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Women Across Texas History, Volume 2

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1 Copyright © 2017 by Texas State Historical Association All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, distributed, or transmitted in any form or by any means, including photocopying, recording, or other electronic or mechanical methods, without the prior written permission of the publisher, except in the case of brief quotations embodied in critical reviews and certain other noncommercial uses permitted by copyright law. For permission requests, write to the publisher, addressed “Attention: Permissions,” at the address below. Texas State Historical Association 3001 Lake Austin Blvd. Suite 3.116 Austin, TX 78703 www.tshaonline.org IMAGE USE DISCLAIMER All copyrighted materials included within the Handbook of Texas Online are in accordance with Title 17 U.S.C. Section 107 related to Copyright and “Fair Use” for Non-Profit educational institutions, which permits the Texas State Historical Association (TSHA), to utilize copyrighted materials to further scholarship, education, and inform the public. The TSHA makes every effort to conform to the principles of fair use and to comply with copyright law. For more information go to: http://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/17/107.shtml If you wish to use copyrighted material from this site for purposes of your own that go beyond fair use, you must obtain permission from the copyright owner. Dear Texas and Women’s History Enthusiast, As we stand at the 120th Anniversary of the Texas State Historical Association (TSHA) and look back at the more than century of change that has occurred since its founding in 1897, there is a lot to celebrate. The women and men that came together that year had a vision for the study and preservation of Texas history, and while portions of that vision have evolved over time, the foundation remains the same—our shared history is part of who we are. From the beginning of the Association’s creation, women making history became part of the Association’s history, just like they had been part of Texas history all along. It is my honor to invite you to enjoy Women Across Texas History Volume 2: Early Twentieth Century. In this eBook, we selected articles from the Handbook of Texas Online and the Southwestern Historical Quarterly to provide a diverse overview of the experiences that make Texas history so rich and dynamic. Women Across Texas History Volume 2 highlights the type of incredible content that the TSHA is so proud to offer. I would be remiss if I did not specially acknowledge the dedicated TSHA staff and our amazing contributors and members—this Association continues to prosper because of you. My graduate research assistants, Elaina Friar Moyer, Mykah Jones, and Anne Poulos have been essential to this ebook and the larger TSHA women’s history projects. Additionally, I receive significant support from my university, Texas A&M University-Commerce, without which this eBook and connected endeavors would not be possible. Many thanks to everyone involved. Last but not least, we also want to encourage you to log onto https://www.tshaonline.org/texaswomen/ to find out about TSHA’s exciting new project as it unfolds. The Handbook of Texas Women Project is a statewide initiative focused on Texas Women’s History by the TSHA for the Handbook of Texas Online, the many incredible educational and public programs TSHA offers, and in partnership with state agencies, museums, libraries and archives, universities, foundations, and individuals across the Lone Star State. Look around the site, come back often to explore as updates are made available and events are announced, and especially discover the variety of ways you can also take part in the project. Here’s to the next 120 together! Jessica Brannon-Wranosky Project Director, Handbook of Texas Women Project Associate Professor, Texas A&M University-Commerce Women Across Texas History Series i Dear Texas History Lover, Texas has a special place in history and in the minds of people throughout the world. Texas also has the distinction of being the only state in the United States that was an independent country for almost ten years—free and separate—recognized as a sovereign government by the United States, France, and England. For more than a century, the Texas State Historical Association (TSHA) has played a leadership role in Texas history research and education and has helped to identify, collect, preserve, and tell the stories of Texas. It has now entered into a new collaboration with the University of Texas at Austin to carry on and expand its work. In the coming years these two organizations, with their partners and members, will create a collaborative whole that is greater than the sum of its parts. The collaboration will provide passion, talent, and