin contact (not ingestion) for humans is estimated to be about 10 mg or 0.00035 ounces (that’s about 1/20 of a drop of liquid!). The median lethal airborne concentration (LC50) for this material, for which humans would inhale, is estimated to be 30 – 50 milligrams per cubic meter for only one minute! Typically, inhalation exposures are measured over an 8-hour time period. Yet, the effectiveness of VX is measured as an airborne exposure contaminant within a minute time period! VX is one a of number of chemical substances that is classified as a nerve agent. The principal nerve agents are sarin (GB), soman (GD), tabun (GA), and VX. They are manmade compounds that have been manufactured for the sole purpose to be used in chemical warfare. Nerve agents are organophosphorus compounds and therefore, are similar in mechanism of action as a number of pesticides; some of the most notable being malathion, parathion, and diazinon. As its name implies, these chemicals have a phosphorus atom connected to an organic molecule; the molecular variations of these materials are quite numerous. -
Chlorpyrifos (Dursban) Ddvp (Dichlorvos) Diazinon Malathion Parathion
CHLORPYRIFOS (DURSBAN) DDVP (DICHLORVOS) DIAZINON MALATHION PARATHION Method no.: 62 Matrix: Air Procedure: Samples are collected by drawing known volumes of air through specially constructed glass sampling tubes, each containing a glass fiber filter and two sections of XAD-2 adsorbent. Samples are desorbed with toluene and analyzed by GC using a flame photometric detector (FPD). Recommended air volume and sampling rate: 480 L at 1.0 L/min except for Malathion 60 L at 1.0 L/min for Malathion Target concentrations: 1.0 mg/m3 (0.111 ppm) for Dichlorvos (PEL) 0.1 mg/m3 (0.008 ppm) for Diazinon (TLV) 0.2 mg/m3 (0.014 ppm) for Chlorpyrifos (TLV) 15.0 mg/m3 (1.11 ppm) for Malathion (PEL) 0.1 mg/m3 (0.008 ppm) for Parathion (PEL) Reliable quantitation limits: 0.0019 mg/m3 (0.21 ppb) for Dichlorvos (based on the RAV) 0.0030 mg/m3 (0.24 ppb) for Diazinon 0.0033 mg/m3 (0.23 ppb) for Chlorpyrifos 0.0303 mg/m3 (2.2 ppb) for Malathion 0.0031 mg/m3 (0.26 ppb) for Parathion Standard errors of estimate at the target concentration: 5.3% for Dichlorvos (Section 4.6.) 5.3% for Diazinon 5.3% for Chlorpyrifos 5.6% for Malathion 5.3% for Parathion Status of method: Evaluated method. This method has been subjected to the established evaluation procedures of the Organic Methods Evaluation Branch. Date: October 1986 Chemist: Donald Burright Organic Methods Evaluation Branch OSHA Analytical Laboratory Salt Lake City, Utah 1 of 27 T-62-FV-01-8610-M 1. -
Hawaii on Two Foliage Plants, Dwarf Brassaia Diazinon Plant After Spots
in Japan and England will be given by Tosh Fu- {Brassaia arboricola) and Dwarf Ti {Cordyline chikami of O.M. Scotts and Ray McMicken of B. terminalis 'Madameandre') to determine their Hayman Co., respectively. phototoxicity to selected insecticides and acara- cides. Plants, growing in 6-inch pots, were treated Farwest Show by submerging the aerial portions of the plant in Farwest Nursery, Garden, and Supply Show water suspensions of 7 pesticides for 15seconds. will be September 8-10, 1975, at the Memorial Granular formulations of 2 pesticides were ap Coliseum in Portland, Oregon. For information plied to the soil surface. Materials, at 2X stand contact: Farwest Nursery Show, Suite GA-7, ard rates, were as follows: 222 S.W. Harrison, Protland, OR. 97201. Amount formulation per: ASHS The 72d annual meeting of ASHS (American Material and formulation 1-gallon water 6-inch pot Society for Horticultural Science) will be held in chlorobenzilate 4E 2t — Honolulu, September 8 to 13, 1975, at the dicofol (Kelthane) 35WP 2T - Sheraton-Waikiki Hotel. Meeting concurrently Pentac 50WP 2T — with ASHS will be the American Horticulture carbaryl (Sevin) 50WP 2T - Society. The University of Hawaii will host the diazinon AG500 (48% EC) 2t - meeting with Dr. Richard Bullock, general chair dimethoate (Cygon) 2E 2t — man. Dr. Henry Nakasone will serve as assistant Volck Oil Supreme 2T - general chairman, Dr. Phil Parvin as local arrange aldicarb (Temik) 10G - 1.5t ments chairman, and Dr. Richard Criley as pro disulfoton (Di-Syston) 15G - 1.5t gram chairman. Neighbor island tours will be untreated controls - conducted following the meetings. -
