We Declare Lynching an Indefensible Crime, Destructive of All Principles Of

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

We Declare Lynching an Indefensible Crime, Destructive of All Principles Of Texas Civil Rights Trailblazers #1 Texas Civil Rights Trailblazers #2 Back in 1918 Negroes could not vote and women could not vote either. The white women were trying to help get a bill passed in the legislature where women could vote. I said to the Negro women, “I don’t know if we can use it now or not, but if there’s a chance, I want to say we helped make it. —Christia Adair I give you the gift of knowledge that, as long as you have your life and health, you can achieve anything. You can speak up and fight for justice and fairness. You can reach your dreams. You can fulfill your potential. —Suzanne Ahn Texas Curriculum Texas Curriculum Texas Civil Rights Trailblazers #3 Texas Civil Rights Trailblazers #4 We declare lynching an indefensible crime, destructive of all principles of government, hostile I am trying to show the world that we are all to every ideal of religion and humanity, degrading human beings, and that color is not important. and debasing to every person involved. We What is important is the quality of our work. pledge ourselves to create a new public opinion —Alvin Ailey in the South which will not condone for any reason whatever acts of the mob or lynchers. —Jessie Ames Texas Curriculum Texas Curriculum Texas Civil Rights Trailblazers #2 Texas Civil Rights Trailblazers #1 Suzanne Ahn Christia V. Adair b. Pusan, Korea, 1952 d. Dallas, 6/22/2003 b. Victoria, Texas, 10/22/1893 d. Houston, 12/31/1989 Active: 1980–2003 Active: 1920–1925 and 1943–1972 Biography / Dallas neurologist Suzanne Insook Ahn organized Biography / From 1918 to 1925 she organized Euro American and Afri- demonstrations at Dallas nightclubs that barred Asian Pacific can American women in Kingsville, Texas, to work together for suffrage American patrons. She served as a leader in organizations that and to close a local gambling house that employed teenage boys. After promote the rights of Asian Americans and of women physicians, her husband died, she served as executive secretary of the National Asso- and she cofounded National Doctors for Equal Rights Amendment. ciation for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) in Houston for When the 1991 Civil Rights Act specifically excluded Filipino and 12 years. In 1957 she courageously testified in a lengthy trial to prevent Native American cannery workers in Alaska, Dr. Ahn flew to the Houston police from taking NAACP membership records, and she Washington, D.C., to confront legislators. In 2002, knowing her endured persecution until her position was upheld by the Supreme death from inoperable lung cancer was near, she gave $100,000 to Court two years later. In the 1960s and 1970s, she helped desegregate the Asian American Journalists Association to encourage those who the Houston public library, airport, veteran’s hospital, city buses, juries, are telling the stories about the fight for civil rights and social justice county employment, and department store dressing rooms. for Asian Pacific Americans. Honors / Christia V. Adair County Park in Houston; life recognition Honors / Profiles in Leadership Award given by Southern Methodist “Suffragette” award, Houston Chapter of the National Organization for University (2002); recognition as a National Library of Medicine Women (1974); Woman of the Year, Zeta Phi Beta Sorority (1952). “Local Legend”; included in UT–Austin’s Great Texas Women Question / Do an Internet search to find photographs (images) illustrat- exhibition. ing four different kinds of segregated facilities. Write a caption for each Question / Use a search engine to find the Web site of the Asian photograph. American Journalists Association. What are some concerns of the Looping Question: Which judge followed up to make sure her organization at this time? Write a paragraph giving details about one own court-ordered prison reforms were carried out? of their concerns. In a second paragraph, give your own opinion. Looping Question: Which judge followed up to make sure her own court-ordered prison reforms were carried out? Photo: National Library of Medicine Texas Civil Rights Trailblazers #4 Texas Civil Rights Trailblazers #3 Jessie Daniel Ames Alvin Ailey b. Palestine, Texas, 11/2/1883 d. Austin, Texas, 2/21/1972 b. Rogers, Texas, 1/05/1931 d. New York, 12/01/1989 Active: 1918–1942 Active: 1954–1989 Biography / Jessie Ames worked with the state Equal Suffrage Biography / Alvin Ailey learned to love gospel music as a child attend- Association to make Texas the first southern state to pass the ing the New Vine Baptist Church in Navasota, Texas, with his mother. 