long-term support for the dissemination of scholarly research, educational programs for the K-12 community, and opportunities for public discourse about the complex issues and personalities of our heritage. The TSHA’s core programs include the Texas Almanac, Southwestern Historical Quarterly, Handbook of Texas Online, TSHA Press, and education programs that reach out to students and teachers at all levels throughout the state. The central challenge before the TSHA is to seize the unprecedented opportunities of the digital age in order to reshape how history will be accessed, understood, preserved, disseminated, and taught in the twenty-first century. In the coming years, we will capitalize on these momentous opportunities to expand the scope and depth of our work in ways never before possible. In the midst of this rapid change, the TSHA will continue to provide a future for our heritage and to ensure that the lessons of our history continue to serve as a resource for the people of Texas. I encourage you to join us today as a member of the TSHA, and in doing so, you will be part of a unique group of people dedicated to standing as vanguards of our proud Texas heritage and will help us continue to develop innovative programs that bring history to life. With Texas Pride, Brian A. Bolinger Randolph “Mike” Campbell CEO Chief Historian Texas State Historical Association Texas State Historical Association Volume II: Early Twentieth Century ii TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. Lillian B. Horace…………………………………………………………..…...................................... 1 by Karen Kossie-Chernyshev 2. Elizabeth Herndon Potter..…………………………..……….………………………………………….. 5 by Ashley E. Miller 3. Minnie Fisher Cunningham …..….…………..…………………………………………………………. 7 by Patricia Ellen Cunningham 4. Christia V. Daniels Adair………………………………….………..…………………………………….. 11 by Nancy Baker Jones 5. Jessie Harriet Daniel Ames………………………………………….……………………………………. 14 by Jon D. Swartz 6. Annie Webb Blanton…..………………………………..…………………..................................... 16 by Debbie Mauldin Cottrell 7. Anna J. Hardwicke Pennybacker..……………………….………………................................... 19 by Stacy A. Cordery 8. Jane Legette Yelvington McCallum………............……….................................................. 22 by Roberta S. Duncan 9. Sara Isadore Sutherland Callaway…………………………………….………………………………. 26 by Megan Seaholm 10. Jovita Idár ……………………………………………………………………..................................... 28 by Nancy Baker Jones 11. Clara Driscoll …………………………………………………………………………………………….... 30 by Dorothy D. DeMoss Women Across Texas History Series iii TABLE OF CONTENTS 12. Adina Emilia de Zavala …………….………………………………………………………..……..... 34 by L. Robert Ables 13. Drusilla Elizabeth Tandy Nixon ………………………………………………………………..…… 38 by Will Guzmán 14. Portia Marshall Washington Pittman …..…………………………………………................... 42 by Peggy Hardman 15. Ernestine Jessie Covington Dent …………………………………………………………….…….. 45 by Bernadette Pruitt 16. Jovita González de Mireles …….……………………………………………………………….…….. 48 by Cynthia E. Orozco and Teresa Palomo Acosta 17. Lulu Belle Madison White ………………………………………………………………………..….. 51 by Merline Pitre 18. Mary Edna Gearing …………………………………….………………………………………….…….. 53 by Judith N. McArthur 19. Adele Lubbock Briscoe Looscan ………………………………………………………………..…. 56 by Claudia Hazlewood 20. Sara Estela Ramírez ……………………………………….……………………………………………… 58 by Teresa Palomo Acosta 21. Leonor Villegas de Magnon …………………………….…………………………………………….. 61 by Nancy Baker Jones 22. Ida Mercedes Muse Darden …………………………………….…………………………….………. 63 by George N. Green Volume II: Early Twentieth Century iv TABLE OF CONTENTS 23. Miriam Amanda (Ma) Wallace Ferguson....….…………………………………………….... 66 by John D. Huddleston 24. Edith Eunice Therrel Wilmans ……..……………………………………………………….…. 69 by Edith Eunice Wilmans Malone 25. Sarah Eleanor Cory Menezes ………………..……………………………………………….….. 71 by Allison Faber 26. Bessie Coleman ………………….………………………………………………………………….... 74 by Roni Morales 27. Ima Hogg ………………………………..………………………………………………………….…… 77 by Virginia Bernhard 28. Julia Bedford Ideson ……………………......………………………………………………….…. 80 by Sharon Bice Endelman 29. Carrie Marcus Neiman ……………..…………………………………………………………...... 83 by Dorothy D. DeMoss 30. Georgia Totto O’Keeffe ……………………………………………………………………….….. 85 by John F. Matthews 31. Mildred Ella Didrikson (Babe) Zaharias .………………………………………..………..… 89 by Susan E. Cayleff 32. Bonnie Parker ..………………………………………………………………………………….….... 93 by Kristi Strickland Women Across Texas History Series v SOUTHWESTERN HISTORICAL QUARTERLY 33. From the Midway to the Hall of State at Fair Park: Two Competing Views of Women at the Dallas Celebration of 1936 by Light Townsend Cummins 34. "All Good Things Start With the Women": The Origin of the Texas Birth Control Movement, 1933—1945 by Harold L. Smith
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