Chemical Name Federal P Code CAS Registry Number Acutely
Acutely / Extremely Hazardous Waste List Federal P CAS Registry Acutely / Extremely Chemical Name Code Number Hazardous 4,7-Methano-1H-indene, 1,4,5,6,7,8,8-heptachloro-3a,4,7,7a-tetrahydro- P059 76-44-8 Acutely Hazardous 6,9-Methano-2,4,3-benzodioxathiepin, 6,7,8,9,10,10- hexachloro-1,5,5a,6,9,9a-hexahydro-, 3-oxide P050 115-29-7 Acutely Hazardous Methanimidamide, N,N-dimethyl-N'-[2-methyl-4-[[(methylamino)carbonyl]oxy]phenyl]- P197 17702-57-7 Acutely Hazardous 1-(o-Chlorophenyl)thiourea P026 5344-82-1 Acutely Hazardous 1-(o-Chlorophenyl)thiourea 5344-82-1 Extremely Hazardous 1,1,1-Trichloro-2, -bis(p-methoxyphenyl)ethane Extremely Hazardous 1,1a,2,2,3,3a,4,5,5,5a,5b,6-Dodecachlorooctahydro-1,3,4-metheno-1H-cyclobuta (cd) pentalene, Dechlorane Extremely Hazardous 1,1a,3,3a,4,5,5,5a,5b,6-Decachloro--octahydro-1,2,4-metheno-2H-cyclobuta (cd) pentalen-2- one, chlorecone Extremely Hazardous 1,1-Dimethylhydrazine 57-14-7 Extremely Hazardous 1,2,3,4,10,10-Hexachloro-6,7-epoxy-1,4,4,4a,5,6,7,8,8a-octahydro-1,4-endo-endo-5,8- dimethanonaph-thalene Extremely Hazardous 1,2,3-Propanetriol, trinitrate P081 55-63-0 Acutely Hazardous 1,2,3-Propanetriol, trinitrate 55-63-0 Extremely Hazardous 1,2,4,5,6,7,8,8-Octachloro-4,7-methano-3a,4,7,7a-tetra- hydro- indane Extremely Hazardous 1,2-Benzenediol, 4-[1-hydroxy-2-(methylamino)ethyl]- 51-43-4 Extremely Hazardous 1,2-Benzenediol, 4-[1-hydroxy-2-(methylamino)ethyl]-, P042 51-43-4 Acutely Hazardous 1,2-Dibromo-3-chloropropane 96-12-8 Extremely Hazardous 1,2-Propylenimine P067 75-55-8 Acutely Hazardous 1,2-Propylenimine 75-55-8 Extremely Hazardous 1,3,4,5,6,7,8,8-Octachloro-1,3,3a,4,7,7a-hexahydro-4,7-methanoisobenzofuran Extremely Hazardous 1,3-Dithiolane-2-carboxaldehyde, 2,4-dimethyl-, O- [(methylamino)-carbonyl]oxime 26419-73-8 Extremely Hazardous 1,3-Dithiolane-2-carboxaldehyde, 2,4-dimethyl-, O- [(methylamino)-carbonyl]oxime. -
Azinphos Methyl Analysis of Risks to Endangered and Threatened Salmon and Steelhead
Azinphos methyl Analysis of Risks to Endangered and Threatened Salmon and Steelhead July 23, 2003 William Erickson, Ph.D. and Larry Turner, Ph.D. Environmental Field Branch Office of Pesticide Programs Summary Azinphos methyl is an organophosphate pesticide registered for control of insects on a variety of crops, mainly fruits and nuts. Azinphos methyl is very highly toxic to fish and aquatic invertebrates. An ecological risk assessment that includes nontarget aquatic organisms was prepared by OPP’s Environmental Fate and Effects Division (EFED) in 1999, and an Interim Reregistration Eligibility Decision (IRED) was issued in October of 2001. The assessment concludes that acute and chronic Levels of Concern (LOCs) are exceeded for threatened and endangered (T&E or listed) freshwater fish as a result of runoff and drift of azinphos methyl from all treatment sites. Acute and chronic levels of concern also are exceeded for individuals of T&E invertebrates, as well as populations of invertebrates that may serve as food for listed fish. A subsequent agreement between azinphos methyl registrants and the Agency has led to 23 uses being canceled; seven other uses being phased out in 2005. Mitigation measures will reduce application rates and add no-spray buffers to product labels. Despite these measures, we conclude that azinphos methyl may affect 25 Evolutionarily Significant Units (ESUs) and will have no effect on one ESU. Our determinations are based on the known or potential use of azinphos methyl on various use sites in each county where there is habitat or a migration corridor for an ESU and the acute and chronic risks of azinphos methyl to endangered fish. -
Diazinon 50W INSECTICIDE