19th Amendment. She was founder and first president of the When they moved to Los Angeles in 1943, he began studying dance. He Texas League of Women Voters. She became director of the Texas formed his own company in 1958, and as a choreographer, he explored Commission on Interracial Cooperation in 1924 and in 1929 moved American and African American dance. In 1969 he founded the Alvin to Atlanta to head the National Council on Interracial Cooperation. Ailey American Dance Center School to train dance students from all In 1930 she founded the Association of Southern Women for the over the world. A firm believer in arts in education, he created student Prevention of Lynching, a group of Euro American women organized programs in communities traditionally underserved by the arts. Ailey’s to fight racial violence and vigilante executions. She returned to her best-known choreographic creation, Revelations, was inspired by his Texas home in Georgetown in 1968. Texas childhood. Honors / Southwestern University in Georgetown, Texas, sponsors Honors / NAACP Spingarn Medal (1977); United Nations Peace the Jessie Daniel Ames Lecture Series; alcove in the A. Frank Smith Medal (1982); modern dance’s prestigious Samuel H. Scripps Jr. Library at Southwestern University, Georgetown, honors her; American Festival Dance Award (1987). included in Invisible Giants: Fifty Americans Who Shaped the Nation Question / Find three Internet descriptions of Ailey’s dance But Missed the History Books (2002), edited by Mark Carnes. program Revelations. Give the URLs for each, then write about the Question / Find and copy the lyrics to the song “Strange Fruit.” theme in your own words. Do you think dance can promote better Do you think art and music should address horrific topics such understanding between cultures? If so, how? If not, suggest a better as lynching? Below the lyrics, write a paragraph expressing your way and describe it. opinion. Looping Question: Who supported the cause of workers in the Looping Question: Who founded the GI Forum to help Mexican San Antonio Pecan Shellers’ Strike in 1938? American veterans attain their benefits? Photo: Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division, Carl Photo: PICB 13189, Austin History Center, Austin Public Library Van Vechten Collection, reproduction number LC-USZ62-54231 Texas Civil Rights Trailblazers #5 Texas Civil Rights Trailblazers #6 All for one and one for all. —J. T. Canales In this town there is no such thing as Methodist mumps, Baptist domestic troubles, Presbyterian poverty, or Catholic broken legs. —Henry Cohen Texas Curriculum Texas Curriculum Texas Civil Rights Trailblazers #7 Texas Civil Rights Trailblazers #8 I have no natural children. I have adopted the world. —Juanita Craft It has been full six weeks since I have found any man with the temerity to look us in the eye and say he opposed women’s voting in the face of the outrageous condition that has been proven to prevail in our state government. —Minnie Fisher Cunningham Texas Curriculum Texas Curriculum Texas Civil Rights Trailblazers #6 Texas Civil Rights Trailblazers #5 Henry Cohen José Tomás (J. T.) Canales b. London, 4/7/1863 d. Galveston, Texas, 6/12/1952 b. Nueces County, Texas 3/7/1877 d. Brownsville, Texas, 3/30/1976 Active: 1888–1949 Active: 1905–1951 Biography / Rabbi Cohen of Galveston’s Temple B’nai Israel helped Biography / In 1919 State Representative J. T. Canales filed charges Jews and other immigrants who arrived at the city’s port of entry find against the Texas Rangers with documented cases of vigilante-style homes in Texas and beyond. As a lieutenant during World War I, Rabbi oppression of Mexican Americans in the lower Rio Grande Valley; as Cohen was responsible for getting the U.S. Congress to provide Jewish a result, the force was reorganized. A founder of the League of United naval chaplains. Serving on the Texas Prison Board during the 1920s, he Latin American Citizens (LULAC) in 1929, he worked for the organiza- successfully pushed for improved medical facilities, vocational training, tion’s growth and advancement. It was Canales who gave LULAC its and segregation of hardened criminals from first offenders. He made motto: “All for one and one for all.” In 1931 he was one of the attorneys daily bicycle trips around Galveston to help needy citizens regardless of in Del Rio ISD v. Salvatierra, the state’s first case challenging segregated their religion. “Mexican” schools, a question not finally resolved in Texas until 1971. Honors / University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, gives the Honors / J. T. Canales Distinguished Alumni Award given by the annual Rabbi Henry Cohen Humanitarian Award; Rabbi Henry University of Michigan Law School; J. T. Canales Elementary School Cohen Community House built by B’nai Israel; Texas Historical in Brownsville named for him; House of Representatives of the 79th Commission marker on the Galveston County Courthouse honors Texas Legislature paid tribute to him for his exceptional contributions him. (2005). Question / Use the Handbook of Texas Online and one other source Question / In addition to advocating civil rights for Mexican to (1) make a list of Rabbi Cohen’s accomplishments; and (2) write a Americans, J.
Recommended publications
  • BIGGERS, JOHN THOMAS, 1924-2001. John Biggers Papers, 1950-2001
    BIGGERS, JOHN THOMAS, 1924-2001. John Biggers papers, 1950-2001 Emory University Stuart A. Rose Manuscript, Archives, and Rare Book Library Atlanta, GA 30322 404-727-6887 [email protected] Collection Stored Off-Site All or portions of this collection are housed off-site. Materials can still be requested but researchers should expect a delay of up to two business days for retrieval. Descriptive Summary Creator: Biggers, John Thomas, 1924-2001. Title: John Biggers papers, 1950-2001 Call Number: Manuscript Collection No. 1179 Extent: 31 linear feet (62 boxes), 6 oversized papers boxes and 2 oversized papers folders (OP), 2 oversized bound volumes (OBV), 1 extra-oversized paper (XOP), and AV Masters: .25 linear feet (1 box) Abstract: Papers of African American mural artist and professor John Biggers including correspondence, photographs, printed materials, professional materials, subject files, writings, and audiovisual materials documenting his work as an artist and educator. Language: Materials entirely in English. Administrative Information Restrictions on Access Special restrictions apply: Use copies have not been made for audiovisual material in this collection. Researchers must contact the Rose Library at least two weeks in advance for access to these items. Collection restrictions, copyright limitations, or technical complications may hinder the Rose Library's ability to provide access to audiovisual material. Collection stored off-site. Researchers must contact the Rose Library in advance to access this collection. Terms Governing Use and Reproduction All requests subject to limitations noted in departmental policies on reproduction. Emory Libraries provides copies of its finding aids for use only in research and private study.
    [Show full text]
  • Congressional Record United States Th of America PROCEEDINGS and DEBATES of the 112 CONGRESS, FIRST SESSION
    E PL UR UM IB N U U S Congressional Record United States th of America PROCEEDINGS AND DEBATES OF THE 112 CONGRESS, FIRST SESSION Vol. 157 WASHINGTON, MONDAY, MARCH 14, 2011 No. 38 House of Representatives The House met at noon and was I have visited Japan twice, once back rifice our values and our future all in called to order by the Speaker pro tem- in 2007 and again in 2009 when I took the name of deficit reduction. pore (Mr. CAMPBELL). my oldest son. It’s a beautiful country; Where Americans value health pro- f and I know the people of Japan to be a tections, the Republican CR slashes resilient, generous, and hardworking funding for food safety inspection, DESIGNATION OF SPEAKER PRO people. In this time of inexpressible community health centers, women’s TEMPORE suffering and need, please know that health programs, and the National In- The SPEAKER pro tempore laid be- the people of South Carolina and the stitutes of Health. fore the House the following commu- people of America stand with the citi- Where Americans value national se- nication from the Speaker: zens of Japan. curity, the Republican plan eliminates WASHINGTON, DC, May God bless them, and may God funding for local police officers and March 14, 2011. continue to bless America. firefighters protecting our commu- I hereby appoint the Honorable JOHN f nities and slashes funding for nuclear CAMPBELL to act as Speaker pro tempore on nonproliferation, air marshals, and this day. FUNDING THE FEDERAL Customs and Border Protection. Where JOHN A. BOEHNER, GOVERNMENT Americans value the sacrifice our men Speaker of the House of Representatives.