RESTRICTED USE PESTICIDE DUE TO AVIAN AND AQUATIC TOXICITY FOR RETAIL SALE TO AND USE ONLY BY CERTIFIED APPLICATORS OR PERSONS UNDER THEIR DIRECT SUPERVISION AND ONLY FOR THOSE USES COVERED BY THE CERTIFIED APPLICATOR’S CERTIFICATION. Diazinon 50W INSECTICIDE For control of certain insects on fruits, vegetables, nuts, field crops, and ornamentals grown outdoors in nurseries. ACTIVE INGREDIENT % BY WT. Diazinon: O,O-diethyl O-(2-isopropyl-6-methyl-4-pyrimidinyl) phosphorothioate ................................................................................................. 50.0% INERT INGREDIENTS ....................................................................................................................................................................................................... 50.0% TOTAL................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 100.0% EPA Reg. No. 66222-10 KEEP OUT OF REACH OF CHILDREN CAUTION FIRST AID CONTAINS AN ORGANOPHOSPHATE THAT INHIBITS CHOLINESTERASE IF SWALLOWED: Call a poison control center or doctor immediately for treatment advice. Do not induce vomiting unless told to by a poison con- trol center or doctor. Have person sip a glass of water if able to swallow. Do not give anything by mouth to an unconscious or convulsing person. IF INHALED: Move person to fresh air. If person is not breathing, call 911 or an ambulance, then -
Innovative Biocatalysts As Tools to Detect and Inactivate Nerve Agents Elena Porzio1, Francesca Bettazzi2, Luigi Mandrich1, Immacolata Del Giudice1, Odile F
www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Innovative Biocatalysts as Tools to Detect and Inactivate Nerve Agents Elena Porzio1, Francesca Bettazzi2, Luigi Mandrich1, Immacolata Del Giudice1, Odile F. Restaino3, Serena Laschi4, Ferdinando Febbraio1, Valentina De Luca1, 3 1 5 6 Received: 24 February 2018 Maria G. Borzacchiello , Teresa M. Carusone , Franz Worek , Antonio Pisanti , Piero Porcaro6, Chiara Schiraldi3, Mario De Rosa3, Ilaria Palchetti 2 & Giuseppe Manco1 Accepted: 25 July 2018 Published: xx xx xxxx Pesticides and warfare nerve agents are frequently organophosphates (OPs) or related compounds. Their acute toxicity highlighted more than ever the need to explore applicable strategies for the sensing, decontamination and/or detoxifcation of these compounds. Herein, we report the use of two diferent thermostable enzyme families capable to detect and inactivate OPs. In particular, mutants of carboxylesterase-2 from Alicyclobacillus acidocaldarius and of phosphotriesterase-like lactonases from Sulfolobus solfataricus and Sulfolobus acidocaldarius, have been selected and assembled in an optimized format for the development of an electrochemical biosensor and a decontamination formulation, respectively. The features of the developed tools have been tested in an ad-hoc fabricated chamber, to mimic an alarming situation of exposure to a nerve agent. Choosing ethyl-paraoxon as nerve agent simulant, a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.4 nM, after 5 s of exposure time was obtained. Furthermore, an optimized enzymatic formulation was used for a fast and efcient environmental detoxifcation (>99%) of the nebulized nerve agent simulants in the air and on surfaces. Crucial, large- scale experiments have been possible thanks to production of grams amounts of pure (>90%) enzymes. Pesticides and warfare nerve agents are frequently organophosphates (OPs) or related compounds (e.g. -
MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEET Diazinon AG500 Page 1 of 6
MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEET Diazinon AG500 Page 1 of 6 1. IDENTIFICATION Product name: Diazinon AG500 (EPA Reg. No. 66222-9) Chemical name of active ingredient(s): Diazinon: O,O-diethyl O-(2-isopropyl-6-methyl-4-pyrimidinyl) phosphorothioate Manufacturer/Registrant: Makhteshim Agan of North America, Inc. 3120 Highwoods Blvd., Suite 100 Raleigh, NC 27604 Phone: 919-256-9300 For fire, spill, and/or leak emergencies, contact Phone: 1-800-535-5053 Infotrac: For medical emergencies and health and Phone: 1-877-250-9291 safety inquiries, contact Prosar: 2. COMPOSITION/INFORMATION ON INGREDIENTS COMMON NAME CAS NO. % OSHA PEL ACGIH TLV OTHER NTP/IARC/OSHA (CARCINOGEN) Diazinon 333-41-5 48 NE 0.1 mg/m3 (TWA) NE NA Aromatic petroleum 123 mg/m3 hydrocarbons 25551-13-7 39.2 NE (TWA) NE NA Contains: Pseudocumene (1,2,4- 123 mg/m3 trimethylbenzene) 95-63-6 9.0* NE (TWA) NE NA 435 mg/m3 434 mg/m3 m-Xylene 108-38-3 3.1* (TWA) (TWA) NE NA 435 mg/m3 434 mg/m3 o-Xylene 95-47-6 3.1* (TWA) (TWA) NE NA *Amount in finished product. NE=not established; NA=not available 3. HAZARDS IDENTIFICATIONS PHYSICAL PROPERTIES: Appearance: Amber liquid Odor: Slight sulfur-like EMERGENCY OVERVIEW: CAUTION. Harmful if swallowed, inhaled or absorbed through skin. Causes moderate eye injury. Avoid contact with eyes, skin, or clothing. Avoid breathing vapor or spray mist. Prolonged or frequently repeated skin contact may cause allergic reactions in some individuals. Avoid contamination of food and feed. Food utensils such as tablespoons and measuring cups should not be used for food purposes after use in measuring pesticides. -
Healthcare Resource
Health Care Resource: Links between Pesticide Exposures and Mental Health Prepared by the Mental Health and Environment Working Group of the Collaborative on Health and the Environment www.healthandenvironment.org Mental Health Effects from Pesticide Exposure Exposure to pesticides can have behavioral and psychiatric consequences. The purpose of this resource is to help mental health clinicians and health care providers become aware of the association between pesticide exposure and these consequences and to provide links to relevant research findings. Many people are at risk of pesticide exposure, including those who: • work in agriculture, landscaping or other settings (such as grocery stores, schools, daycares and office buildings) in which pest problems are treated with chemicals; • live downwind from where aerial spraying of pesticides is done; • live in communities where spray and runoff can contaminate both surface and ground water; or • live in urban dwellings where pest control is used. Outside use may take months for the pesticide to degrade to half-life or roughly half potency. Indoors there are no degrading elements such as sunshine, soil or rain to degrade potency; these undegraded pesticides can be re-suspended into the air in dust particles. Health care providers should consider the possibility that the symptoms associated with mental health disorders, such as irritability, depression or anxiety, may be the result of acute or chronic pesticide exposure. No matter what the presenting ailment may be, clinicians who care for individuals either at risk of pesticide exposure or those with known exposure are encouraged to inquire about the presence of depression, anxiety, or any of the other symptoms listed below. -
Qsar Analysis of the Chemical Hydrolysis of Organophosphorus Pesticides in Natural Waters
QSAR ANALYSIS OF THE CHEMICAL HYDROLYSIS OF ORGANOPHOSPHORUS PESTICIDES IN NATURAL WATERS. by Kenneth K. Tanji Principal Investigator and Jonathan 1. Sullivan Graduate Research Assistant Department of Land, Air and Water Resources University of California, Davis Technical Completion Report Project Number W-843 August, 1995 University of California Water Resource Center The research leading to this report was supported by the University of California Water Resource Center as part of Water Resource Center Project W-843. Table of Contents Page Abstract 2 Problem and Research Objectives 3 Introduction 5 Theoretical Background 6 QSAR Methodology 7 Molecular Connectivity Theory 8 Organophosphorus Pesticides 12 Experimental Determination of Rates 15 Results and Discussion 17 Principal Findings and Significance 19 References 34 List of Tables Page Table 1. Statistical relationship between OP pesticides and first-order MC/'s. 30 Table 2. Inherent conditions of waters used in experimental work. 16 Table 3. Estimated half-lives for organophosphorus esters derived from model. 