    [Show full text]
  • Texas Civil Rights Trailblazers
    Texas Civil Rights Trailblazers 9 Time • Handout 1-1: Complete List of Trailblazers (for teacher use) 3 short sessions (10 minutes per session) and 5 full • Handout 2-1: Sentence Strips, copied, cut, and pasted class periods (50 minutes per period) onto construction paper • Handout 2-2: Categories (for teacher use) Overview • Handout 2-3: Word Triads Discussion Guide (optional), one copy per student This unit is initially phased in with several days of • Handout 3-1: Looping Question Cue Sheet (for teacher use) short interactive activities during a regular unit on • Handout 3-2: Texas Civil Rights Trailblazer Word Search twentieth-Century Texas History. The object of the (optional), one copy per student phasing activities is to give students multiple oppor- • Handout 4-1: Rubric for Research Question, one copy per tunities to hear the names of the Trailblazers and student to begin to become familiar with them and their • Handout 4-2: Think Sheet, one copy per student contributions: when the main activity is undertaken, • Handout 4-3: Trailblazer Keywords (optional), one copy students will have a better perspective on his/her per student Trailblazer within the general setting of Texas in the • Paint masking tape, six markers, and 18 sheets of twentieth century. scrap paper per class • Handout 7-1: Our Texas Civil Rights Trailblazers, one Essential Question copy per every five students • How have courageous Texans extended democracy? • Handout 8-1: Exam on Texas Civil Rights Trailblazers, one copy per student Objectives Activities • Students will become familiar with 32 Texans who advanced civil rights and civil liberties in Texas by Day 1: Mum Human Timeline (10 minutes) examining photographs and brief biographical infor- • Introduce this unit to the students: mation.
    [Show full text]
  • Welcome to the Texas Women's HALL of FAME 2014 PROGRAM
    GCW_HOF_program_042514.indd 1 4/28/14 9:20 AM TEXAS Women’s hall of fAME Welcome to The Texas Women’s HALL OF FAME 2014 PROGRAM Welcome Carmen Pagan, Governor’s Commission for Women Chair Invocation Reverend Coby Shorter Presentation The Anita Thigpen Perry School of Nursing at Texas Tech University Keynote Address Governor Rick Perry Induction 2014 Texas Women’s Hall of Fame Honorees Closing 3 Texas Governor‘s Commission for Women GCW_HOF_program_042514.indd 2-3 4/28/14 9:20 AM TEXAS Women’s hall of fAME TEXAS Women’s hall of fAME The Texas Women’s HALL OF FAME AWARDS The Governor’s Commission for Women established the Texas Women’s Hall of Fame in 1984 to honor the remarkable achievements of Texas women while sharing their stories of great determination and innovation. The biennial awards highlight Texas women who have made significant contributions, often despite great odds. Nominations are submitted from across the state and reviewed by a panel of judges. Past honorees include first ladies, Olympic athletes and astronauts. The Texas Women’s HALL OF FAME 2014 Inductees The History of Our HALL OF FAME EXHIBIT In 2003, the Governor’s Commission for Women established a permanent exhibit for the Texas Women’s Hall of Fame on the campus of Texas Woman’s University in Denton, Texas. The exhibit features the biographies, photographs and video interviews of more than 100 notable women who have been chosen to represent the very best from our state. The exhibit is free of charge, and it is open to the public Monday through Friday from 8:00 a.m.
    [Show full text]
  • Women Across Texas History, Volume 2
    1 Copyright © 2017 by Texas State Historical Association All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, distributed, or transmitted in any form or by any means, including photocopying, recording, or other electronic or mechanical methods, without the prior written permission of the publisher, except in the case of brief quotations embodied in critical reviews and certain other noncommercial uses permitted by copyright law. For permission requests, write to the publisher, addressed “Attention: Permissions,” at the address below. Texas State Historical Association 3001 Lake Austin Blvd. Suite 3.116 Austin, TX 78703 www.tshaonline.org IMAGE USE DISCLAIMER All copyrighted materials included within the Handbook of Texas Online are in accordance with Title 17 U.S.C. Section 107 related to Copyright and “Fair Use” for Non-Profit educational institutions, which permits the Texas State Historical Association (TSHA), to utilize copyrighted materials to further scholarship, education, and inform the public. The TSHA makes every effort to conform to the principles of fair use and to comply with copyright law. For more information go to: http://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/17/107.shtml If you wish to use copyrighted material from this site for purposes of your own that go beyond fair use, you must obtain permission from the copyright owner. Dear Texas and Women’s History Enthusiast, As we stand at the 120th Anniversary of the Texas State Historical Association (TSHA) and look back at the more than century of change that has occurred since its founding in 1897, there is a lot to celebrate. The women and men that came together that year had a vision for the study and preservation of Texas history, and while portions of that vision have evolved over time, the foundation remains the same—our shared history is part of who we are.
    [Show full text]
  • Struggle and Success Page I the Development of an Encyclopedia, Whether Digital Or Print, Is an Inherently Collaborative Process
    Cover Image: The Texas African American History Memorial Monument located at the Texas State Capitol, Austin, Texas. Copyright © 2015 by Texas State Historical Association All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, distributed, or transmitted in any form or by any means, including photocopying, recording, or other electronic or mechanical methods, without the prior written permission of the publisher, except in the case of brief quotations embodied in critical reviews and certain other noncommercial uses permitted by copyright law. For permission requests, write to the publisher, addressed “Attention: Permissions,” at the address below. Texas State Historical Association 3001 Lake Austin Blvd. Suite 3.116 Austin, TX 78703 www.tshaonline.org IMAGE USE DISCLAIMER All copyrighted materials included within the Handbook of Texas Online are in accordance with Title 17 U.S.C. Section 107 related to Copyright and “Fair Use” for Non-Profit educational institutions, which permits the Texas State Historical Association (TSHA), to utilize copyrighted materials to further scholarship, education, and inform the public. The TSHA makes every effort to conform to the principles of fair use and to comply with copyright law. For more information go to: http://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/17/107.shtml If you wish to use copyrighted material from this site for purposes of your own that go beyond fair use, you must obtain permission from the copyright owner. Dear Texas History Community, Texas has a special place in history and in the minds of people throughout the world. Texas symbols such as the Alamo, oil wells, and even the shape of the state, as well as the men and women who worked on farms and ranches and who built cities convey a sense of independence, self-reliance, hard work, and courage.
    [Show full text]
  • Sources on African American History in Texas
    East Texas Historical Journal Volume 38 Issue 1 Article 9 3-2000 Advancing from History's Hollow to History's Mountain: Sources on African American History in Texas Alwyn Barr Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.sfasu.edu/ethj Part of the United States History Commons Tell us how this article helped you. Recommended Citation Barr, Alwyn (2000) "Advancing from History's Hollow to History's Mountain: Sources on African American History in Texas," East Texas Historical Journal: Vol. 38 : Iss. 1 , Article 9. Available at: https://scholarworks.sfasu.edu/ethj/vol38/iss1/9 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the History at SFA ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in East Texas Historical Journal by an authorized editor of SFA ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. 28 EAST TEXAS HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION ADVANCING FROM HISTORY'S HOLLOW TO HISTORY'S l\10UNTAIN: SOURCES ON AFRICAN AMERICAN HISTORY IN TEXAS b.Y' Alwyn Barr During a conference on Civil Rights in Austin at the Lyndon Johnson Presidential Library in 1972, former President Johnson declared: Until we overcome unequal history, we cannot overcome unequal opportunity, But to be black in a white society is not to stand on equal and level ground. While the races may stand side by side. whites &tand on history's mountain and blacks stand in history's. hollow ... It's time we get down to the business of trying to stand black and white on level ground. I These words of Lyndon Johnson provide the theme of this essay: advancing from history's hollow to history's mountain.