31 Table 4. Half-lives and first-order MCI' sfor model calibration data set. 31 Table 5. Experimental kinetic data for validation set compounds, Sacramento. 33 List of Figures Page Figure 1. Essential Features OfQSAR Modeling Methodology. 21 Figure 2. Regression plot for In hydrolysis rate vs. 1st order MCl' s. 22 Figure 3. a 3-D molecular model, a line-segment model and a graphical model. 23 Figure 4. Molecular connectivity index suborders. 24 Figure 5. Chlorpyrifos and its fourteen fourth order path/cluster fragments. 25 Figure 6. Abridged MClndex output. 26 Figure 7. Parent acids of most common organophosphorus pesticides. 12 Figure 8. -
Environmental Health Criteria 63 ORGANOPHOSPHORUS
Environmental Health Criteria 63 ORGANOPHOSPHORUS INSECTICIDES: A GENERAL INTRODUCTION Please note that the layout and pagination of this web version are not identical with the printed version. Organophophorus insecticides: a general introduction (EHC 63, 1986) INTERNATIONAL PROGRAMME ON CHEMICAL SAFETY ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH CRITERIA 63 ORGANOPHOSPHORUS INSECTICIDES: A GENERAL INTRODUCTION This report contains the collective views of an international group of experts and does not necessarily represent the decisions or the stated policy of the United Nations Environment Programme, the International Labour Organisation, or the World Health Organization. Published under the joint sponsorship of the United Nations Environment Programme, the International Labour Organisation, and the World Health Organization World Health Orgnization Geneva, 1986 The International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS) is a joint venture of the United Nations Environment Programme, the International Labour Organisation, and the World Health Organization. The main objective of the IPCS is to carry out and disseminate evaluations of the effects of chemicals on human health and the quality of the environment. Supporting activities include the development of epidemiological, experimental laboratory, and risk-assessment methods that could produce internationally comparable results, and the development of manpower in the field of toxicology. Other activities carried out by the IPCS include the development of know-how for coping with chemical accidents, coordination -
Carbaryl Human Health and Ecological Risk Assessment Revised Final Report
SERA TR-052-01-05a Carbaryl Human Health and Ecological Risk Assessment Revised Final Report Submitted to: Paul Mistretta, COR USDA/Forest Service, Southern Region 1720 Peachtree RD, NW Atlanta, Georgia 30309 USDA Forest Service Contract: AG-3187-C-06-0010 USDA Forest Order Number: AG-43ZP-D-06-0009 SERA Internal Task No. 52-01 Submitted by: Patrick R. Durkin and Cynthia King Syracuse Environmental Research Associates, Inc. 5100 Highbridge St., 42C Fayetteville, New York 13066-0950 Fax: (315) 637-0445 E-Mail: [email protected] Home Page: www.sera-inc.com February 9, 2008 Table of Contents Table of Contents............................................................................................................................ ii List of Figures................................................................................................................................. v List of Tables .................................................................................................................................. v List of Attachments........................................................................................................................ vi List of Appendices ......................................................................................................................... vi COMMON UNIT CONVERSIONS AND ABBREVIATIONS................................................... ix CONVERSION OF SCIENTIFIC NOTATION ............................................................................ x EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ..........................................................................................................