    [Show full text]
  • CAMERON-DISSERTATION-2017.Pdf (6.705Mb)
    RACE AND RELIGION IN THE BAYOU CITY: LATINO/A, AFRICAN AMERICAN, AND ANGLO BAPTISTS IN HOUSTON’S LONG CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT A Dissertation by DAVID JEFFREY CAMERON Submitted to the Office of Graduate and Professional Studies of Texas A&M University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Chair of Committee, Felipe Hinojosa Committee Members, Carlos Blanton Angela Pulley Hudson April Hatfield Joseph Jewell Head of Department, David Vaught August 2017 Major Subject: History Copyright 2017 David Jeffrey Cameron ABSTRACT While studies that examine religion in movements for social justice have increased in recent years, the intersections of race and religion remain understudied. Therefore, this dissertation is a relational and comparative study of Mexican American, African American, and Anglo Baptists in the Houston area as they engaged the struggle for civil rights through religious associations, churches, and leaders. It demonstrates that race and religion in Houston’s long civil rights movements produced changes in two directions: religion influenced Baptists’ involvement with the movements, and the movement itself influenced Baptists’ religious lives. I argue that from the 1910s through the 1970s, religion played a central role in Baptist efforts to both uphold and challenge the color line in Houston. Influential white Baptists attempted to protect white privilege and power by using their influence, religious organizations, and doctrine to enforce and protect the Jim Crow system toward both black and brown communities. At the same time Mexican American and African American Baptist leaders attempted to use the religious resources at their disposal to mitigate the effects of inequality and push back against racism.
    [Show full text]
  • A Study of the Education of Ima Hogg and Christia
    FEMALE COMMUNITY LEADERS IN HOUSTON, TEXAS: A STUDY OF THE EDUCATION OF IMA HOGG AND CHRISTIA DANIELS ADAIR A Dissertation by LINDA L. BLACK Submitted to the Office of Graduate Studies of Texas A&M University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY December 2008 Major Subject: Curriculum and Instruction FEMALE COMMUNITY LEADERS IN HOUSTON, TEXAS: A STUDY OF THE EDUCATION OF IMA HOGG AND CHRISTIA DANIELS ADAIR A Dissertation by LINDA L. BLACK Submitted to the Office of Graduate Studies of Texas A&M University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Approved by: Chair of Committee, Lynn M. Burlbaw Committee Members, Anthony N. Stranges Patrick Manning M. Carolyn Clark James B. Kracht Head of Department Dennie Smith December 2008 Major Subject: Curriculum and Instruction iii ABSTRACT Female Community Leaders in Houston, Texas: A Study of the Education of Ima Hogg and Christia Daniels Adair. (December 2008) Linda L. Black, B.A., Southwest Texas State University; M.Ed., Southwest Texas State University Chair of Advisory Committee: Dr. Lynn M. Burlbaw Houston, Texas, the fourth largest metropolitan area in the United States, has several structures named after historically male leaders of the city―George R. Brown Convention Center, Mickey Leland Federal Building, William P. Hobby Airport, and Jesse H. Jones Hall. However, Houston women have also had a history that included positions of leadership in the community. Not only were women instrumental in creating the city’s cultural institutions such as the Houston Symphony, Alley Theater, and Houston Public Library, but female community leaders were also responsible for social and political reforms including the integration of public facilities in Houston and the campaign for women’s suffrage.
    [Show full text]
  • Academic Program Journal a Century of Black Life History and Culture
    Centennial Annual Meeting and Conference Academic Program Journal A Century of Black Life History and Culture September 23-27, 2015 Sheraton Hotel Downtown • Atlanta, Georgia www.asalh.org Association for the Study of African American Life and History 2016 Call for Papers Hallowed Grounds: Sites of African American Memory 101st Annual Conference and Meeting October 4 – 9, 2016 Richmond Marriott, 500 East Broad Street Richmond, VA 23219 The history of African American unfolds across the canvass of America, beginning before the arrival of the Mayflower and continuing to the present. From port cities where Africans disembarked from slave ships to the battle fields where their descendants fought for freedom, from the colleges and universities where they have pursued education, to places where they created communities during centuries of migration, the imprint of Americans of African descent is deeply embedded in the narrative of the American past, insert comma and the sites prompt us to remember. Over time, many of these sites of African American memory became hallowed grounds. One cannot tell the story of America without preserving and reflecting on the places where African Americans have made history. The Kingsley Plantation, DuSable’s home site, the numerous stops along the Underground Railroad, Seneca Village, Mother Bethel A.M.E. Church and Frederick Douglass’ home — to name just a few — are sites that keep alive the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries in our consciousness. They retain and refresh the memories of our forbearers’ struggles for freedom, justice, and God’s grace and mercy. Similarly, the hallowed grounds of Mary McLeod Bethune’s home in Washington, 125th Street in Harlem, Beale Street in Memphis, and Sweet Auburn Avenue in Atlanta tell the story of our struggle for equal citizenship during the American century.
    [Show full text]
  • More Than Black and White: Woman Suffrage and Voting Rights
    MORE THAN BLACK AND WHITE: WOMAN SUFFRAGE AND VOTING RIGHTS IN TEXAS, 1918-1923 A Dissertation by RACHEL MICHELLE GUNTER Submitted to the Office of Graduate and Professional Studies of Texas A&M University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSPHY Chair of Committee, Sara Alpern Committee Members, Terry Anderson Judith Baer Carlos Blanton Cynthia Bouton Head of Department, David Vaught August 2017 Major Subject: History Copyright 2017 Rachel Gunter ABSTRACT I explore the intersection of the woman suffrage movement and minority voting rights in Texas, a state that did not require voters to be citizens but disfranchised all servicemen for the length of their enlistment during World War I. I scrutinize congressional and legal records, newspapers, and correspondence to show how the Nineteenth Amendment, which removed sex as a legal barrier to voting, ultimately strengthened white political control in the state. My dissertation analyzes how Anglo, black, Mexican American and Mexican immigrant women, working separately or collectively, participated in and at times benefitted from the woman suffrage movement, which caused unforeseen relaxations of minority voting restrictions before the legislature acted to further restrict voting rights. I analyze how laws regulating elections affected women differently based on race and citizenship status. I maintain that politicians pass enfranchising legislation when it in some way benefits those already in power, and likewise they deploy fears of unethical or illegal voting when it benefits them as well. I argue that from WWI through the early 1920s, full citizenship was increasingly defined by the ability or right to vote.
    [Show full text]
  • Texas Curriculum Units* * Download Other Enduring Community Units (Accessed September 3, 2009)
    ENDURING COMMUNITIES Texas Curriculum Units* * Download other Enduring Community units (accessed September 3, 2009). Gift of Miyoko (Takeuchi) Eshita, Japanese American National Museum (96.491.22) All requests to publish or reproduce images in this collection must be submitted to the Hirasaki National Resource Center at the Japanese American National Museum. More information is available at http://www.janm.org/nrc/. 369 East First Street, Los Angeles, CA 90012 Tel 213.625.0414 | Fax 213.625.1770 | janm.org | janmstore.com For project information, http://www.janm.org/projects/ec Enduring Communities Texas Curriculum Writing Team G. Salvador Gutierrez Mark Hansen Jessica Jolliffe Mary Grace Ketner David Monteith, Jr. Linda O’Dell Lynne Smogur Photo by Richard M. Murakami Project Managers Allyson Nakamoto Jane Nakasako Cheryl Toyama Enduring Communities is a partnership between the Japanese American National Museum, educators, community members, and five anchor institutions: Arizona State University’s Asian Pacific American Studies Program University of Colorado, Boulder University of New Mexico UTSA’s Institute of Texan Cultures Davis School District, Utah 369 East First Street Los Angeles, CA 90012 Tel 213.625.0414 Fax 213.625.1770 janm.org | janmstore.com Copyright © 2009 Japanese American National Museum TEXAS Table of Contents 4 Project Overview of Enduring Communities: The Japanese American Experience in Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, Texas, and Utah Curricular Units* 5 Introduction to the Curricular Units 6 Texas Civil Rights Trailblazers
    [Show full text]